Umhlaba ongavamile,eyaziwa ngokuthi "ingcebo" yezinto ezintsha, njengento ekhethekile yokusebenza, ingathuthukisa kakhulu izinga nokusebenza kweminye imikhiqizo, futhi yaziwa ngokuthi "amavithamini" embonini yesimanje.Azisetshenziswa nje kuphela ezimbonini zendabuko ezifana ne-metallurgy, i-petrochemicals, i-ceramics yengilazi, ukuphotha uboya, isikhumba, nezolimo, kodwa futhi zidlala indima ebalulekile ezintweni ezifana ne-fluorescence, i-magnetism, i-laser, ukuxhumana kwe-fiber optic, amandla okugcina i-hydrogen, i-superconductivity, njll, Ithinta ngqo isivinini kanye nezinga lokuthuthuka kwezimboni zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu ezisafufusa njengezinsimbi zokubona, izinto zikagesi, i-aerospace, kanye nezimboni zenuzi.Lobu buchwepheshe busetshenziswe ngempumelelo kwezobuchwepheshe bezempi, bukhuthaza kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe besimanje bezempi.
Iqhaza elikhethekile elidlalwaumhlaba ongavamileizinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe besimanje bezempi zidonse ukunakwa okuphezulu kohulumeni nochwepheshe bamazwe ahlukahlukene, njengokufakwa ohlwini njengengxenye ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwezimboni zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu nobuchwepheshe bezempi yiminyango efanele yamazwe anjenge-United States ne-Japan.
Isingeniso Esifushane sikaUmhlaba ongavamiles kanye Nobudlelwano Babo Nezempi Nezokuvikela Kazwelonke
Uma sikhuluma nje, zonke izici zomhlaba eziyivelakancane zinezinhlelo ezithile zezempi, kodwa indima ebaluleke kakhulu eziyidlalayo ekuvikelweni kwezwe kanye nasezinkundleni zempi kufanele kube sezinhlelo zokusebenza ezifana ne-laser, isiqondiso se-laser, nokuxhumana nge-laser.
Ukusetshenziswa kweumhlaba ongavamileinsimbi kanyeumhlaba ongavamilei-ductile iron kubuchwepheshe besimanje bezempi
1.1 Ukusetshenziswa kweUmhlaba ongavamileInsimbi ku-Modern Military Technology
Umsebenzi uhlanganisa izici ezimbili: ukuhlanzwa kanye ne-alloying, ikakhulukazi i-desulfurization, i-deoxidation, nokususwa kwegesi, ukususa umthelela wokungcola okuyingozi okuncibilika okuphansi, ukucwenga okusanhlamvu nesakhiwo, okuthinta iphuzu lokushintsha kwesigaba sensimbi, nokuthuthukisa ukuqina kwayo kanye nezakhiwo zemishini.Abasebenzi besayensi yezempi nobuchwepheshe benze izinto eziningi zomhlaba eziyivelakancane ezifanele ukusetshenziswa ezikhalini ngokusebenzisa izakhiwo zeumhlaba ongavamile.
1.1.1 Insimbi yezikhali
Ekuqaleni kwawo-1960, imboni yezikhali yaseShayina yaqala ukucwaninga ngokusetshenziswa komhlaba ongavamile ensimbi yensimbi nesibhamu, futhi yakhiqizwa ngokulandelana.umhlaba ongavamileinsimbi yezikhali ezifana ne-601, 603, kanye ne-623, ingenisa inkathi entsha yezinto ezibalulekile zokukhiqiza amathangi e-China ngokusekelwe ekukhiqizeni kwasekhaya.
1.1.2Umhlaba ongavamileinsimbi ye-carbon
Maphakathi nawo-1960, i-China yengeze u-0.05%umhlaba ongavamileizakhi zensimbi ethile yekhwalithi ephezulu ukuze zikhiqizeumhlaba ongavamileinsimbi ye-carbon.Inani lomthelela onqenqemeni wale nsimbi yomhlaba engavamile likhuphuke ngo-70% ukuya ku-100% uma liqhathaniswa nensimbi ye-carbon yasekuqaleni, futhi inani lomthelela elingu--40 ℃ licishe liphindwe kabili.Ikesi le-cartridge enobubanzi obukhulu elenziwe ngale nsimbi lifakazelwe ngokuhlolwa kokudubula ebangeni lokudubula ukuze lihlangabezane ngokugcwele nezimfuneko zobuchwepheshe.Njengamanje, i-China isiqedile futhi yayifaka ekukhiqizeni, ifinyelela isifiso sesikhathi eside se-China sokushintsha ithusi ngensimbi ku-cartridge material.
1.1.3 Insimbi ye-manganese ephezulu yomhlaba engavamile kanye nensimbi esakazwayo yomhlaba
Umhlaba ongavamilehigh manganese steel isetshenziswa ukukhiqiza amathangi track plate, kuyilaphoumhlaba ongavamileinsimbi ekhonjiwe isetshenziselwa ukwakha amaphiko omsila, amabhuleki ama-muzzle, kanye nezingxenye zesakhiwo sezikhali zamagobolondo abhoboza amagobolondo anesivinini esikhulu.Lokhu kunganciphisa izinyathelo zokucubungula, kuthuthukise ukusetshenziswa kwensimbi, futhi kuzuze izinkomba zamaqhinga nezobuchwepheshe.
