Umhlaba ongavamile/izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile
Ama-elementi e-Lanthanide anezinombolo ze-athomu ezisuka ku-57 kuye ku-71 kuthebula le-periodic, okungukuthii-lanthanum(La),i-cerium(Ce),i-praseodymium(Pr),i-neodymium(Nd), i-promethium (Pm)
Samarium(Sm),europium(Ewu),i-gadolinium(Gd),i-terbium(Tb),i-dysprosium(Dy),i-holmium(Hhawu),i-erbium(Er),thulium(Tm),ytterbium(Yb),i-lutetium(Lu), kanjaloscandium(Sc) ngenombolo ye-athomu 21 kanyei-yttrium(Y) enenombolo ye-athomu engu-39, ingqikithi yama-elementi angu-17
Uphawu RE lumelela iqembu lezakhi ezinezakhiwo zamakhemikhali ezifanayo.
Njengamanje, embonini yomhlaba engavamile kanye namazinga emikhiqizo, umhlaba ongavamile ngokuvamile ubhekisela ezintweni eziyi-15 ngaphandle kwe-promethium (Pm) kanyescandium(Sc).
Ukukhanyaumhlaba ongavamile
Itemu elijwayelekile lezinto ezine zei-lanthanum(La),i-cerium(Ce),i-praseodymium(Pr), kanyei-neodymium(Nd).
Maphakathiumhlaba ongavamile
Itemu elijwayelekile lezinto ezintathu zeSamarium(Sm),europium(Eu), futhii-gadolinium(Gd).
Kunzimaumhlaba ongavamile
Itemu elijwayelekile lezinto eziyisishiyagalombili zei-terbium(Tb),i-dysprosium(Dy),i-holmium(Hhawu),i-erbium(Er),thulium(Tm),ytterbium(Yb),i-lutetium(Lu), kanyei-yttrium(Y).
I-Ceriumiqembuumhlaba ongavamile
Iqembu leimihlaba engavamileikakhulukazi yakhiwei-cerium, okuhlanganisa izici eziyisithupha:i-lanthanum(La),i-cerium(Ce),i-praseodymium(Pr),i-neodymium(Nd),Samarium(Sm),europium(Ewu).
I-Yttriumiqembuumhlaba ongavamile
Iqembu leumhlaba ongavamileizakhi ikakhulukazi ezakhiwe yttrium, kuhlanganisei-gadolinium(Gd),i-terbium(Tb),i-dysprosium(Dy),i-holmium(Hhawu),i-erbium(Er),thulium(Tm),ytterbium(Yb),i-lutetium(Lu), kanyei-yttrium(Y).
Ukuncipha kweLanthanide
Isenzakalo lapho i-athomu ne-ionic radii yama-elementi e-lanthanide yehla kancane kancane ngokwanda kwenombolo ye-athomu ibizwa ngokuthi ukufinyela kwe-lanthanide.Kwenziwe
Isizathu: Ezakhiweni ze-lanthanide, kuwo wonke ama-proton angezwe ku-nucleus, i-electron ingena ku-4f orbital, futhi i-electron 4f ayivikeli i-nucleus njengama-electron angaphakathi, ukuze inombolo ye-athomu ikhule.
Futhi, ukuhlola ukukhanga kwama-electron angaphandle kuyathuthukisa, kancane kancane kunciphisa i-athomu ne-ionic radii.
Izinsimbi zomhlaba ezingavamile
Itemu elivamile lezinsimbi ezikhiqizwa i-electrolysis kasawoti encibilikisiwe, ukuncishiswa kokushisa kwensimbi, noma ezinye izindlela kusetshenziswa inhlanganisela yomhlaba eyodwa noma ngaphezulu engavamile njengezinto zokusetshenziswa.
Insimbi etholwe kwinhlanganisela yento ethile yomhlaba eyivelakancane nge-electrolysis kasawoti encibilikisiwe, ukunciphisa ukushisa kwensimbi, noma ezinye izindlela.
Kuxutshiweizinsimbi zomhlaba ezingavamile
Itemu elijwayelekile lezinto ezakhiwe okubili noma ngaphezuluizinsimbi zomhlaba ezingavamile,ngokuvamilei-lanthanum cerium i-praseodymium neodymium.
Itemu elivamile lezinhlanganisela ezakhiwe inhlanganisela yezinto ezingavamile zomhlaba kanye nezakhi zomoya-mpilo, ngokuvamile zimelelwa ifomula yamakhemikhali i-RExOy.
