Isingeniso se-Rare Earth Industry Technology
·Umhlaba ongavamile iayiyona into eyinsimbi, kodwa iyitemu eliyiqoqo lezinto eziyi-15 zomhlaba ezingavamile kanyei-yttriumfuthiscandium.Ngakho-ke, izakhi zomhlaba eziyi-17 eziyivelakancane nezinhlanganisela zazo ezihlukahlukene zinokusetshenziswa okuhlukahlukene, kusukela kuma-chloride anobumsulwa obungu-46% kuya kuma-oxides angavamile emhlabeni kanyeizinsimbi zomhlaba ezingavamilengobumsulwa be-99.9999%.Ngokungezwa kwezinhlanganisela nezingxube ezihlobene, kunemikhiqizo eminingi yomhlaba engavamile.Ngakho,umhlaba ongavamileubuchwepheshe bubuye buhluke ngokusekelwe ekwehlukeni kwalezi zici ezingu-17.Nokho, ngenxa yokuthi izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile zingahlukaniswa zibe yi-cerium kanyei-yttriumamaqembu asekelwe ezicini zamaminerali, izinqubo zokumbiwa, ukuncibilikiswa, kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwamaminerali omhlaba angavamile nawo anobunye.Kusukela ekumbiweni kwensimbi yokuqala, izindlela zokuhlukanisa, izinqubo zokuncibilikisa, izindlela zokuyikhipha, kanye nezinqubo zokuhlanza umhlaba ongavamile zizokwethulwa ngamunye ngamunye.
Ukucutshungulwa kwamaminerali omhlaba ongavamile
·Ukucutshungulwa kwamaminerali kuyinqubo yokucubungula ngomshini esebenzisa umehluko wezinto ezibonakalayo namakhemikhali phakathi kwamaminerali ahlukahlukene akha insimbi, isebenzisa izindlela ezihlukene zokuzuzisa, izinqubo, nezinto zokusebenza ukuze inothise amaminerali awusizo ensimbi, isuse ukungcola eyingozi, futhi ikuhlukanise. kusuka kumaminerali e-ganggue.
·Kuumhlaba ongavamileama-ores ambiwa emhlabeni wonke, okuqukethweama-oxide omhlaba angavamileingamaphesenti ambalwa nje, kanti amanye aphansi nakakhulu.Ukuze uhlangabezane nezidingo zokukhiqiza zokuncibilikisa,umhlaba ongavamileamaminerali ahlukaniswa namaminerali e-ganggue namanye amaminerali awusizo ngokusebenzisa i-beneficiation ngaphambi kokuncibilika, ukuze kwandiswe okuqukethwe kwama-oxides omhlaba angavamile futhi athole ukugxila komhlaba okungavamile okungahlangabezana nezidingo ze-rare earth metallurgy.Ukuhlomula kwezinsimbi zomhlaba ezingavamile ngokuvamile kusebenzisa indlela yokuntanta, evame ukulekelelwa izinhlanganisela eziningi zamandla adonsela phansi kanye nokwehlukana kazibuthe ukuze kwakheke ukugeleza kwenqubo yokuzuza.
Iumhlaba ongavamileidiphozi Emayini ye-Baiyunebo e-Inner Mongolia idiphozithi yohlobo lwetshe le-carbonate ye-iron dolomite, ikakhulukazi eyakhiwe ngamaminerali ayivelakancane ensimbi yensimbi (ngaphezu kwe-fluorocarbon cerium ore ne-monazite, kukhona futhi amaningana.i-niobiumfuthiumhlaba ongavamileamaminerali).
