Imihlaba engavamile,Yaziwa ngokuthi "i-Treasure Terve" yezinto ezintsha, njengento ekhethekile yokusebenza, ingathuthukisa kakhulu ikhwalithi nokusebenza kweminye imikhiqizo, futhi yaziwa ngokuthi "amavithamini" emboni yanamuhla. Azisetshenziswa kabanzi kuphela ezimbonini zendabuko ezinjenge-metallurgy, ama-petrochemicals, ama-ceramics we-ceramics, i-wool spinning, i-supercogen, i-agcental, i-special, i-special, i-specity, i-specity, i-special, i-special, i-Special, i-Specity, i-Special, i-Special, i-Special, i-Special, i-Special, i-Special, i-Special, i-Special, i-Special, i-Develogn, i-Special, i-SPROGY, i-Specials, i-SuperToductive, I-Electronics, i-Aerospace, nemboni yenuzi. Ubuchwepheshe lobu busetshenziswe ngempumelelo kubuchwepheshe bezempi, ukukhuthaza kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe banamuhla bezempi.
Indima ekhethekile edlalwa nguUmhlaba ongavamileIzinto ezintsha ebuchothweni bezempi zanamuhla zidonsele ukunakwa okuphezulu ezivela kohulumeni kanye nochwepheshe bamazwe ahlukahlukene, njengokubalwa njengento esemqoka ekuthuthukisweni kweminyango ephezulu kanye nezobuchwepheshe bezempi ngeminyango ye-United States neJapan.
Isingeniso esifushane kuUmhlaba ongavamiles nobudlelwano babo nezempi nezokuvikela izwe
Ekhuluma ngokuqinile, zonke izinto zomhlaba ezingavamile zinezicelo ezithile zezempi, kepha indima ebaluleke kakhulu abayidlalayo kuma-National Defense and Helish Fields kufanele abe kuzicelo ezifana ne-laser ehamba, ukuqondiswa kwe-laser kanye nokuxhumana kwe-laser.
Ukusetshenziswa kweUmhlaba ongavamileinsimbi futhiUmhlaba ongavamilei-rouctile iron kubuchwepheshe banamuhla bezempi
1.1 Ukusetshenziswa kweUmhlaba ongavamileInsimbi kubuchwepheshe bezempi banamuhla
Umsebenzi ufaka izici ezimbili: ukuhlanzwa kanye nokuhlaziywa, ikakhulukazi ukususwa, ukugcwala kwe-deoxidation, ukususa ithonya lokungaziphathi kahle kanye nokwakheka kwensimbi, kanye nokuthuthukisa ukuguquguquka kwensimbi kwalo kanye nemishini. Abasebenzi bezempi kanye nobuchwepheshe bahlakulela izindawo eziningi ezingajwayelekile zomhlaba ezifanele ukusetshenziswa kwezikhali ngokusebenzisa izakhiwo zeUmhlaba ongavamile.
1.1.1 Insimbi Yezikhali
Esikhathini esekuqaleni kweminyaka yo-1960, imboni yezikhali yaseChina yaqala ukucwaninga ukusetshenziswa komhlaba okungavamile ngensimbi yensimbi nensimbi yensimbi, futhi kukhiqizwe ngokuphumelelayoUmhlaba ongavamileInsimbi yezempi enjenge-601, 603, kanye no-623, ifaka inkathi entsha yezinto ezibalulekile eziluhlaza zokukhiqiza amathangi eChina ngokuya ngokukhiqizwa kwasekhaya.
1.1.2Umhlaba ongavamileinsimbi yekhabhoni
Maphakathi nawo-1960s, iChina ingeze ngo-0.05%Umhlaba ongavamileizinto ezithile zensimbi esezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu ukuze zikhiqizeUmhlaba ongavamileI-Carbon. Inani lethonya lamuva lale nsimbi yomhlaba elingavamile lenyuswe ngama-70% kuya ku-100% uma liqhathaniswa nensimbi yasekuqaleni yekhabhoni, nenani lomthelela ku--40 ℃ licishe liphindwe kabili. Icala elikhulu le-cartridge elenziwe ngale nsimbi lifakazelwe ngokuhlolwa kokudubula ebangeni lokudubula ukuze lihlangabezane ngokuphelele nezidingo zobuchwepheshe. Njengamanje, iChina seliphothulile yalibeka ekukhiqizeni, yabona isifiso esime isikhathi eside seChina sokubuyisa ithusi ngensimbi entweni ye-cartridge.
1.1.3 Insimbi Engavamile Yomhlaba Insimbi Ephakeme ye-Manganese kanye ne-Rare Earth Steel
Umhlaba ongavamileInsimbi ephakeme ye-manganese isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza amapuleti ethrekhi yethangi, kuyilaphoUmhlaba ongavamileI-Cast Steel isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza amaphiko omsila, amabhuleki we-muzzle, kanye nezingxenye zezakhiwo ze-artillery zamagobolondo okubhoboza amagobolondo aphezulu. Lokhu kunganciphisa ukucubungula izinyathelo, kuthuthukiswe ukusetshenziswa kwensimbi, futhi kufinyelele izinkomba zeqhinga nezobuchwepheshe.
