(1)Amaminerali omhlaba angavamileimikhiqizo
Imithombo yomhlaba eyivelakancane yaseShayina ayinazo kuphela izinqolobane ezinkulu kanye nezinhlobo zezimbiwa eziphelele, kodwa futhi isatshalaliswa kabanzi ezifundazweni nasezifundeni ezingama-22 ezweni lonke.Njengamanje, amadiphozithi amakhulu omhlaba ayivelakancane ambiwa kakhulu ahlanganisa i-Baotou exutshwe ne-ore yomhlaba eyivelakancane, i-ion adsorption ore yomhlaba eyivelakancane emelwe i-Jiangxi ne-Guangdong, kanye ne-fluorocarbon ore emelwe uMianning, eSichuan.Ngokuhambisanayo, imikhiqizo eyinhloko yensimbi yomhlaba eyivelakancane iphinde ihlukaniswe yaba izigaba ezintathu: i-fluorocarbon ore - i-monazite exutshwe ne-earth ore eyivelakancane (i-Baotou rare earth concentrate), uhlobo lwe-ion oluseningizimu oluyivelakancane yomhlaba, kanye ne-fluorocarbon ore (imayini yaseSichuan)
(2) Imikhiqizo ye-metallurgical exutshiwe
Imboni yomhlaba engavamile eShayina ithuthuka kancane kancane, inqubekelaphambili yezobuchwepheshe ikhula ngesivinini, uchungechunge lwezimboni lulokhu lunwebeka njalo, futhi ukwakheka kwezimboni kanye nesakhiwo somkhiqizo kuhlala kulungiswa.Njengamanje, sekunengqondo ngokwengeziwe.Ukuhlanzeka okuphezulu kanye nemikhiqizo yomhlaba eyodwa eyivelakancane isifinyelele ngaphezu kwengxenye yesamba sesamba sempahla, ngokuyisisekelo ihlangabezana nezidingo zezimakethe zasekhaya nezangaphandle.Ekucwengisweni kwemikhiqizo,ama-oxide omhlaba angavamile yimikhiqizo esemqoka
(3)Insimbi engavamile kanye nama-Alloys
Izinsimbi zomhlaba ezingavamile kanye nama-alloys ekuqaleni zazisetshenziswa ikakhulukazi ezimbonini zokukhiqiza i-metallurgical kanye nemishini.Iminyaka eminingi, imboni yensimbi yomhlaba eyivelakancane yaseShayina ibithembele ezinsizakalweni zayo eziningi zomhlaba eziyivelakancane, izindleko eziphansi zokukhiqiza, kanye nokwenza ngcono okuqhubekayo kobuchwepheshe bokulungiselela kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo.Ikakhulukazi eminyakeni yamuva nje, ngokukhula kwesidingo emakethe yesicelo somkhiqizo, imboni yensimbi yomhlaba engavamile ithuthuke ngokushesha futhi ukukhiqizwa kwanda ngokushesha.
Kusukela ngawo-1980, ukusetshenziswa kwezinsimbi ezingavamile emkhakheni wezinto ezingavamile zokusebenza kuye kwathuthuka ngokushesha.Ngawo-1990, ngokukhula okusheshayo kwemboni yolwazi lwe-elekthronikhi, ukukhiqizwa kwezinto zikazibuthe ze-iron boron ezihlala njalo kanye nezinto ezingavamile zokugcina i-hydrogen emhlabeni kubonise ukukhula okuzinzile.
Ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kokusebenza kwezinto ezisebenzayo zomhlaba ezingavamile kuye kwabeka phambili izimfuneko eziphakeme zekhwalithi yemikhiqizo yensimbi yomhlaba eyivelakancane njengezisetshenziswa zokusetshenziswa zezinto ezingavamile zokusebenza komhlaba.Ukukhiqizwa kwezinto ezingavamile zokugcina i-hydrogen emhlabeni kudinga ukusetshenziswa kwezinsimbi zomhlaba ezixubile ezingavamile ezikhiqizwa kusetshenziswa uhlelo lwe-fluoride oluncibilikisiwe lokukhiqiza usawoti we-electrolysis ubuchwepheshe obuhlanzekile bomkhiqizo ophezulu.Ngokunwetshwa okuqhubekayo kwenkambu yokusetshenziswa kwezinto zikazibuthe ze-iron boron unomphela, insimbi elungiselelwe indlela yokunciphisa ukushisa kwe-calcium ithathelwe indawo yi-iron ne-cobalt alloys ekhiqizwe i-fluoride system encibilikisiwe i-electrolysis kasawoti.Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza usawoti oncibilikisiwe we-nitride system kancane kancane bube ubuchwepheshe obujwayelekile bokukhiqiza izinsimbi zomhlaba ezingavamile kanye nama-alloys asetshenziswa ezintweni ezisebenzayo zomhlaba ezingavamile.
(4) Eminye imikhiqizo
Kunezinhlobonhlobo zemikhiqizo yomhlaba engavamile enezinhlobonhlobo zokusetshenziswa.Ngaphezu kwemikhiqizo engenhla, kunezomiso zomhlaba ezingavamile, izithasiselo ezisetshenziswa kupende nezingubo zokunamathisela, izinzinzisi zomhlaba ezingavamile kanye nezishintshisi zomhlaba ezingavamile, nokuguqulwa okulwa nokuguga kwamapulasitiki, inayiloni, njll. Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwezinto ezintsha zomhlaba ezingavamile, Ububanzi besicelo sabo buyakhula, futhi imakethe nayo ikhula njalo.
笔记
Isikhathi sokuthumela: May-10-2023