1.2 Ukusetshenziswa Kwe-Rare Earth Nodular Cast Iron Kubuchwepheshe Bamanje Bezempi
Esikhathini esedlule, izinto zokwakha ze-front chamber zaseShayina zazenziwe ngensimbi eyinsimbi engaqinile eyenziwe ngensimbi yengulube yekhwalithi ephezulu exutshwe nensimbi engu-30% kuya ku-40%.Ngenxa yamandla ayo aphansi, ukuqina okuphezulu, ukuhlukana okuphansi nokungabukhali okusebenzayo ngemva kokuqhuma, namandla okubulala abuthakathaka, ukuthuthukiswa kwemizimba ye-front chamber projectile yake yavinjelwa.Kusukela ngo-1963, kuye kwakhiqizwa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zamagobolondo odaka kusetshenziswa i-iron ductile iron, eye yandisa izakhiwo zayo zomshini izikhathi ezingu-1-2, yandisa inani lezingcezu eziphumelelayo, futhi yalola imiphetho yezingcezu, ithuthukisa kakhulu amandla abo okubulala.Igobolondo lokulwa lohlobo oluthile lwegobolondo le-cannon kanye negobolondo lesibhamu sasendle elenziwe ngale nto ezweni lethu linenani elingcono elingcono lokuqhekeka kanye nerediyasi yokubulala eminyene kunegobolondo lensimbi.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-non-ayoniingxubevange yomhlaba engavamilenjenge-magnesium ne-aluminium kubuchwepheshe besimanje bezempi
Imihlaba engavamilebabe nomsebenzi wamakhemikhali aphezulu kanye ne-athomu enkulu yama-athomu.Uma zengezwa ezinsimbi ezingenayo insimbi kanye nama-alloys azo, zingakwazi ukucwenga usayizi wokusanhlamvu, zivimbele ukuhlukaniswa, zisuse igesi, ukungcola futhi zihlanze, futhi zithuthukise isakhiwo se-metallographic, ngaleyo ndlela zifeze imigomo ebanzi njengokuthuthukisa izakhiwo zemishini, izakhiwo zomzimba, nokusebenza kokucubungula.Abasebenzi basekhaya nabangaphandle basebenzise izakhiwo zeimihlaba engavamileukuthuthukisa okushaumhlaba ongavamileama-alloys e-magnesium, ama-aluminium alloys, ama-titanium alloys, nama-alloys asezingeni eliphezulu.Le mikhiqizo isetshenziswe kakhulu kubuchwepheshe besimanje bezempi obufana nezindiza zokulwa, izindiza ezihlaselayo, izindiza ezinophephela emhlane, izimoto zasemoyeni ezingenamuntu, namasathelayithi acitshwayo.
2.1Umhlaba ongavamileingxube ye-magnesium
Umhlaba ongavamileingxubevange ye-magnesium inamandla athile aphezulu, inganciphisa isisindo sendiza, ithuthukise ukusebenza kwamasu, futhi ibe nethuba elibanzi lokufaka isicelo.Iumhlaba ongavamileama-alloys e-magnesium athuthukiswe yi-China Aviation Industry Corporation (ngemuva kwalokhu ebizwa ngokuthi i-AVIC) ahlanganisa cishe amabanga ayi-10 ama-alloys e-magnesium ahlanganisiwe nama-alloys e-magnesium akhubazekile, amaningi awo asetshenziswe ekukhiqizeni futhi anekhwalithi ezinzile.Isibonelo, i-ZM 6 cast magnesium alloy ene-neodymium yensimbi yomhlaba eyivelakancane njengesengezo esiyinhloko sandisiwe ukuze sisetshenziswe ezingxenyeni ezibalulekile ezifana namakesi okuncishiswa kwendiza enophephela emhlane, izimbambo zamaphiko e-fighter, namapuleti omfutho we-rotor lead wamajeneretha angama-30 kW.Ingxubevange ye-magnesium enamandla amakhulu yomhlaba i-BM25 eyakhiwe ngokuhlanganyela yi-China Aviation Corporation kanye ne-Nonferrous Metals Corporation ithathe indawo yama-alloys e-aluminium enamandla amaphakathi futhi isisetshenziswe endizeni enethonya.