1.2 Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Rare Earth Earth nodular capin iron kubuchwepheshe banamuhla bezempi
Esikhathini esedlule, izinto ze-China zana-phambili eChards Ngenxa yamandla ayo aphansi, ubucwebe obuphezulu, ukuhlukaniswa okuphansi nokubukhali okubukhali ngemuva kokuqhuma, namandla okubulala abuthakathaka, ukuthuthukiswa kwezidumbu zeChard Chamber Decidence kwake kwavinjelwa. Kusukela ngo-1963, kwavela abakwa-Catar Shells abahlukahlukene besebenzisa indawo yabo engavamile, eye yandisa izakhiwo zabo zemishini ngezikhathi ezi-1-2, yandisa inani lezicucu ezisebenzayo, futhi yathuthukisa kakhulu amandla abo okubulala. I-Shell Combat yohlobo oluthile lwe-cannon Shell kanye ne-Field Gun Shell eyenziwe ngale ndaba ezweni lethu inenombolo engcono ephumelele yokuqhekeka kanye nokubulala imisebe yensimbi.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-non-forrousUmhlaba Ongavamiles njenge-magnesium ne-aluminium kubuchwepheshe banamuhla bezempi
Imihlaba engavamileIba nomsebenzi wamakhemikhali ophakeme kanye ne-atomii enkulu ye-athomu. Uma ungezwe ezinsimbi ezingezona ze-Ferrous kanye nama-alloys azo, angahlaziya ukwahlukaniswa okusanhlamvu, avikele igesi, ukususa igesi, ukuthuthukisa izinhloso ze-metallographic, zokwenza ngcono ukwakheka okuphelele njengokuthuthukisa izakhiwo zemishini, impahla ebonakalayo, kanye nokusebenza kokusebenza. Abasebenzi bezinto ezibonakalayo nabangaphandle basebenzise izakhiwo zeimihlaba engavamileukuthuthukisa okushaUmhlaba ongavamileI-Magnesium Alloys, ama-Aluminium Alloys, ama-alloys titanium, kanye nama-alloys aphezulu. Le mikhiqizo isetshenziswe kabanzi kubuchwepheshe bezempi banamuhla njengama-fighter jets, izindiza zokuhlaselwa, izindiza ezinophephela emhlane, izimoto ezingenamikhawulo zasemoyeni, kanye nama-satellite ama-micle.
2.1Umhlaba ongavamileI-Magnesium Alloy
Umhlaba ongavamileI-Magnesium Alloys inamandla athile athile, inganciphisa isisindo sezindiza, ithuthukise ukusebenza kweqhinga, futhi ibe namathemba wohlelo lokusebenza olubanzi. Le khasiUmhlaba ongavamileI-Magnesium Alloys yathuthukiswa yiChina Aviation IPhotha I-Corporation (Lapha kwabizwa ngokuthi i-AVIC) ifaka phakathi amamaki ayi-10 ama-magnoseum alloys kanye nama-magnesium alloys, amaningi asetshenzisiwe ekukhiqizeni futhi anekhwalithi ezinzile. Isibonelo, i-ZM 6 Cast Magnesium Alloy ene-Iread Earth Metal Neodymium njengoba isengezo esikhulu sandiswe ukuthi sisetshenziswe ezingxenyeni ezibalulekile zokunciphisa, izimbambo zempi ezinophephela emhlane, kanye neziqu zengcindezi zokucindezela kwama-30 kw. Umhlaba ongavamile onamandla amakhulu we-Magnesium Alloy BM25 Ngokuhlangene okwenziwe yiChina Aviation Corporation kanye ne-Metals Corporation engekho esikhundleni samandla ama-Aluminium Alloys futhi asetshenzisiwe endizeni yomthelela.
2.2Umhlaba ongavamiletitanium alloy
Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yo-1970, iBeijing Institute of Aeronautical Izinto (okukhulunywe ngazo njenge-Institute) esikhundleni se-aluminium ne-silicon ngeI-Rare Earth Metal umrintshi (Ce) Ku-ti-a1-mo titanium alloys, kunciphisa imingcele yezigaba ezingenabuchopho kanye nokwenza ngcono ukumelana nokushisa kuka-alloy nokuqina okushisayo. Ngalesi sisekelo, i-titanium alloy ephezulu yokushisa i-altoy zt3 equkethe i-cereyun yathuthukiswa. Uma kuqhathaniswa nama-alloys afanayo aphesheya, kunezinzuzo ezithile ekumelaneni nokushisa, amandla, kanye nokusebenza kwenqubo. I-compressor casing eyenziwe ngayo isetshenziselwa injini ye-W PI3 II, inciphisa isisindo sendiza ngayinye nge-39 kg futhi yandise ukugcwala kwesilinganiso sesisindo ngo-1.5%. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinyathelo zokucubungula zincishiswa cishe ngama-30%, zithola izinzuzo ezibalulekile zezobuchwepheshe nezomnotho, ukugcwalisa igebe lokusebenzisa ama-cast titanium amakhampasi ezinjini zezindiza eChina ngaphansi kwezi-500 ℃ izimo. Ucwaningo selukhombisile ukuthi kukhona okuncaneI-Cerrium Oxideizinhlayiya ekuhlelekeni kwe-zt3 alloy equketheumrintshi.Umrintshikuhlanganisa ingxenye ye-oxygen ku-alloy ukwakha ubulukhuni obuqinile nobukhuluEarth Earth Axideimpahla, CE2O3. Lezi zinhlayiya zivimbela ukunyakaza kwe-dislocations ngesikhathi sokushintshana kwe-alloy, ngcono ukusebenza okushisa kakhulu kwe-alloy.UmrintshiIthwebula ukungcola okuthile kwegesi (ikakhulukazi emingceleni yokusanhlamvu), engaqinisa i-alloy ngenkathi igcina ukuqina okuhle okushisayo. Lona umzamo wokuqala wokusebenzisa umbono wephuzu le-solute elinzima eliqinisayo ekuphonseni ama-alloys we-titanium. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngemuva kweminyaka yocwaningo, isikhungo sezinto zezindiza sithuthukise izinzile futhi asibizi kakhuluytttrium oxideIsihlabathi kanye nezinto zokwenziwa zempuphu kwinqubo yokuphonsa ngokuqondile ye-titanium alloy, usebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obukhethekile bokulashwa ubuchwepheshe. Ithole amazinga amahle ngokudonsela phansi okuthile, ubunzima, nokuqina ku-titanium ketshezi. Ngokuya ngokulungiswa nokulawula ukusebenza kweSlurry Slurry, kukhombisile ukuphakama okukhulu. Inzuzo evelele yokusebenzisa i-YTtrium Oxide Shell ukukhiqiza ama-titanium castings ukuthi, ngaphansi kwezimo lapho izinga lekhwalithi kanye nenqubo yokuqamba lezenqwaba liqhathaniswa nenqubo ye-tungsten alloy elincanyana kunaleyo yenqubo ye-tungsten surfarte. Njengamanje, le nqubo isetshenziswe kabanzi ekwenziweni kwendiza ehlukahlukene, izinjini, kanye nemikhawulo yezakhamuzi.