I-ore ekhishiwe iqukethe cishe u-30% wensimbi kanye nama-oxides emhlabeni angavamile angaba ngu-5%.Emva kokuchoboza insimbi enkulu emayini, ithuthwa ngesitimela iyiswe endaweni yokuhlomula ye-Baotou Iron and Steel Group Company.Umsebenzi wesikhungo sokuhlomula ukwandisaFe2O3kusuka ku-33% kuya ngaphezu kwama-55%, okokuqala kugaywe futhi kuhlelwe emshinini wokugaya ibhola, bese kukhethwa ukugxila kwensimbi okuyinhloko ka-62-65% Fe2O3 (i-iron oxide) usebenzisa isihlukanisi esiyicylindrical magnetic.Imisila iyaqhubeka nokuntanta kanye nokuhlukaniswa kazibuthe ukuze ithole ukugxiliswa kwensimbi yesibili equkethe ngaphezu kuka-45%.Fe2O3(i-iron oxide).Umhlaba ongavamile ucetshiswe ngegwebu le-flotation, ngebanga lika-10-15%.I-concentrate ingakhethwa kusetshenziswa ithebula elinyakazayo ukuze kukhiqizwe ukugxilisa ingqondo okuqinile okunokuqukethwe kwe-REO okungama-30%.Ngemva kokucutshungulwa kabusha ngempahla yokuhlomula, kungatholakala umhlaba ongajwayelekile oqukethe i-REO engaphezu kwama-60%.
Indlela yokubola ye-concentrate yomhlaba engavamile
·Umhlaba ongavamileizakhi ekugxilweni ngokuvamile zikhona ngendlela yama-carbonates angancibiliki, ama-fluoride, ama-phosphates, ama-oxides, noma ama-silicates.Izakhi zomhlaba eziyivelakancane kufanele ziguqulwe zibe izinhlanganisela ezincibilika emanzini noma kuma-asidi angaphili ngoshintsho lwamakhemikhali ahlukahlukene, bese zenza izinqubo ezinjengokuhlakazeka, ukuhlukaniswa, ukuhlanzwa, ukugxila, noma ukubala ukuze kukhiqizwe okuxubile okuhlukahlukene.umhlaba ongavamileizinhlanganisela ezifana nama-earth chloride axutshwe nevelakancane, angasetshenziswa njengemikhiqizo noma izinto zokusetshenziswa zokuhlukanisa izingxenye zomhlaba ezingavamile.Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthiumhlaba ongavamileukubola okugxilile, okwaziwa nangokuthi ukwelashwa kwangaphambili.
Ziningi izindlela zokubolaumhlaba ongavamileigxila, engahlukaniswa ngokuvamile ibe izigaba ezintathu: indlela ye-asidi, indlela ye-alkali, nokubola kwe-chlorination.Ukubola kwe-Acid kungabuye kuhlukaniswe ukubola kwe-hydrochloric acid, ukubola kwe-sulfuric acid, nokubola kwe-hydrofluoric acid.Ukubola kwe-alkali kungabuye kuhlukaniswe ukubola kwe-sodium hydroxide, ukuncibilika kwe-sodium hydroxide, noma izindlela zokugazinga ngesoda.Ukugeleza kwenqubo efanele ngokuvamile kukhethwa ngokusekelwe ezimisweni zohlobo lokugxilisa ingqondo, izici zebanga, uhlelo lomkhiqizo, ukusebenziseka kalula kokutholwa kanye nokusetshenziswa okuphelele kwezinto ezingandile zomhlaba, inzuzo yenhlanzeko yabasebenzi nokuvikelwa kwemvelo, kanye nokuhluzeka kwezomnotho.
·Nakuba sekutholwe amaminerali angaba ngu-200 ayivelakancane angavamile futhi ahlakazekile, awazange athuthukiswe abe amadiphozithi azimele ezimayini zezimboni ngenxa yokungatholakali kwawo.Kuze kube manje, ezizimele ezingavamile kuphelai-germanium, i-selenium, futhii-telluriumamadiphozithi atholakele, kodwa isikali samadiphozithi asisikhulu kakhulu.
Ukuncibilika komhlaba ongavamile
·Kunezindlela ezimbili zokuthiumhlaba ongavamileukuncibilika, i-hydrometallurgy kanye ne-pyrometallurgy.