2.2Umhlaba ongavamilei-titanium alloy
Ekuqaleni kwawo-1970, i-Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials (ebizwa ngokuthi i-Institute) yashintsha enye i-aluminium ne-silicon yafaka.insimbi yomhlaba engavamile i-cerium (Ce) kuma-alloys e-titanium e-Ti-A1-Mo, ekhawulela ukuna kwezigaba eziphukayo futhi ithuthukisa ukumelana nokushisa kwe-alloy nokuzinza kokushisa.Ngalesi sisekelo, i-high-performance cast cast high-temperature titanium alloy ZT3 equkethe i-cerium yasungulwa.Uma kuqhathaniswa nama-alloys afanayo wamazwe ngamazwe, inezinzuzo ezithile ekumelana nokushisa, amandla, nokusebenza kwenqubo.I-compressor casing ekhiqizwa ngayo isetshenziselwa injini ye-W PI3 II, yehlisa isisindo sendiza ngayinye ngamakhilogremu angama-39 futhi ikhuphule isilinganiso sesisindo ngo-1.5%.Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinyathelo zokucubungula zincishiswa cishe ngo-30%, zithola izinzuzo ezibalulekile zobuchwepheshe nezomnotho, ukugcwalisa igebe lokusebenzisa ama-cast titanium casings ezinjini zezindiza e-China ngaphansi kwezimo ezingu-500 ℃.Ucwaningo luveze ukuthi kukhona amancanei-cerium oxideizinhlayiya ku-microstructure ye-ZT3 ingxubevange equkethei-cerium.I-Ceriumihlanganisa ingxenye yomoya-mpilo ku-alloy ukwakha ubulukhuni obuphikisayo nobuqinilei-oxide yomhlaba engavamileimpahla, Ce2O3.Lezi zinhlayiya zivimbela ukunyakaza kwe-dislocation ngesikhathi sokuguqulwa kwe-alloy, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kokushisa okuphezulu kwe-alloy.I-Ceriumibamba ukungcola okuthile kwegesi (ikakhulukazi emingceleni yokusanhlamvu), okungase kuqinise ingxubevange ngenkathi igcina ukuzinza okuhle kokushisa.Lona umzamo wokuqala wokusebenzisa inkolelo-mbono yokuqinisa iphuzu le-solute elinzima ekukhiqizeni ama-alloys e-titanium.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngemva kweminyaka yocwaningo, i-Aviation Materials Institute isithuthuke ezinzile futhi yangabizii-yttrium oxideisihlabathi kanye nezinto eziyimpushana kunqubo yokunemba yokuphonsa yesisombululo se-titanium alloy, kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obukhethekile bokwelapha amaminerali.Ifinyelele amazinga amahle amandla adonsela phansi athile, ubulukhuni, kanye nokuzinza oketshezini lwe-titanium.Mayelana nokulungisa nokulawula ukusebenza kwe-shell slurry, ibonise ukuphakama okukhulu.Inzuzo evelele yokusebenzisa igobolondo le-yttrium oxide ukwenza i-titanium castings iwukuthi, ngaphansi kwezimo lapho izinga nenqubo yezinga lokubunjwa liqhathaniswa nelenqubo ye-tungsten surface layer process, kungenzeka ukukhiqiza ukulingwa kwe-titanium alloy okuncanyana kunalezo. yenqubo ye-tungsten surface layer.Njengamanje, le nqubo isetshenziswe kabanzi ekwenzeni izindiza ezihlukahlukene, izinjini, kanye nemidlalo yaseshashalazini yabantu.
2.3Umhlaba ongavamileingxube ye-aluminium
Ingxubevange ye-aluminium ekwazi ukumelana nokushisa ye-HZL206 equkethe imihlaba engavamile eyakhiwe yi-AVIC inezici zomshini ezisezingeni eliphezulu nezingamazinga okushisa ekamelo uma kuqhathaniswa ne-nickel equkethe ama-alloys phesheya, futhi isifinyelele izinga eliphezulu lama-alloys afanayo phesheya.Manje isisetshenziswa njenge-valve emelana nengcindezi yezindiza ezinophephela emhlane kanye namajethi ezempi anezinga lokushisa elisebenzayo elingu-300 ℃, ithatha indawo yensimbi ne-titanium alloys.Ukwehliswa kwesisindo sesakhiwo futhi sekufakwe ekukhiqizeni ngobuningi.Amandla aqinile weumhlaba ongavamileI-aluminium silicon hypereutectic ZL117 alloy at 200-300 ℃ iphakeme kunaleyo yama-piston alloys aseWest German KS280 kanye ne-KS282.Ukumelana kwayo nokugqoka kuphakeme izikhathi ezi-4-5 kunaleyo ye-piston alloys evame ukusetshenziswa ZL108, ene-coefficient encane yokunwetshwa komugqa kanye nokuzinza okuhle kwe-dimensional.Isetshenziswe ezinsizakalweni zendiza i-KY-5, i-KY-7 air compressors kanye namapiston enjini yemodeli yendiza.Ukwengezwa kweumhlaba ongavamileizakhi kuma-alloys e-aluminium kuthuthukisa kakhulu i-microstructure kanye nezakhiwo zemishini.Indlela yokusebenza yezakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile kuma-alloys e-aluminium ukwakha ukusabalalisa okuhlakazekile, futhi izinhlanganisela ezincane ze-aluminium zidlala indima ebalulekile ekuqiniseni isigaba sesibili;Ukwengezwa kweumhlaba ongavamileizakhi zidlala indima ekuqothulweni nasekuhlanzeni, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe inani lama-pores ku-alloy futhi kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kwayo;Umhlaba ongavamileizinhlanganisela ze-aluminium, njenge-heterogeneous crystal nuclei yokucwenga okusanhlamvu nezigaba ze-eutectic, nazo ziwuhlobo lwesilungisi;Izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile zikhuthaza ukwakheka kanye nokucwengwa kwezigaba ezinothile ngensimbi, zinciphisa imiphumela yazo eyingozi.α—Inani lesixazululo esiqinile lensimbi ku-A1 liyehla ngokunyuka kweumhlaba ongavamileNgaphezu kwalokho, okuwusizo futhi ekuthuthukiseni amandla kanye ne-plasticity.