2.3Umhlaba ongavamileI-Aluminium Alloy
I-Aluminium Alloy evimbile yokushisa i-HZL206 equkethe imihlaba engavamile eyenziwe nge-AVIC inezindawo zokushisa eziphakeme zokushisa eziphakeme kanye nezinga lokushisa eliphakeme ngokuqhathaniswa ne-nickel equkethe ama-alloys phesheya, futhi ifinyelele ezingeni eliphakeme lama-alloys afanayo phesheya. Manje isetshenziswa njenge-valve engamelana nengcindezi yezindiza ezinophephela emhlane kanye nama-jets fighter ngokushisa okusebenzayo kwama-300 ℃, ukufaka esikhundleni sensimbi ne-titanium alloys. Isisindo sesakhiwo esinqunyelwe futhi senziwe ekukhiqizeni isisindo. Amandla ashubile aUmhlaba ongavamileI-Aluminium Silicon Hypetetic ZL117 Alloy ngo-200-300 ℃ iphakeme kunaleso seNtshonalanga Jalimane Piston Alloys KS280 ne-KS282. Ukumelana kwayo ukugqokwa kuphakeme izikhathi ezi-4-5 kune-piston alloys zl108 esetshenziswayo, enomhlanganisi omncane wokunwetshwa komugqa kanye nokuqina kobukhulu obuhle. Kusetshenziswe kwizinsiza zezengezo ze-Avation KY-5, KY-7 AIR compressulas kanye namaPistons e-Aviation Model Injini. Ukufakwa kweUmhlaba ongavamileIzinto eziya kuma-aluminium alloys zithuthukisa kakhulu izehlakalo ezemvelo kanye nezemishini. Indlela yokwenza izinto zomhlaba ezingandile e-Aluminium Alloys ukwakha ukusatshalaliswa okuhlakazekile, futhi amakhompiyutha amancane a-aluminium adlala indima enkulu ekuqiniseni isigaba sesibili; Ukufakwa kweUmhlaba ongavamileIzinto zidlala indima ekuhlanzeni nasekuhlanzeni, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphisa inani lama-pores ku-alloy kanye nokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kwalo;Umhlaba ongavamileAmakhompiyutha we-Aluminium, njenge-heterogeneous crystal nuclei ukuze ahlaziye ama-dains kanye nezigaba ze-eutectic, nazo ziwuhlobo lwe-modifier; Izinto zomhlaba ezingavamile zikhuthaza ukwakheka kanye nokuhlaziywa kwezigaba ezicebile zensimbi, kunciphisa imiphumela yazo elimazayo. α- inani lesisombululo esiqinile se-iron ku-a1 sehla ngokunyuka kweUmhlaba ongavamileIsengezo, futhi esizuzisa ukuthuthukisa amandla nobunzima be-plasticity.
Ukusetshenziswa kweUmhlaba ongavamileIzinto zokuhlanganisa kubuchwepheshe bezempi banamuhla
3.1 umsulwaizinsimbi zomhlaba ezingandile
-Naluthoizinsimbi zomhlaba ezingandile, ngenxa yezakhiwo zazo zamakhemikhali ezisebenzayo, zithambekele ekuphenduleni ngomoya-mpilo, isibabule, ne-nitrogen ukwakha amakhompiyutha ezinzile. Uma ungena ngaphansi kokushayisana okukhulu nomthelela, izinhlansi zingakhalela izinto ezivuthayo. Ngakho-ke, ekuqaleni kuka-1908, yayenziwa. Kutholakale ukuthi phakathi kwabangu-17Umhlaba ongavamileizinto, izinto eziyisithupha kufaka phakathiumrintshi, uhlobo linthanum, needymium, I-PraseOdDODYIUM, iSamurium, futhiytttriumyiba nokusebenza okuhle ngokukhethekile. Abantu baphenduke izakhiwo ze-arson ze-ryizinsimbi zomhlabaezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zezikhali zokugqoka, ezinjenge-US Mark 82 227 kg missile, esetshenziswaI-Rare Earth MetalI-lining, engakhiqizi kuphela imiphumela yokubulala okuqhumayo kodwa futhi nemiphumela ye-arson. I-American Air-to-Ground "I-Rocket Warhead efakwe izinduku zensimbi eziyi-108 ezingavamile zomhlaba njengama-liners, esikhundleni sezingcezwana ezithile ezihlanganisiwe. Ukuhlolwa okuqhumayo okulomileyo kukhombisile ukuthi amandla ayo okususa uphethiloli wezindiza angama-44% aphakeme kunawo angenakubi.