·Yonke inqubo ye-hydrometallurgy yomhlaba engavamile kanye nensimbi yamakhemikhali ensimbi itholakala kakhulu ekuxazululeni nasekuncibilikeni, njengokubola kwe-concentrate yomhlaba engavamile, ukuhlukaniswa kanye nokukhiphaama-oxide omhlaba angavamile, izinhlanganisela, nezinsimbi ezingavamile zomhlaba ezingabodwa, ezisebenzisa izinqubo zokuhlukaniswa kwamakhemikhali ezifana nemvula, icrystallization, ukunciphisa i-oxidation, ukukhishwa kwe-solvent, nokushintshisana kwe-ion.Indlela evame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu i-organic solvent extraction, okuyinqubo yendawo yonke yokuhlukaniswa kwemboni yezinto ezihlanzekile ezingavamile zomhlaba owodwa.Inqubo ye-hydrometallurgy iyinkimbinkimbi futhi ukuhlanzeka komkhiqizo kuphezulu.Le ndlela inezinhlobonhlobo zezicelo ekukhiqizeni imikhiqizo eqediwe.
Inqubo ye-pyrometallurgical ilula futhi inokukhiqiza okuphezulu.Umhlaba ongavamilepyrometallurgy ikakhulukazi kuhlanganisa ukukhiqizwaizingxube zomhlaba ezingavamilengendlela yokunciphisa i-silicothermic, ukukhiqizwa kwezinsimbi ezingavamile zomhlaba noma ama-alloys ngendlela ye-electrolysis kasawoti encibilikisiwe, kanye nokukhiqizwaizingxube zomhlaba ezingavamilengendlela yokunciphisa ukushisa kwensimbi njll.
Isici esivamile se-pyrometallurgy ukukhiqizwa ngaphansi kwezimo zokushisa eziphezulu.
Inqubo yokukhiqiza umhlaba eyivelakancane
·Umhlaba ongavamilecarbonate futhii-chloride yomhlaba engavamileziyimikhiqizo emibili eyinhloko ku-umhlaba ongavamileimboni.Ngokuvamile, okwamanje kunezinqubo ezimbili eziyinhloko zokukhiqiza le mikhiqizo emibili.Enye inqubo inqubo yokugazinga ye-sulfuric acid egxilile, kanti enye inqubo ibizwa ngokuthi inqubo ye-caustic soda, efushanisiwe njengenqubo ye-caustic soda.
·Ngaphezu kokuba khona kumaminerali ahlukahlukene angavamile emhlabeni, ingxenye ebalulekileizakhi zomhlaba ezingavamileemvelweni kuhlangana ne-apatite kanye namaminerali e-phosphate rock.Isamba esigciniwe se-world phosphate ore cishe amathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-100, ngesilinganisoumhlaba ongavamileokuqukethwe ngu-0.5 ‰.Kulinganiselwa ukuthi inani eliphelele leumhlaba ongavamileOkuhlobene ne-phosphate ore emhlabeni ngamathani ayizigidi ezingama-50.Ngokuphendula izici eziphansiumhlaba ongavamileokuqukethwe kanye nesimo sokwenzeka okukhethekile ezimayini, izinqubo ezihlukahlukene zokubuyisela ziye zafundwa kokubili ngaphakathi nangaphandle, ezingahlukaniswa zibe izindlela ezimanzi nezishisayo.Ezindleleni ezimanzi, zingahlukaniswa zibe indlela ye-nitric acid, indlela ye-hydrochloric acid, nendlela ye-sulfuric acid ngokusho kwe-acids ehlukene yokubola.Kunezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokubuyisela umhlaba ongavamile ezinqubweni zamakhemikhali e-phosphorus, zonke ezihlobene eduze nezindlela zokucubungula i-phosphate ore.Phakathi nenqubo yokukhiqiza ezishisayo, iumhlaba ongavamileizinga lokubuyisela lingafinyelela ku-60%.
Ngokusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo kwemithombo ye-phosphate rock kanye nokushintshela ekuthuthukisweni kwetshe le-phosphate esezingeni eliphansi, inqubo ye-sulfuric acid wet phosphoric acid inqubo isiphenduke indlela esetshenziswa kakhulu embonini yamakhemikhali e-phosphate, kanye nokululamaizakhi zomhlaba ezingavamilekwinqubo emanzi ye-sulfuric acid i-phosphoric acid isiphenduke indawo yocwaningo.Enqubweni yokukhiqiza i-sulfuric acid wet process phosphoric acid, inqubo yokulawula ukunothisa komhlaba ongavamile ku-phosphoric acid bese usebenzisa i-organic solvent extraction ukuze kukhishwe umhlaba ongavamile kunezinzuzo eziningi kunezindlela ezithuthukisiwe zakuqala.
Inqubo yokukhipha umhlaba engavamile
Ukuncibilika kwe-sulfuric acid
I-Ceriumiqembu (elingancibiliki kusawoti we-sulfate complex) -i-lanthanum, i-cerium, i-praseodymium, i-neodymium, kanye ne-promethium;
I-Terbiumiqembu (elincibilika kancane kusawoti oyinkimbinkimbi we-sulfate) -samarium, europium, i-gadolinium, i-terbium, i-dysprosium, futhii-holmium;
I-Yttriumiqembu (elincibilika kusawoti we-sulfate complex) -i-yttrium, i-erbium, thulium, ytterbium,i-lutetium, futhiscandium.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwesizinda
Ukukhanyaumhlaba ongavamile(P204 isizinda se-asidi esibuthakathaka) -i-lanthanum,i-cerium, i-praseodymium,i-neodymium, kanye ne-promethium;
Umhlaba ongavamile ophakathi (P204 ukukhishwa kwe-acidity ephansi)-samarium,europium,i-gadolinium,i-terbium,i-dysprosium;
Kunzimaumhlaba ongavamileizakhi(ukukhishwa kwe-acidity ku-P204) -i-holmium,
Isingeniso Senqubo Yokukhipha
Kuhlelo lokuhlukanisaizakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile,ngenxa yezakhiwo ezifanayo ngokomzimba namakhemikhali zezakhi eziyi-17, kanye nobuningi bokungcola okuhambisana nakhoizakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile, inqubo yokukhipha iyinkimbinkimbi futhi ivame ukusetshenziswa.
Kunezinhlobo ezintathu zezinqubo zokukhipha: indlela yesinyathelo ngesinyathelo, ukushintshaniswa kwe-ion, nokukhipha i-solvent.
Indlela yesinyathelo ngesinyathelo
Indlela yokuhlukanisa nokuhlanzwa kusetshenziswa umehluko ekuncibilikeni kwezinhlanganisela ezincibilikisayo kubizwa ngokuthi indlela yesinyathelo ngesinyathelo.Kusukai-yttrium(Y) kuyei-lutetium(Lu), ukuhlukaniswa okukodwa phakathi kwakho konke okwenzeka ngokwemveloizakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile, kuhlanganise ne-radium etholwe umbhangqwana wakwaCurie,
Bonke bahlukaniswa kusetshenziswa le ndlela.Inqubo yokusebenza yale ndlela iyinkimbinkimbi, futhi ukuhlukaniswa okukodwa kwazo zonke izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile kwathatha iminyaka eyi-100, ngokuhlukaniswa okukodwa nokusebenza okuphindaphindiwe kufinyelela izikhathi ezingu-20000.Kwabasebenzi bamakhemikhali, umsebenzi wabo
Amandla aphakeme kakhulu futhi inqubo iyinkimbinkimbi.Ngakho-ke, ukusebenzisa le ndlela akukwazi ukukhiqiza umhlabathi owodwa ongavamile ngobuningi.