Ukusetshenziswa kweumhlaba ongavamileizinto ezivuthayo kubuchwepheshe besimanje bezempi
3.1 Okumsulwaizinsimbi zomhlaba ezingavamile
Okumsulwaizinsimbi zomhlaba ezingavamile, ngenxa yamakhemikhali awo asebenzayo, athambekele ekuphenduleni umoya-mpilo, isibabule, ne-nitrogen ukuze akhe izinhlanganisela ezizinzile.Uma ibhekene nokungqubuzana okukhulu nomthelela, izinhlansi zingavutha izinto ezivuthayo.Ngakho-ke, kusukela ngo-1908, yenziwa intshetshe.Kutholakale ukuthi phakathi kwabangu-17umhlaba ongavamileizakhi, izakhi eziyisithupha kuhlanganisei-cerium, i-lanthanum, i-neodymium, i-praseodymium, i-samarium, futhii-yttriumzisebenze kahle kakhulu ekushiseni.Abantu baphendule izakhiwo zokushiswa kwe-rziyizinsimbi zomhlabaezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zezikhali ezivuthayo, njenge-missile yase-US Mark 82 227 kg, esebenzisainsimbi yomhlaba engavamilei-lining, engakhiqizi kuphela imiphumela yokubulala eqhumayo kodwa nemiphumela yokushiswa kwempahla.I-American air-to-ground warhead yerokhethi ethi "Damping Man" ifakwe izinsimbi eziyizikwele zensimbi eziyi-108 ezingavamile njengamalayini, athatha indawo yezingcezwana ezakhiwe ngaphambili.Ukuhlolwa kwe-Static blasting kubonise ukuthi amandla ayo okuthungela uphethiloli wendiza aphezulu ngo-44% kunalawo angalayishiwe.
3.2 Kuxutshweinsimbi yomhlaba engavamiles
Ngenxa yenani eliphezulu lokuhlanzekaizinsimbi zomhlaba ezingavamile,amazwe ahlukahlukene asebenzisa kakhulu inhlanganisela engabiziinsimbi yomhlaba engavamiles ezikhalini ezivuthayo.Inhlanganiselainsimbi yomhlaba engavamilei-ejenti evuthayo ilayishwa egobolondweni lensimbi ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu, ene-ejenti evuthayo engu-(1.9~2.1) × 103 kg/m3, isivinini sokusha i-1.3-1.5 m/s, ububanzi belangabi obungaba ngu-500 mm, izinga lokushisa lomlilo liphezulu ngendlela 1715-2000 ℃.Ngemuva kokuvutha, ubude bokushisa komzimba we-incandescent bude kunemizuzu emi-5.Ngesikhathi seMpi YaseVietnam, amasosha ase-US aqhumisa ibhomu le-40mm esebenzisa isiqhumane, futhi ulayini wokuthungela ngaphakathi wawenziwa ngensimbi yomhlaba engavamile exubile.Ngemva kokuqhuma kwe-projectile, isiqeshana ngasinye esinolayini ovuthayo singathungela okuhlosiwe.Ngaleso sikhathi, ukukhiqizwa kwanyanga zonke kwebhomu kwafinyelela imizuliswano engu-200000, enenani eliphakeme lama-round angu-260000.
3.3Umhlaba ongavamileama-alloys omlilo
Aumhlaba ongavamileingxubevange yomlilo enesisindo esingu-100 g ingakha izinhlansi ezingu-200-3000 ezinendawo enkulu yokumboza, elingana nendawo yokubulala yokubhoboza izikhali namagobolondo okubhoboza izikhali.Ngakho-ke, ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlamvu eziningi ezisebenza ngamandla omlilo kuye kwaba enye yezindlela eziyinhloko zokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlamvu ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe.Ngokubhoboza izikhali kanye namagobolondo okubhoboza izikhali, ukusebenza kwawo okuhlakaniphile kudinga ukuthi ngemva kokungena kwezikhali zethangi lesitha, bakwazi ukuthungela uphethiloli nezinhlamvu zabo ukuze bacekele phansi ithangi.Kumabhomu, kuyadingeka ukuthi kuthunge impahla yezempi nezindawo zamasu ngaphakathi kwebanga lokubulala.Kubikwa ukuthi ibhomu lepulasitiki elingavamile lensimbi yomhlaba elenziwe e-United States linomzimba owenziwe nge-fiberglass enayiloni eqinisiwe kanye nengxubevange eyingxube yengxubevange yomhlaba, esetshenziselwa ukuba nemiphumela engcono ngokumelene nezinhloso eziqukethe uphethiloli wendiza nezinto ezifanayo.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-4Umhlaba ongavamileIzinto Zokuvikeleka Kwezempi Nobuchwepheshe Benuzi
4.1 Isicelo sobuchwepheshe bokuvikela amasosha
Izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile zinezici zokumelana nemisebe.I-National Center for Neutron Cross Sections e-United States yasebenzisa izinto ze-polymer njenge-substrate futhi yenza izinhlobo ezimbili zamapuleti anogqinsi oluyi-10 mm ngokungezwa noma ngaphandle kwezinto ezingavamile zomhlaba zokuhlola ukuvikela ukuvikelwa kwemisebe.Imiphumela ibonisa ukuthi i-thermal neutron shielding effect yeumhlaba ongavamileizinto ze-polymer zingcono izikhathi ezingu-5-6 kunezoumhlaba ongavamileizinto ze-polymer zamahhala.Izinto zomhlaba ezingavamile ezinezakhi ezengeziwe ezifanai-samarium, europium, i-gadolinium, i-dysprosiumnjllNjengamanje, ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kwezinto ezingavamile zokulwa ne-radiation emhlabeni kubuchwepheshe bezempi zihlanganisa izici ezilandelayo.
4.1.1 Ukuvikela imisebe yenuzi
I-United States isebenzisa i-boron engu-1% kanye nezakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile ezingu-5%.i-gadolinium, i-samarium, futhii-lanthanumukwenza ukhonkolo ongazweli emisebeni owugqinsi ongu-600m ukuze uvikele imithombo ye-fission neutron kuma-reactors okubhukuda.I-France ithuthukise izinto ezingavamile zokuvikela imisebe yomhlaba ngokungeza ama-boridi,umhlaba ongavamileama-compounds, nomaizingxube zomhlaba ezingavamilei-graphite njenge-substrate.I-filler yalesi sivikelo esiyinhlanganisela iyadingeka ukuthi isatshalaliswe ngokulinganayo futhi yenziwe izingxenye ezenziwe ngaphambili, ezibekwe eduze kwesiteshi se-reactor ngokuvumelana nezidingo ezahlukene zezingxenye zokuzivikela.