3.2 exubekileI-Rare Earth Metals
Ngenxa yentengo ephakeme yokumsulwaIzinsimbi zomhlaba ezingavamile,Amazwe ahlukahlukene asebenzisa kabanzi ukuhlanganiswa okungabizi kakhuluI-Rare Earth Metals kwizikhali zokuvutha. InhlanganiselaI-Rare Earth MetalI-ejenti yokuhlanganisa ilayishwe egobolondweni lensimbi ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu, nge-ajenti ye-ajenti yokuvuselela (1.9 ~ 2.1) × 103 kg / m3, i-flame ububanzi obungama-500 mm, izinga lokushisa lamalangabi liphezulu ngo-1715-2000 ℃. Ngemuva kokuhlangana, isikhathi sokufudumeza komzimba kwe-incandescent isikhathi eside kuneMizuzu engu-5. Ngesikhathi sempi yaseVietnam, amasosha ase-US athule amabhomu angenangqondo angama-40mm esebenzisa isiqalisi, futhi i-lining lining ngaphakathi kwenziwa ngensimbi yomhlaba exubile. Ngemuva kokuthi i-projectile iqhume, isiqephu ngasinye nge-liner enganaki ingakhatha ilitshe. Ngaleso sikhathi, ukukhiqizwa kwebhomu kwanyanga zonke kwafika kumarounds angama-200000, kube nemijikelezo engama-260000.
3.3Umhlaba ongavamileama-alloys ahlanganisiwe
AUmhlaba ongavamileI-Alloy Alloy enesisindo esingu-100 g ingakha izinhlansi ezingama-200 kuya ku-3000 ngendawo enkulu yendawo, elingana nemisebe yokubulala izikhali zokubhoboza izikhali namagobolondo e-armor. Ngakho-ke, ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlamvu ezisebenza ngemisebenzi eminingi ngamandla okuvutha sekusenye yezikhombisi-ndlela eziphambili zokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlamvu ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe. Okokubhoboza izikhali kanye namagobolondo e-armor ebhoboloji, ukusebenza kwawo kwezempi, ukusebenza kwabo kweqhinga kudinga ukuthi ngemuva kokungena ngezembatho zethangi lesitha, nazo zingakhanyisa uphethiloli nezinhlamvu zabo ukuze babhubhise ithangi. Okwe-grenades, kuyadingeka ukukhanyisa izimpahla zamasosha kanye nezindawo ezinamasu ngaphakathi kwebanga lazo lokubulala. Kubikwa ukuthi ibhomu lokuphuculwa kwensimbi elingenakuvuthwa emhlabeni elenziwe e-United State linomzimba owenziwe nge-nylon eqinisiwe kanye nomhlaba ohlanganisiwe womhlaba we-alloy, osetshenziselwa ukuba nemiphumela engcono ngokumelene namafutha ezindiza nezinto ezifanayo.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-4Umhlaba ongavamileIzinto zokwakha ezivikelweni zezempi kanye nobuchwepheshe benyukliya
4.1 Isicelo kubuchwepheshe bokuvikelwa kwamasosha
Izinto zomhlaba ezingavamile zinezakhiwo zokumelana nemisebe yemisebe. Isikhungo Sikazwelonke sezingxenye ze-Neutron Cross e-United States sasebenzisa izinto ze-polymer njengezinto ezingaphansi futhi zenza izinhlobo ezimbili zamapuleti anobukhulu obungu-10 mm ngokuhlolwa kwemisebe. Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi i-thermal neutron evikela umphumela weUmhlaba ongavamileIzinto ze-polymer zihamba ngezikhathi ezi-5-6 kangcono kunalokhoUmhlaba ongavamileIzinto ze-polymer zamahhala. Izinto zomhlaba ezingandile ezinezinto ezingeziwe ezifanaiSamurium, indlu yokuhlala yokungenayogugu, igadiki, dysprosium, njll. Yiba nesigaba esiphakeme kunazo zonke sokumunca kwe-neutron Amunction Amunction Cross futhi ube nomthelela omuhle ekuthumbeni ama-neutrons. Njengamanje, ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kwezinto zemisebe yemisebe ye-Anti Earth kubuchwepheshe bezempi zifaka phakathi izici ezilandelayo.
4.1.1 Ukuvikelwa kwemisebe yenuzi
I-United States isebenzisa i-1% boron kanye nezinto ezingama-5% zomhlaba ezingandileigadiki, iSamurium, futhiuhlobo linthanumUkwenza ukhonkolo oqinile we-600m oqinile wokuvikelwa komgwaqo wokuvikelwa kwemithombo ye-neutron ye-neutron kuma-reactors echibini lokubhukuda. IFrance ithuthukise impahla yokuvikelwa kwemisebe engavamile ngokufaka ama-borides,Umhlaba ongavamileamakhompiyutha, nomaAma-alloys omhlaba angavamileukugqama njenge-substrate. I-filler yalesi sifundo sokuvikela okuhlanganisiwe iyadingeka ukuthi isatshalaliswe ngokulinganayo futhi yenziwe ngezingxenye ezenziwe ngezandla, ezibekwe ezungeze isiteshi sokuphendula ngokuya ngezidingo ezihlukile zezitho ezihlukile.