Ukushintsha kwe-ion
Umsebenzi wocwaningo ngezakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile uye waphazanyiswa ukungakwazi ukukhiqiza eyodwaisici somhlaba esingavamilengobuningi ngokusebenzisa izindlela zesinyathelo ngesinyathelo.Ukuze uhlaziyeizakhi zomhlaba ezingavamileequkethwe emikhiqizweni ye-nuclear fission futhi isusa izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile ku-uranium ne-thorium, i-ion exchange chromatography (i-ion exchange chromatography) yafundwa ngempumelelo, eyabe isetshenziselwe ukuhlukaniswaisici somhlaba esingavamiles.Inzuzo yendlela yokushintshanisa i-ion ukuthi izakhi eziningi zingahlukaniswa ekusebenzeni okukodwa.Futhi ingathola nemikhiqizo ehlanzekile kakhulu.Kodwa-ke, okubi ukuthi akukwazi ukucutshungulwa ngokuqhubekayo, ngomjikelezo omude wokusebenza kanye nezindleko eziphakeme zokuvuselelwa kabusha kwe-resin nokushintshaniswa.Ngakho-ke, lokhu okwake kwaba indlela eyinhloko yokuhlukanisa amanani amakhulu emihlaba engavamile iye yahoxiswa endleleni yokuhlukanisa evamile futhi yathathelwa indawo indlela yokukhipha izincibilikizo.Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yezici ezivelele ze-ion exchange chromatography ekutholeni imikhiqizo yomhlaba eyodwa engavamile ehlanzekile, okwamanje, ukuze kukhiqizwe imikhiqizo eyodwa ehlanzekile kakhulu futhi kuhlukanise izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile ezisindayo, kuyadingeka futhi ukusebenzisa i-ion exchange chromatography. ukuhlukanisa nokukhiqiza umkhiqizo womhlaba ongavamile.
Ukukhishwa kwe-solvent
Indlela yokusebenzisa izincibilikisi zemvelo ukuze kukhishwe futhi kuhlukaniswe into ekhishiwe kusisombululo se-aqueous immiscible ibizwa ngokuthi i-organic solvent liquid-liquid extraction, esifushanisiwe njengesizinda se-solvent.Kuyinqubo yokudlulisa ngobuningi edlulisa izinto zisuka kwesinye isigaba soketshezi ziye kwesinye.Indlela yokukhipha i-solvent isetshenziswe ekuqaleni kwe-petrochemical, i-organic chemistry, i-pharmaceutical chemistry, kanye ne-analytical chemistry.Kodwa-ke, kule minyaka engamashumi amane edlule, ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe bamandla e-athomu, kanye nesidingo sokukhiqizwa kwezinto ze-ultrapure nezinto ezingavamile, ukukhishwa kwe-solvent kuye kwathuthuka kakhulu ezimbonini ezifana nemboni yamafutha enuzi kanye ne-metallurgy engavamile. .I-China izuze izinga eliphezulu locwaningo kuthiyori yokukhipha, ukuhlanganiswa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezithako ezintsha, kanye nenqubo yokukhipha yokuhlukaniswa kwezakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile.Uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlela zokuhlukanisa ezifana nemvula elinganiselwe, i-crystallization yezinga, kanye nokushintshaniswa kwe-ion, i-solvent extraction inochungechunge lwezinzuzo ezifana nomphumela omuhle wokuhlukanisa, umthamo omkhulu wokukhiqiza, ukunethezeka kokukhiqiza okusheshayo nokuqhubekayo, futhi kulula ukufeza ukulawula okuzenzakalelayo.Ngakho-ke, kancane kancane ibe yindlela eyinhloko yokuhlukanisa amanani amakhuluumhlaba ongavamiles.