Awushadilei-oxide yomhlaba engavamile
Inhlanganisela eyakhiwe ngenhlanganisela ye-aumhlaba ongavamilei-elementi kanye ne-oxygen element.
Ukuhlanzeka okuphezului-oxide yomhlaba engavamile
Itemu elijwayelekile elithiama-oxide omhlaba angavamilengobumsulwa obuhlobene obungekho ngaphansi kwama-99.99%.
Kuxutshiweama-oxide omhlaba angavamile
Inhlanganisela eyakhiwe ngokuhlanganiswa kokubili noma ngaphezuluumhlaba ongavamileizakhi ezinomoya-mpilo.
Umhlaba ongavamileinhlanganisela
Itemu elivamile lokuhlanganisa okuquketheimihlaba engavamileokwakhiwa ngokusebenzisana kwezinsimbi zomhlaba ezingavamile noma ama-oxides asemhlabeni angavamile nama-acids noma izisekelo.
Umhlaba ongavamilei-halide
Itemu elijwayelekile lezinhlanganisela ezakhiwe yinhlanganisela yeumhlaba ongavamileizakhi kanye nezakhi zeqembu le-halogen.Isibonelo, i-earth chloride engavamile ngokuvamile imelelwa ifomula yamakhemikhali RECl3;I-fluoride yomhlaba engavamile ngokuvamile imelelwa ifomula yamakhemikhali ethi REFy.
I-sulfate yomhlaba engavamile
Itemu elivamile lezinhlanganisela ezakhiwe inhlanganisela yama-ion asemhlabeni angavamile nama-ion e-sulfate, ngokuvamile amelelwa ifomula yamakhemikhali i-REx (SO4) y.
Itemu elivamile lezinhlanganisela ezakhiwe inhlanganisela ye-ion yomhlaba engavamile nama-nitrate ions, ngokuvamile amelelwa ifomula yamakhemikhali RE (NO3) y.
I-carbonate yomhlaba engavamile
Itemu elivamile lezinhlanganisela ezakhiwe inhlanganisela yama-ion omhlaba angavamile nama-carbonate ion, ngokuvamile amelelwa ifomula yamakhemikhali i-REx (CO3) y.
I-oxalate yomhlaba engavamile
Itemu elivamile lezinhlanganisela ezakhiwe inhlanganisela yama-ion asemhlabeni angavamile nama-oxalate ion, ngokuvamile amelelwa ifomula yamakhemikhali i-REx (C2O4) y.
I-phosphate yomhlaba engavamile
Itemu elivamile lezinhlanganisela ezakhiwe inhlanganisela yama-ion asemhlabeni angavamile nama-phosphate ions, ngokuvamile amelelwa ifomula yamakhemikhali ethi REx (PO4) y.
I-acetate yomhlaba engavamile
Itemu elivamile lezinhlanganisela ezakhiwe inhlanganisela yama-ion omhlaba angavamile nama-acetate ion, ngokuvamile amelelwa ifomula yamakhemikhali i-REx (C2H3O2) y.
I-alkalineumhlaba ongavamile
Itemu elivamile lezinhlanganisela ezakhiwe inhlanganisela yama-ion omhlaba angavamile nama-ion hydroxide, ngokuvamile amelelwa ifomula yamakhemikhali ethi RE (OH) y.
I-Earth stearate engavamile
Itemu elivamile lezinhlanganisela ezakhiwe inhlanganisela yama-ion asemhlabeni angavamile nama-stearate radicals, ngokuvamile amelelwa ifomula yamakhemikhali i-REx (C18H35O2) y.
I-citrate yomhlaba engavamile
Igama elivamile lezinhlanganisela ezakhiwe inhlanganisela ye-ion yomhlaba engavamile nama-citrate ion, ngokuvamile amelelwa ifomula yamakhemikhali i-REx (C6H5O7) y.
Ukunothiswa komhlaba okungavamile
Itemu elivamile lemikhiqizo etholwe ngokukhuphula ukugxila kwezinto zomhlaba ezingavamile ngokusebenzisa izindlela zamakhemikhali noma ezibonakalayo.
Umhlaba ongavamileubumsulwa
Ingxenye enkulu yeumhlaba ongavamile(insimbi noma i-oxide) njengengxenye eyinhloko kungxube, evezwa njengephesenti.
Ukuhlanzeka okuhlobene kweimihlaba engavamile
Ibhekisela engxenyeni enkulu yento ethileumhlaba ongavamileisici (insimbi noma i-oxide) enani eliphelele leumhlaba ongavamile(insimbi noma i-oxide), evezwa njengephesenti.