4.1.2 Tank Thermal Radiation Shieving
Siqukethe izingqimba ezine ze-veneer, ngobukhulu obungu-5-20 cm. Isendlalelo sokuqala senziwa ngepulasitiki yengilazi eqinisiwe, nge-inorganic powder eyengezwe nge-2%Umhlaba ongavamileamakhompiyutha njengabasizi ukuvimba ama-neutrons asheshayo bese bamunca ama-neutrons aphansi; Izendlalelo zesibili nezesithathu zengeza i-BORON Graphite, i-Polystyrererere, kanye nezinto zomhlaba ezingandile ezibalwa yi-10% yenani eliphelele le-filler kwangaphambili ukuvimba ama-neutrons aphakathi nendawo futhi amukele ama-neutrons ashisayo; Ungqimba lwesine lusebenzisa i-graphite esikhundleni se-fiber yengilazi, futhi ingeza ama-25%Umhlaba ongavamileamakhompiyutha ukudonsa ama-neutrons ashisayo.
4.1.3 Abanye
-Faka isiceloUmhlaba ongavamileImisebe yemisebe yemisebe emathangini, emikhunjini, izindawo zokukhosela, kanye neminye imishini yezempi ingaba nomphumela wemisebe ye-anti.
4.2 Isicelo kubuchwepheshe be-Nuclear
Umhlaba ongavamileytttrium oxideIngasetshenziswa njenge-absorber evuthayo yamafutha e-uranium kuma-reactors amanzi abilayo (BWRS). Phakathi kwazo zonke izinto,igadikiInamandla aqine kakhulu ukumunca ama-neutrons, anama-4600 ahlosiwe nge-athomu ngalinye. Imvelo ngayinyeigadikiI-athomu ithola isilinganiso sama-neutrons angu-4 ngaphambi kokwehluleka. Lapho kuxutshwe ne-uranium evumayo,igadikiIngakhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa, ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-uranium, futhi kwandise okukhishwa kwamandla.Gadinium oxideAyikhiqizi i-stproduct deuterium eyingozi efana ne-boron carbide, futhi ingahambisana ne-uranium kaphethiloli kanye nezinto zayo zokuhlanganisa ngesikhathi sokuphendula kwenuzi. Inzuzo yokusebenzisaigadikiesikhundleni se-boron yilokhoigadikiingahlanganiswa ngqo ne-uranium ukuvikela ukwanda kwe-fulear ful rod. Ngokusho kwezibalo, njengamanje kusaphendula ama-nuclear ahleliwe emhlabeni wonke, kwawo ama-115 ama-reactors amanzi acindezelwe asebenzisa umhlaba ongavamilegadinium oxide. Umhlaba ongavamileiSamurium, indlu yokuhlala yokungenayogugu, futhidysprosiumisetshenziswe njengabafokazi be-neutron kubafuyi be-neutron.Umhlaba ongavamile ytttriumInesigaba esincane sesiphambano kuma-neutrons futhi ingasetshenziswa njengento ebonakalayo yamapayipi ama-morten usawoti reactors. Ama-foil anciphile anengezweUmhlaba ongavamile igadikina-dysprosiumingasetshenziswa njenge-neutron field Stoptors e-Aerospace ne-Nuclear Inding Engineering, amanani amancaneUmhlaba ongavamileThululiumna-umphetholungasetshenziswa njengezinto eziqondiwe zeThubhu ezivalekile ze-tube generator, futhiEarth Earth AxideI-Europoum Iron Metal Ceramics ingasetshenziswa ukwenza ngcono amapuleti okusekelwa kokulawulwa kokuphendula.Umhlaba ongavamileigadikiingasetshenziswa futhi njengesengezo se-coative ukuvikela imisebe ye-neutron, kanye nezimoto ezihlomile zihlanganiswe nezingubo ezikhethekile eziqukethegadinium oxidekungavimbela imisebe ye-neutron.Umhlaba ongavamile yterterbiumisetshenziswa emishini yokulinganisa i-geosssss ebangelwa ukuqhuma kwenyukliya engaphansi komhlaba. NiniRare REThyterterbiumIphathwe amandla, ukwenyuka kokumelana, futhi ushintsho lokumelana lungasetshenziswa ukubala ingcindezi esekelwa. UkuxhumaUmhlaba ongavamile igadikiI-Foil ifakwe yi-Vapor Deposition kanye ne-coating egxilile enento ebucayi yokucindezela ingasetshenziswa ukukala ukucindezela okuphezulu kwenukli.