Ukuhlanzwa komhlaba okungajwayelekile
Ukukhiqiza izinto zokusetshenziswa
Izinsimbi zomhlaba ezingavamilengokuvamile zihlukaniswe zibe izinsimbi zomhlaba ezingavamile ezixubile futhi olulodwaizinsimbi zomhlaba ezingavamile.Ukwakheka okuxubileizinsimbi zomhlaba ezingavamileifana nokwakheka komhlaba okuyivelakancane ensimbini eyinsimbi, futhi insimbi eyodwa iyinsimbi ehlukanisiwe futhi yacwengwa emhlabeni ngamunye ongavamile.Kunzima ukunciphisai-oxide yomhlaba engavamiles (ngaphandle kwama-oxides wesamarium,europium,, thulium,ytterbium) ensimbi eyodwa kusetshenziswa izindlela ezijwayelekile ze-metallurgical, ngenxa yokushisa kwazo okuphezulu kokwakheka nokuzinza okuphezulu.Ngakho-ke, izinto zokusetshenziswa ezivame ukusetshenziswa zokukhiqizaizinsimbi zomhlaba ezingavamilenamuhla ama-chloride nama-fluoride awo.
I-electrolysis kasawoti encibilikisiwe
Ukukhiqizwa mass okuxubileizinsimbi zomhlaba ezingavamileembonini ngokuvamile isebenzisa indlela ye-electrolysis kasawoti encibilikisiwe.Kunezindlela ezimbili ze-electrolysis: i-chloride electrolysis kanye ne-oxide electrolysis.Indlela yokulungiselela eyodwaizinsimbi zomhlaba ezingavamilekuyehluka kuye nge-elementi.samarium,europium,,thulium,ytterbiumazikulungele ukulungiswa kwe-electrolytic ngenxa yokucindezela kwazo okuphezulu komhwamuko, futhi esikhundleni salokho zilungiswa kusetshenziswa indlela yokunciphisa i-distillation.Ezinye izakhi zingalungiswa nge-electrolysis noma indlela yokunciphisa ukushisa kwensimbi.
I-Chloride electrolysis iyindlela evamile kakhulu yokukhiqiza izinsimbi, ikakhulukazi izinsimbi zomhlaba ezingavamile ezixutshwe.Inqubo ilula, iyonga, futhi idinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okuncane.Kodwa-ke, i-drawback enkulu kakhulu ukukhishwa kwegesi ye-chlorine, engcolisa imvelo.I-oxide electrolysis ayikhiphi amagesi ayingozi, kodwa izindleko ziphakeme kancane.Ngokuvamile, eyodwa enenani eliphezuluimihlaba engavamilenjengei-neodymiumfuthii-praseodymiumakhiqizwa kusetshenziswa i-oxide electrolysis.
Indlela ye-vacuum yokunciphisa i-electrolysis ingalungiselela kuphela ibanga elijwayelekile lezimboniizinsimbi zomhlaba ezingavamile.Ukulungiselelaizinsimbi zomhlaba ezingavamilengokungcola okuphansi nokuhlanzeka okuphezulu, indlela yokunciphisa ukushisa kwe-vacuum ngokuvamile isetshenziswa.Le ndlela ingakhiqiza zonke izinsimbi zomhlaba ezingavamile, kodwasamarium,europium,,thulium,ytterbiumayikwazi ukukhiqizwa kusetshenziswa le ndlela.Amandla we-redox wesamarium,europium,,thulium,ytterbiumfuthi i-calcium inciphisa kancaneumhlaba ongavamilei-fluoride.Ngokuvamile, ukulungiswa kwalezi zinsimbi kusekelwe ezimisweni zokucindezela komhwamuko ophezulu walezi zinsimbi kanye nomfutho womoya ophansi weinsimbi ye-lanthanums.I-oxides yalezi ezineimihlaba engavamilezixutshwe nezingcezu zeinsimbi ye-lanthanums futhi sicindezelwe kube amabhulokhi, futhi ancishiswe esithandweni se-vacuum.I-Lanthanumisebenza kakhulu, ngenkathisamarium,europium,,thulium,ytterbiumzehliswa zibe igolide byi-lanthanumfuthi iqoqwe ku-condensation, okwenza kube lula ukuhlukana ne-slag.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Nov-07-2023