Isambaumhlaba ongavamileokuqukethwe
Ingxenye enkulu yezinto ezingavamile zomhlaba emikhiqizweni, evezwa njengephesenti.Ama-oksidi nosawoti wawo amelelwa yi-REO, kuyilapho izinsimbi nama-alloys azo emelelwa yi-RE.
I-oxide yomhlaba engavamileokuqukethwe
Ingxenye enkulu yomhlaba ongavamile emelwe i-REO emkhiqizweni, evezwe njengephesenti.
Awushadileumhlaba ongavamileokuqukethwe
Ingxenye enkulu yeyodwaumhlaba ongavamilekunhlanganisela, evezwa njengephesenti.
Umhlaba ongavamileukungcola
Emikhiqizweni yomhlaba engavamile,umhlaba ongavamileizakhi ngaphandle kwezingxenye eziyinhloko zemikhiqizo yomhlaba engavamile.
Chaumhlaba ongavamileukungcola
Emikhiqizweni yomhlaba engavamile, ezinye izakhi ngaphandle kwalokhoumhlaba ongavamileizakhi.
Ukunciphisa ukushisa
Ingxenye enkulu yezinhlanganisela zomhlaba ezingavamile ezilahlekile ngemva kokuthungela ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, ezivezwa njengephesenti.
I-Acid into engancibiliki
Ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, ingxenye yezinto ezinganyibiliki emkhiqizweni ukuya engxenyeni enkulu yomkhiqizo, evezwa njengephesenti.
Ukuncibilika kwamanzi
I-turbidity yokuncibilika ngobuningiumhlaba ongavamilehalides emanzini.
Ingxubevange yomhlaba engavamile
Into eyakhiweumhlaba ongavamileizakhi nezinye izakhi ezinezakhiwo zensimbi.
Ingxubevange ephakathi komhlaba engavamile
Isimo soguqukoingxubevange yomhlaba engavamile relifanele ukukhiqizwa kweumhlaba ongavamileimikhiqizo.
Umhlaba ongavamileizinto zokusebenza
Ukusebenzisaumhlaba ongavamileizakhi njengengxenye eyinhloko futhi zisebenzisa i-optical, kagesi, kazibuthe, amakhemikhali nezinye izinto ezikhethekile, kungakhiwa imiphumela ekhethekile yomzimba, yamakhemikhali, neyebhayoloji ukuze kuzuzwe impumelelo.
Uhlobo lwezinto ezisebenzayo ezingaguqulwa zibe enye kwenye.Isetshenziswa kakhulu njengezinto zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu zokukhiqiza izingxenye ezisebenzayo ezahlukahlukene futhi zisetshenziswa emikhakheni ehlukahlukene yobuchwepheshe obuphezulu.Okuvame ukusetshenziswaumhlaba ongavamileizinto ezisebenzayo zihlanganisa izinto ezingavamile ze-luminescent zomhlaba kanye ne-magnetism yomhlaba engavamile
Izinto zokwakha, izinto ezingavamile zokugcina i-hydrogen yomhlaba, izinto zokupholisha umhlaba ezingavamile, izinto ezingavamile zokuvuselela umhlaba, njll.
Umhlaba ongavamileizithasiselo
Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza komkhiqizo, inani elincane lomhlaba elingavamile eliqukethe izinto liyengezwa phakathi nenqubo yokukhiqiza.
Umhlaba ongavamileizithasiselo
Izinhlanganisela zomhlaba ezingavamile ezidlala indima eyisizayo esebenzayo kumakhemikhali nezinto ze-polymer.Umhlaba ongavamileIzinhlanganisela zisebenza njengezithasiselo ekulungiseleleni nasekucutshungulweni kwezinto ze-polymer (ipulasitiki, irabha, imicu yokwenziwa, njll.)
Ukusetshenziswa kwezithasiselo ezisebenzayo kunemiphumela ehlukile ekuthuthukiseni ukucutshungulwa nokusetshenziswa kokusebenza kwezinto ze-polymer futhi kuzinikeze imisebenzi emisha.
Ukufakwa kwe-slag
Ama-oksidi noma ezinye izinhlanganisela eziphathwa ngezinto ezifanaizinsimbi zomhlaba ezingavamile, izintambo, nezinduku.
Ukuhlukaniswa komhlaba okungavamile
Isho ubudlelwano bokulingana phakathi kokuqukethwe kokuhlukahlukeneumhlaba ongavamileizinhlanganisela ezixubene zomhlaba ezingavamile, ngokuvamile ezivezwa njengephesenti lezinto zomhlaba ezingavamile noma ama-oxide azo.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Oct-30-2023