4.1.2 Ukuvikela imisebe eshisayo yamathangi
Iqukethe izingqimba ezine ze-veneer, ezinobukhulu obuphelele buka-5-20 cm.Isendlalelo sokuqala senziwe ngepulasitiki eqiniswe nge-fiber fiber, nempushana ye-inorganic engezwe ngo-2%umhlaba ongavamileama-compounds njengama-fillers ukuvimba ama-neutron asheshayo futhi amunce ama-neutron ahamba kancane;Izendlalelo zesibili nezesithathu zengeza i-boron graphite, i-polystyrene, kanye nezakhi zomhlaba eziyivelakancane ezibalelwa ku-10% yenani eliphelele lesigcwalisi kweyangaphambili ukuze kuvinjwe ama-neutron amandla amaphakathi futhi amunce ama-neutron ashisayo;Isendlalelo sesine sisebenzisa i-graphite esikhundleni se-glass fiber, futhi sengeza u-25%umhlaba ongavamileizinhlanganisela zokumunca ama-neutron ashisayo.
4.1.3 Abanye
Isebenzisaumhlaba ongavamileokokuvikela imisebe emathangini, emikhunjini, ezindaweni zokukhosela, nakwezinye izinto zezempi kungaba nomthelela wokulwa nemisebe.
4.2 Ukusetshenziswa Kwezobuchwepheshe Benuzi
Umhlaba ongavamilei-yttrium oxideingasetshenziswa njengesibambisi esivuthayo sikaphethiloli we-uranium kuma-reactors amanzi abilayo (BWRs).Phakathi kwazo zonke izici,i-gadoliniuminamandla amakhulu okumunca ama-neutron, cishe ngamathagethi angama-4600 i-athomu ngayinye.Ngamunye wemveloi-gadoliniumi-athomu imunca isilinganiso sama-neutron angu-4 ngaphambi kokwehluleka.Uma ixubene ne-uranium ekwazi ukuqhekeka,i-gadoliniumingakhuthaza ukuvutha, inciphise ukusetshenziswa kwe-uranium, futhi yandise ukuphuma kwamandla.I-Gadolinium oxideayikhiqizi i-byproduct deuterium eyingozi njenge-boron carbide, futhi ingahambisana nakho kokubili uphethiloli we-uranium kanye nezinto zayo zokumboza ngesikhathi sokusabela kwenyukliya.Inzuzo yokusebenzisai-gadoliniumesikhundleni se-boron yilokhoi-gadoliniumingaxutshwa ngokuqondile ne-uranium ukuvimbela ukwanda kwenduku yesibaseli senuzi.Ngokwezibalo, njengamanje kuneziphehlimandla zenuzi ezihleliwe ezingu-149 emhlabeni wonke, lapho iziphehlisi zamanzi ezinomfutho ezingu-115 zisebenzisa umhlaba ongavamile.i-gadolinium oxide. Umhlaba ongavamilei-samarium, europium, futhii-dysprosiumzisetshenziswe njengezithambisi ze-neutron kubalimi be-neutron.Umhlaba ongavamile i-yttriumine-cross-section encane yokuthwebula kuma-neutron futhi ingasetshenziswa njengempahla yepayipi yezinsimbi ezincibilikisiwe zikasawoti.Ama-foil azacile anengezweumhlaba ongavamile i-gadoliniumfuthii-dysprosiumingasetshenziswa njengama-neutron field detectors ku-aerospace kanye nobunjiniyela bemboni yenuzi, amanani amancaneumhlaba ongavamilethuliumfuthii-erbiumingasetshenziswa njengezinto ezihlosiwe zamajeneretha e-tube neutron avaliwe, futhii-oxide yomhlaba engavamileI-europium iron metal ceramics ingasetshenziswa ukwenza amapuleti athuthukisiwe okulawula i-reactor.Umhlaba ongavamilei-gadoliniumingasetshenziswa futhi njengesengezo sokuhlanganisa ukuvimbela imisebe ye-neutron, nezimoto ezihlomile ezimbozwe ngezingubo ezikhethekile eziqukethei-gadolinium oxideingavimbela imisebe ye-neutron.Umhlaba ongavamile ytterbiumisetshenziswa emishinini yokulinganisa i-geostress ebangelwa ukuqhuma kwezikhali zenuzi ezingaphansi komhlaba.Niniinhlabathi engavamilehytterbiumingaphansi kokuphoqelelwa, ukumelana kuyanda, futhi ukuguqulwa kokumelana kungasetshenziswa ukubala ingcindezi engaphansi kwayo.Ukuxhumanisaumhlaba ongavamile i-gadoliniumi-foil efakwe ngokufakwa komhwamuko kanye nokwemboza okuyaluza okunesici esizwelayo ekucindezelekeni kungasetshenziswa ukukala ingcindezi ephezulu yenuzi.