5, ukusetshenziswa kweUmhlaba ongavamileIzinto zokwelashwa zaphakade kubuchwepheshe bezempi banamuhla
Le khasiUmhlaba ongavamileIzinto ezinaphakade uzibuthe, eziboshwe njengesizukulwane esisha samakhosi ama-magnetic, njengamanje zaziwa ngokuthi ukusebenza okuphezulu kakhulu kokusebenza kwezigameko unomphela. Inezikhathi ezingaphezu kwe-100 eziphakeme zezakhiwo eziphakeme kakhulu zensimbi kazibuthe esetshenziswa emishini yezempi ngemi-1970. Njengamanje, sekuyinto ebalulekile ekuxhumaneni kobuchwepheshe bama-elekthronikhi banamuhla, abasetshenziswa kumashubhu e-wave ehamba nabasekeli ezindaweni zokufakelwa komhlaba satellite, ama-radars kanye nezinye izinkambu. Ngakho-ke, inokubaluleka kwamasosha okubalulekile.
ISamuriumAma-Cobalt Magnets kanye neNeodymium Iron Boron Magnets esetshenziselwa ugongolo lwe-elektroni eligxile ezinhlelweni zokuqondisa. Ama-Magnets angamadivayisi aphambili agxile kakhulu emishameni ye-elektroni futhi adlulise imininingwane engxenyeni yokulawula yemicibisholo. Kunamaphawundi acishe abe ngu-5-10 (2.27-4.54 kg) wama-magnets entweni ngayinye egxile engcupheni ye-missile. Ngaphezu kwalokho,Umhlaba ongavamileI-Magnets nayo isetshenziselwa ukushayela ama-motors kagesi futhi ujikeleze i-readder yemicibisholo eqondisiwe. Izinzuzo zabo zilele kwizakhiwo zazo ezinamandla ezinamandla nesisindo esilula ngokuqhathaniswa ne-aluminium nickel cobaltpolpl yoqobo.
6 .Isicelo seUmhlaba ongavamileIzinto ze-Laser ebuchothweni bezempi banamuhla
I-laser inguhlobo olusha lomthombo wokukhanya onama-monochromaticity, ukuqondiswa, kanye nokubumbana, futhi angathola ukukhanya okuphezulu. I-laser neUmhlaba ongavamileIzinto ze-laser zazalwa ngasikhathi sinye. Kuze kube manje, cishe ama-90% wezinto ze-laser ezibandakanyaimihlaba engavamile. Ngokwesibonelo,ytttriumI-Aluminium Garnet Crystal iyi-laser esetshenziswa kabanzi engafinyelela okuqhubekayo okuphuma kwamandla aphezulu ezindaweni zokushisa zasekamelweni. Ukusetshenziswa kwama-lasers aqinile wombuso kwamasosha wanamuhla kufaka phakathi lezo zinto ezilandelayo.
6.1 Laser Ranghing
Le khasineedymium-debeziweytttriumI-Aluminium Garnet Laser Ranger RangerDinder eyenziwe ngamazwe anjenge-United States, iBrithani, eFrance, futhi iJalimane ingalinganisa amabanga afinyelela kumamitha angama-4000 kuya kwangama-20000 ngokunemba kwamamitha ayi-5. Izinhlelo zezikhali ezinjenge-American Mi, i-Leclerc II, iFrance's Leclerc, uhlobo lwakwa-Israyeli 90, iMecca yakwa-Israyeli, kanye ne-Melca yakamuva ye-Challenger 2 Zonke zisebenzisa lolu hlobo lwe-Laser RangeWinder. Njengamanje, amanye amazwe athuthukisa isizukulwane esisha se-Laser RangeFinders eqinile yokuphepha kwamehlo, ngolunye uhlobo lwe-wavelength lwe-1.5-2.1 μ M. Handheld Laser Rangefinders athuthukisiweIHolmium-debeziweytttriumI-Lithium Fluoride laseSers e-United States nase-United Kingdom, enomgwaqo osebenzayo we-2.06 μ, esukela ku-3000 m. I-United States iphinde yasebenzisana nezinkampani zama-laser zamazwe omhlaba ukuthuthukisa i-erbium-dopedytttriumI-Lithium Fluoride laser nge-wavelthth ka-1.73 μ m I-Laser RangeFinder futhi ifakwe kakhulu ngamabutho. I-Laser Wavenwength yaseChina yezempi yaseChina ingu-1.06 μ m, esukela ku-200 kuye ku-7000 m. I-China ithola idatha ebalulekile evela kuma-The Laser TELEVISISISISITS ama-Theodolites ezilinganisweni zamabanga okuhlosiwe ngesikhathi sokwethulwa kwamarokhethi amade, imicibisholo, kanye nama-satellite ezokuxhumana.
6.2 Isiqondisi se-laser
I-Laser eqondiswa amabhomu Sebenzisa ama-lasers wokuqondisa okubulalayo. I-ND · yog laser, ekhipha inqwaba yama-pulses ngomzuzwana, isetshenziselwa ukucela i-Iradiate laser. Ama-pulses afakiwe futhi ama-pulses akhanyayo angaziqondisa impendulo ye-missile, ngaleyo ndlela avimbele ukuphazanyiswa kusuka ekuqalisweni kwezinto ezi-misle kanye nezithiyo ezibekwe yisitha. Ibhomu le-US lezempi le-USB-15 le-Glider, elaziwa nangokuthi "ibhomu elinobunzima". Ngokufanayo, ingasetshenziswa futhi ukukhiqiza amagobolondo aqondiswa ama-laser.