5, Isicelo seUmhlaba ongavamileIzinto Zezibuthe Ezihlala Njalo Kubuchwepheshe Bamanje Bezempi
Iumhlaba ongavamileIzinto zikazibuthe ezihlala unomphela, ezidunyiswa njengesizukulwane esisha samakhosi kazibuthe, okwamanje yaziwa njengezinto zikazibuthe ezisebenza kahle kakhulu ezisebenza ngokuphelele.Inezakhiwo kazibuthe eziphindwe izikhathi ezingaphezu kwe-100 kunensimbi kazibuthe eyayisetshenziswa emishinini yezempi ngeminyaka yawo-1970.Njengamanje, isiphenduke into ebalulekile ekuxhumaneni nobuchwepheshe besimanje be-elekthronikhi, esetshenziswa ekuhambeni kwamashubhu nama-circulator kumasathelayithi omhlaba okwenziwa, ama-radar, neminye imikhakha.Ngakho-ke, inokubaluleka okubalulekile kwezempi.
SamariumOzibuthe be-cobalt kanye nozibuthe be-neodymium iron boron basetshenziselwa ugongolo lwe-electron olugxile ezinhlelweni zokuqondisa ezicitshwayo.Omazibuthe bangamathuluzi ayinhloko okugxilisa kuwo ama-electron beams futhi adlulisele idatha endaweni yokulawula ye-missile.Kukhona cishe amaphawundi angu-5-10 (2.27-4.54 kg) wezibuthe kudivayisi ngayinye yokuqondisa okugxilwe kuyo yomcibisholo.Ngaphezu kwalokho,umhlaba ongavamileozibuthe baphinde basetshenziswe ukushayela izinjini zikagesi nokuzungeza iphini lemicibisholo eqondisiwe.Izinzuzo zabo zisezindaweni eziqinile zikazibuthe kanye nesisindo esilula uma kuqhathaniswa nozibuthe bokuqala be-aluminium nickel cobalt.
6 .Ukusetshenziswa kweUmhlaba ongavamileI-Laser Materials ku-Modern Military Technology
I-Laser iwuhlobo olusha lomthombo wokukhanya one-monochromaticity enhle, isiqondiso, nokuhambisana, futhi ingafinyelela ukukhanya okuphezulu.Laser futhiumhlaba ongavamileizinto laser zazalwa kanyekanye.Kuze kube manje, cishe u-90% wezinto ze-laser ezibandakanyaimihlaba engavamile.Ngokwesibonelo,i-yttriumI-aluminium garnet crystal iyi-laser esetshenziswa kabanzi engakwazi ukufeza umphumela oqhubekayo wamandla aphezulu ekamelweni lokushisa.Ukusetshenziswa kwama-lasers wezwe eliqinile kwezempi yesimanje kufaka phakathi izici ezilandelayo.
6.1 Ukuhluka kwe-laser
Ii-neodymiumi-dopedi-yttriumi-aluminium garnet laser rangefinder eyakhiwe amazwe afana ne-United States, iBrithani, iFrance, neJalimane ingakala amabanga angafika ku-4000 kuya ku-20000 wamamitha ngokunemba kwamamitha angu-5.Izimiso zezikhali ezifana ne-American MI, iLeopard II yaseJalimane, iLeclerc yaseFrance, iType 90 yaseJapan, iMecca yakwa-Israel, kanye nethangi lakamuva laseBrithani elithuthukisiwe le-Challenger 2 zonke zisebenzisa lolu hlobo lwe-laser rangefinder.Njengamanje, amanye amazwe athuthukisa isizukulwane esisha se-laser rangefinders eqinile ukuze kuphephe iso lomuntu, ezinobubanzi be-wavelength obusebenzayo obungu-1.5-2.1 μ M. Izihlungi ze-laser eziphathwa ngesandla zenziwe kusetshenziswa.i-holmiumi-dopedi-yttriumi-lithium fluoride lasers e-United States nase-United Kingdom, enobude obusebenzayo obungu-2.06 μ M, obufika ku-3000 m.I-United States iphinde yasebenzisana nezinkampani ze-laser zamazwe ngamazwe ukuthuthukisa i-erbium-dopedi-yttriumi-lithium fluoride laser enobude begagasi obungu-1.73 μ M's laser rangefinder futhi ihlonyiswe kakhulu ngamasosha.Ubude begagasi be-laser bebanga lezempi laseShayina bungu-1.06 μ M, busuka ku-200 kuye ku-7000 m.I-China ithola idatha ebalulekile kuma-theodolite kamabonakude we-laser ezilinganisweni zebanga eliqondiwe phakathi nokwethulwa kwamarokhethi ebanga elide, imicibisholo, namasathelayithi okuxhumana okuhlola.
6.2 Ukuqondisa nge-laser
Amabhomu aqondiswa nge-laser asebenzisa ama-lasers ukuze aqondise ukuphela.Ilaser ye-Nd · YAG, ekhipha inqwaba yamapulse ngomzuzwana, isetshenziselwa ukukhanyisela i-laser eqondiwe.Ama-pulses afakwe ikhodi futhi ama-pulses alula angakwazi ukuziqondisa impendulo ye-missile, ngaleyo ndlela avimbele ukuphazamiseka ekuthulweni kwemicibisholo kanye nezithiyo ezibekwe yisitha.Ibhomu lezempi lase-US i-GBV-15 glider, elaziwa nangokuthi "ibhomu elibukhali".Ngokufanayo, ingasetshenziswa futhi ukwenza amagobolondo aqondiswa nge-laser.
6.3 Ukuxhumana nge-laser
Ngaphezu Nd · YAG, okukhipha laser lithiumi-neodymiumI-phosphate crystal (LNP) i-polarized futhi kulula ukuyishintsha, okuyenza ibe ngenye yezinto ezithembisayo kakhulu ze-laser micro.Ifaneleka njengomthombo wokukhanya wokuxhumana kwe-fiber optic futhi kulindeleke ukuthi isetshenziswe kuma-optics ahlanganisiwe kanye nokuxhumana kwe-cosmic.Ngaphezu kwalokho,i-yttriumi-iron garnet (Y3Fe5O12) i-crystal eyodwa ingasetshenziswa njengamadivayisi ahlukahlukene we-magnetostatic surface wave kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe bokuhlanganiswa kwe-microwave, okwenza amadivaysi ahlanganiswe futhi afakwe kancane, futhi abe nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezikhethekile ku-radar remote control, telemetry, navigation, kanye nezinyathelo zokumelana ne-electronic.
7.Ukusetshenziswa kweUmhlaba ongavamileI-Superconducting Materials ku-Modern Military Technology
Uma into ethile ithola ukumelana neqanda ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa elithile, kwaziwa ngokuthi i-superconductivity, okuyizinga lokushisa elibucayi (Tc).Ama-Superconductors awuhlobo lwempahla ye-antimagnetic exosha noma yimuphi umzamo wokusebenzisa inkambu kazibuthe ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa elibucayi, elaziwa ngokuthi umphumela we-Meisner.Ukwengeza izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile ezintweni ze-superconducting kungakhuphula kakhulu izinga lokushisa elibalulekile Tc.Lokhu kukhuthaza kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-superconducting materials.Ngawo-1980, amazwe athuthukile njenge-United States neJapane anezela inani elithilei-oxide yomhlaba engavamiles njengei-lanthanum, i-yttrium,europium, futhii-erbiumku-barium oxide futhii-copper oxideizinhlanganisela, ezazixutshwe, zacindezelwa, futhi zafakwa isinki ukuze zenze izinto zobumba ze-superconducting, okwenza ukusetshenziswa okwandile kobuchwepheshe be-superconducting, ikakhulukazi ekusebenzeni kwezempi, kube kubanzi.
7.1 I-Superconducting amasekethe ahlanganisiwe
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ucwaningo mayelana nokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe be-superconducting kumakhompiyutha e-elekthronikhi lwenziwe phesheya, futhi amasekethe adidiyelwe amakhulu athuthukisiwe kusetshenziswa izinto zobumba ze-superconducting.Uma lolu hlobo lwesekethe edidiyelwe lusetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza amakhompyutha ane-superconducting, angeke nje lube luncane ngosayizi, lube lula ngesisindo, futhi lusebenziseke kalula, kodwa luphinde lube nesivinini se-computing izikhathi eziyi-10 kuya kweziyi-100 ngokushesha kunamakhompiyutha e-semiconductor, asebenza ngamaphuzu antantayo. ukufinyelela izikhathi ezingu-300 kuya ku-1 trillion ngomzuzwana.Ngakho-ke, amasosha ase-US abikezela ukuthi uma amakhompiyutha e-superconducting esethuliwe, azoba "ama-multiplier" ukuze aphumelele ukulwa kwesistimu ye-C1 kwezempi.
7.2 Ubuchwepheshe bokuhlola kazibuthe obunamandla amakhulu
Izingxenye ezizwelayo zikazibuthe ezenziwe ngezinto zobumba ze-superconducting zinevolumu encane, okwenza kube lula ukufeza ukuhlanganiswa nokuhleleka.Bangakwazi ukwakha amasistimu okuthola amapharamitha aneziteshi eziningi, bakhulise kakhulu umthamo wolwazi lweyunithi futhi bathuthukise kakhulu ibanga lokutholwa kanye nokunemba komtshina kazibuthe.Ukusetshenziswa kwe-superconducting magnetometers akukwazi nje ukubona okuqondiwe okunyakazayo njengamathangi, izimoto, nemikhumbi-ngwenya, kodwa futhi kulinganise ubukhulu bazo, okuholela ekushintsheni okuphawulekayo kumaqhinga nobuchwepheshe obufana ne-anti tank kanye nempi yokulwa nomkhumbi-ngwenya.
Kubikwa ukuthi i-US Navy inqume ukwakha isathelayithi ekwazi ukuzwa kude isebenzisa lokhuumhlaba ongavamileizinto ezibonakalayo ze-superconducting ukuze kuboniswe futhi kuthuthukiswe ubuchwepheshe bendabuko bokuzwela kude.Lesi sathelayithi esibizwa nge-Naval Earth Image Observatory yethulwa ngo-2000.