6.3 Ukuxhumana kweLaser
Ngaphezu kwe-ND · wag, ukuphuma kwe-lithiumneedymiumI-Phosphate Crystal (LNP) inama-poliarised futhi kulula ukuyiguqula, okwenza kube ngenye yezinto zokuthembisa kakhulu ze-laser ezincane. Kufanelekile njengomthombo wokukhanya wokuxhumana kwe-fiber optic futhi kulindeleke ukuthi isetshenziswe kuma-opics ahlanganisiwe kanye nokuxhumana kwe-cosmic. Ngaphezu kwalokho,ytttriumI-Iron Garnet (Y3fe0o12) I-Crystal eyodwa ingasetshenziswa njengamadivayisi ahlukahlukene we-Magnetostatic Surface Wave usebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokuhlanganiswa kwe-microwave, okwenza amadivaysi ahlanganiswe futhi abekwe phansi, futhi abe nezicelo ezikhethekile ekulweni okukude kwe-radar, telemetry, navigation, kanye nokuphikisana ngogesi.
7.I-application yeUmhlaba ongavamileIzinto eziphakeme kakhulu kubuchwepheshe bezempi banamuhla
Lapho impahla ethile ihlangabezana nokumelana okungu-zero ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa athile, yaziwa njenge-superconductivity, okuyindlela yokushisa ebucayi (TC). Ama-Superconductors aluhlobo lwezinto ezibonakalayo ezidayisa noma yimuphi umzamo wokusebenzisa amandla kazibuthe ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa elibucayi, elaziwa ngokuthi yi-meisner effect. Ukungeza izinto zomhlaba ezingandile ezintweni zokwakha ama-superconducting zingakhulisa kakhulu i-TC yokushisa ebucayi. Lokhu kuthuthukisa kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezinhle kakhulu. Ngawo-1980s, amazwe athuthukile afana ne-United States neJapan angeze inani elithile leEarth Earth Axides njengeuhlobo linthanum, ytttrium,indlu yokuhlala yokungenayogugu, futhiumphethoku-barium oxide futhiI-Copper oxideAmakhompiyutha, ahlanganiswe, acindezelwe futhi aphokoswe, futhi aphonswe ekwakheni izinto zokwakha ama-ceramic, okwenza isicelo esisakazekile sobuchwepheshe be-superconducting, ikakhulukazi ezisetshenziswayo zamasosha, zibanzi kakhulu.
7.1 Amasekethe ahlanganisiwe ahlanganisiwe
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ucwaningo ngokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe be-superconducting kumakhompiyutha akwa-elekthronikhi kwenziwe phesheya, kanti amasekethe ahlanganisiwe athuthukisiwe asetshenziswe izinto ezinhle kakhulu ze-ceramic. Uma lolu hlobo lomjikelezo oluhlanganisiwe lusetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza amakhompyutha ama-superconducting, ngeke lube mncane kuphela, futhi elula ukuyisebenzisa, kepha futhi inesivinini se-10 kuye ku-100 kuya ku-Implion Photo efinyelela ezigidini ezingama-300. Ngakho-ke, amasosha ase-US abikezela ukuthi uma amakhompiyutha amakhulu angenisiwe, azoba "abaphindaphindayo" ekusebenzeni kokulwa kohlelo lwe-C1 empini.
7.2 Ubuchwepheshe bokuhlola ubukhulu bama-magnetic
Izakhi ezibucayi kazibucayi ezenziwe ngezinto zokwenziwa ze-ceramic ze-ceramic zinevolumu encane, okwenza kube lula ukufeza ukuhlanganiswa nohlu. Bangakha izinhlelo zokutholwa kweziteshi eziningi kanye ne-multi parameter, okwandisa kakhulu umthamo wolwazi lweyunithi kanye nokwenza ngcono ibanga lokutholwa nokunemba komtshina kazibuthe. Ukusetshenziswa kwama-superconducting magremometers akunakuthola kuphela amathage ashukumisayo njengamathangi, izimoto, kanye nemikhumbi, kepha futhi alinganise usayizi wazo, okuholela kuzinguquko ezibalulekile kumaqhinga kanye nempi yempi yase-anti submare.
Kubikwa ukuthi i-US Navy yaseMelika inqume ukuthuthukisa i-satellite evuthayo esebenzisa lokhuUmhlaba ongavamileIzinto ezinhle kakhulu zokubonisa nokwenza ngcono ubuchwepheshe bendabuko yokuzwa okukude. Le satellite ebizwa nge-Naval Earth Image Obsertory yasungulwa ngonyaka ka-2000.