8.Ukusebenza kweUmhlaba ongavamileIzinto Ezinkulu Ezinamandla Kazibuthe Kubuchwepheshe Bamanje Bezempi
Umhlaba ongavamileizinto ezinkulukazikazibuthe ziwuhlobo olusha lwezinto ezisebenzayo ezisanda kuthuthukiswa ngasekupheleni kwawo-1980 phesheya.Ikakhulukazi ibhekise ezinhlanganisela ze-iron yomhlaba ezingavamile.Lolu hlobo lwezinto lunenani elikhulu kakhulu lamagnetostrictive kunensimbi, i-nickel, nezinye izinto, futhi i-coefficient yayo ye-magnetostrictive iphindwe izikhathi ezingu-102-103 ephakeme kunaleyo yezinto ezijwayelekile ze-magnetostrictive, ngakho-ke ibizwa ngokuthi izinto ezinkulu noma ezinkulu ze-magnetostrictive.Phakathi kwazo zonke izinto ezisetshenziswayo zokuhweba, izinto ezingavamile zamagnetostrictive zomhlaba zinenani eliphakeme kakhulu lokucindezeleka namandla ngaphansi kwesenzo somzimba.Ikakhulukazi ngokuthuthukiswa okuphumelelayo kwe-Terfenol-D magnetostrictive alloy, inkathi entsha yezinto ezithinta i-magnetostrictive iye yavulwa.Uma i-Terfenol-D ibekwe endaweni kazibuthe, ukuhluka kosayizi wayo kukhulu kunokwezinto ezijwayelekile zikazibuthe, okuvumela ukunyakaza okuthile kokunemba kwemishini ukuthi kuzuzwe.Njengamanje, isetshenziswa kabanzi emikhakheni ehlukahlukene, kusukela ezinhlelweni zikaphethiloli, isilawuli sevalvu ewuketshezi, ukubeka indawo emincane kuya kuma-actuator asebenza ngomshini wezibonakude zasemkhathini kanye nezilawuli zamaphiko endiza.Ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bezinto ezibonakalayo ze-Terfenol-D kwenze inqubekelaphambili enkulu kubuchwepheshe bokuguqulwa kwe-electromechanical.Futhi ibambe iqhaza elibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe obusezingeni eliphezulu, ubuchwepheshe bezempi, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezimboni zendabuko.Ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezingavamile ze-magnetostrictive emhlabeni ezempi yesimanje ikakhulukazi kufaka phakathi izici ezilandelayo:
8.1 I-Sonar
Imvamisa yokukhishwa kwe-sonar evamile ingaphezu kuka-2 kHz, kodwa i-sonar-frequency ephansi ngaphansi kwale frikhwensi inezinzuzo zayo ezikhethekile: ukwehla kwe-frequency, i-attenuation encane, igagasi lomsindo lisakazeka kude, futhi kancane kancane kuthinteke ukuvikela kwe-echo ngaphansi kwamanzi.Ama-Sonars enziwe ngezinto ze-Terfenol-D angahlangabezana nezidingo zamandla aphezulu, ivolumu encane, nemvamisa ephansi, ngakho-ke athuthuke ngokushesha.
8.2 Ama-transducer asebenza ngogesi
Isetshenziswa kakhulu kumadivayisi esenzo alawulwayo amancane - ama-actuator.Kubandakanya ukunemba kokulawula okufinyelela ezingeni le-nanometer, kanye namaphampu e-servo, amasistimu omjovo kaphethiloli, amabhuleki, njll. Kusetshenziselwa izimoto zamasosha, izindiza zezempi kanye nemikhumbi-mkhathi, amarobhothi ezempi, njll.
8.3 Izinzwa nezinto zikagesi
Okufana nama-pocket magnetometers, izinzwa zokuthola ukufuduka, amandla, nokusheshisa, kanye namadivayisi we-acoustic wave wave asebenzayo.Lesi sakamuva sisetshenziselwa izinzwa zesigaba ezimayini, i-sonar, nezingxenye zokugcina kumakhompyutha.
9. Ezinye izinto
Ezinye izinto ezifanaumhlaba ongavamileizinto ze-luminescent,umhlaba ongavamileizinto zokugcina i-hydrogen, izinto ezingavamile zomhlaba ezinkulu ze-magnetoresistive,umhlaba ongavamileiziqandisi kazibuthe, futhiumhlaba ongavamileizinto zokugcina i-magneto-optical zonke zisetshenziswe ngempumelelo kwezempi yesimanje, kuthuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kwezikhali zesimanje.Ngokwesibonelo,umhlaba ongavamileIzinto ze-luminescent zisetshenziswe ngempumelelo kumadivayisi okubona ebusuku.Ezibukweni zombono wasebusuku, ama- phosphor omhlaba ayivelakancane aguqula ama-photon (amandla okukhanya) abe ama-electron, athuthukiswa ngezigidi zezimbobo ezincane endizeni ye-fiber optic microscope, ekhombisa emuva naphambili odongeni, ekhipha ama-electron engeziwe.Amanye ama-phosphor omhlaba ayivelakancane ekugcineni komsila aguqula ama-electron abuyele ekubeni ama-photon, ukuze isithombe sibonakale ngeso.Le nqubo ifana neyesikrini sikamabonakude, laphoumhlaba ongavamileImpushana ye-fluorescent ikhiphela isithombe esinombala othile esikrinini.Imboni yaseMelika ngokuvamile isebenzisa i-niobium pentoxide, kodwa ukuze izinhlelo zokubona ebusuku ziphumelele, isici somhlaba esingavamile.i-lanthanumkuyingxenye ebalulekile.Empini yaseGulf, amabutho ezizwe ngezizwe asebenzisa lezi zibuko zombono wasebusuku ukuze abheke okuhloswe ngamasosha ase-Iraqi izikhathi eziningi, ukuze athole ukunqoba okuncane.
10 .Isiphetho
Ukuthuthukiswa kweumhlaba ongavamileimboni iye yakhuthaza ngempumelelo inqubekelaphambili ebanzi yobuchwepheshe besimanje bezempi, futhi ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bezempi nakho kuqhubekisele phambili intuthuko ephumelelayo yeumhlaba ongavamileimboni.Ngikholwa ukuthi ngokuthuthuka okusheshayo kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe bomhlaba,umhlaba ongavamileimikhiqizo izodlala indima enkulu ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe besimanje bezempi ngemisebenzi yabo ekhethekile, futhi ilethe izinzuzo ezinkulu zezomnotho nezenhlalo eziveleleumhlaba ongavamileimboni ngokwayo.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Nov-29-2023