8.Cupplication ofUmhlaba ongavamileIzinto zokuzikhulisa ezinkulu kubuchwepheshe bezempi banamuhla
Umhlaba ongavamileIzinto ezinkulu ze-Magnetolisayo zohlobo olusha lwezinto ezisebenzayo ezisanda kuthuthukiswa ngasekupheleni kwawo-1980s phesheya. Ikakhulukazi kubhekise kumakhompiyutha ensimbi emhlabeni. Lolu hlobo lwezinto ezibonakalayo lunenani elikhudlwana le-magnetostrictive eline-iron, i-nickel, nezinye izinto, futhi i-coeffictic ye-magnetosjictictive icishe ibe yizikhathi eziyi-102-103 eziphakeme kakhulu kunelezinto ezijwayelekile noma ezibizwa ngokuthi yizinto ezinkulu. Phakathi kwazo zonke izinto zokuhweba, izinto ezingandile zomhlaba ezinkulu zinenani eliphakeme kakhulu namandla ngaphansi kwesenzo somzimba. Ikakhulu ngokuthuthuka okuphumelelayo kweTerfenol-D MagnetoStrictive Alloy, kuvulwe inkathi entsha yezinto ezikhukhula. Lapho i-terfenol-D ifakwa emandleni kazibuthe, ukuhlukahluka kosayizi kukhulu kunalokho kwezinto ezijwayelekile zamabuthe, ezivumela ukunyakaza okunembile kwemishini okufanele kutholakale. Njengamanje, kusetshenziswa kabanzi emikhakheni ehlukahlukene, kusuka ezinhlelweni zikawoyela, ukulawulwa kwe-keyili ye-valve, ukuma okuncane ku-mechanic actuators for Space Telescopes kanye nama-aurter wendiza. Ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bezinto ezibonakalayo ze-terfenol-D kwenze intuthuko ehlukile kubuchwepheshe bokuguqula ama-elekthriyechani. Futhi idlale indima ebalulekile ekwakhiweni kobuchwepheshe obunqenqemeni, ubuchwepheshe bezempi kanye nokwenziwa kwezimboni zendabuko. Ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zokuqina komhlaba ezingandile emabuthweni wanamuhla ikakhulukazi kufaka phakathi izici ezilandelayo:
8.1 Sonar
Imvamisa yokukhishwa okujwayelekile kwe-SONAR ingaphezulu kwe-2 KHZ, kepha i-sonar ephansi ephansi ngaphansi kwale Frequency inezinzuzo zayo ezikhethekile: i-atchency yayo ekhethekile, inciphisa i-attenchation yayo, futhi okuncane okusakazwayo okusakazwayo, futhi okuncane okusakazwayo okuvinjelwe ngaphansi kwamanzi. USonars owenziwe nge-terfenol-D Izinto ezibonakalayo angahlangabezana nezidingo zamandla aphezulu, ivolumu encane, kanye nemvamisa ephansi, ngakho-ke bathuthukile ngokushesha.
8.2 Ama-transcucers kagesi kagesi
Isetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi amadivayisi wesenzo alawulwa amancane - ama-actuators. Kufaka phakathi ukunemba kokulawula okufinyelela ezingeni le-nanometer, kanye namaphampu we-servo, ama-futurector ama-futures system, amabhuleki, njll. Isetshenziselwa amasosha, izindiza zempi kanye ne-spacecraft, amarobhothi ezempi, njll.
8.3 Izinzwa namadivayisi we-elekthronikhi
Njenge-Pocket Magthetometers, izinzwa zokuthola indawo yokuhlala, amandla, nokusheshisa, namadivayisi we-acoustic acoustic acoustic wave. Lesi sakamuva sisetshenziselwa izinzwa zesigaba ezimayini, i-Sonar nasezingxenyeni zokugcina kumakhompyutha.
9. Ezinye izinto zokwakha
Ezinye izinto ezifanaUmhlaba ongavamileIzinto zokwenziwa ze-luminescent,Umhlaba ongavamileIzinto zokugcina ze-Hydrogen, izinto ezingandile zomhlaba ezinkulu zokwakha ama-magnetoreresistic,Umhlaba ongavamileIzinto zesiphindiwe kazibuthe, futhiUmhlaba ongavamileIzinsizakusebenza ze-Magneto-Optical zisetshenziswe ngempumelelo kwezempi zanamuhla, zithuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kwezikhali zanamuhla. Ngokwesibonelo,Umhlaba ongavamileIzinto zokwenziwa ze-luminescent zisetshenziswe ngempumelelo kumadivayisi wokubuka ebusuku. Ezibukweni zombono wasebusuku, ama-phosphors omhlaba angavamile aguqula ama-photons (amandla akhanyayo) abe ngama-elekthronikhi, athuthukiswa ngezigidi zezimbobo ezincane ku-fiber optic microscope plane, ekhombisa emuva edongeni, ededela amanye ama-elektroni. Eminye imihlaba evamile phosphors emsileni eqeda ama-elektroni abuyele ama-elektroni abuyele kuma-photons, ngakho-ke isithombe singabonakala nge-eyeepie. Le nqubo ifana neyesikrini sethelevishini, laphoUmhlaba ongavamileI-Fluorescent Powder ikhipha isithombe esithile sombala esikrinini. Imboni yaseMelika imvamisa isebenzisa i-niobium pentoxide, kepha ngezinhlelo zokubuka ebusuku ukuze iphumelele, into evamile yomhlabauhlobo linthanumisakhi esibalulekile. Empini ye-Gulf, amabutho ahlukahlukene asebenzisa la ma-goggles ebusuku ukubheka imigomo yempi yempi yase-Iraq nesikhathi futhi, ukushintshana ngokunqoba okuncane.
I-10 .Conclusion
Ukuthuthukiswa kweUmhlaba ongavamileImboni iye yathuthukisa ngempumelelo intuthuko ephelele yobuchwepheshe bamasosha wanamuhla, kanye nokwenza ngcono ubuchwepheshe bezempi kuye kwaqhubekela phambili nokuthuthuka okuchumayo kweUmhlaba ongavamileimboni. Ngikholwa ukuthi ngentuthuko esheshayo yesayensi yezwe nezobuchwepheshe,Umhlaba ongavamileimikhiqizo izodlala indima enkulu ekwakhiweni kobuchwepheshe bamasosha banamuhla ngemisebenzi yabo ekhethekile, futhi ilethe izinzuzo ezinkulu zenhlalo nezenhlalo ezivelele kuUmhlaba ongavamileimboni uqobo.
Isikhathi sePosi: Nov-29-2023