Isingeniso kubuchwepheshe bomkhakha we-Rare Emhlabeni
·Umhlaba ongavamile minaayisona into yensimbi, kepha igama elihlangene lezinto zomhlaba eziyi-15 ezingavamile futhiytttriumna-ikhentiyamu. Ngakho-ke, izinto zomhlaba ezingandile eziyi-17 nezihlanganisi ezahlukahlukene zinokusetshenziswa okuhlukahlukene, ezisukela kuma-chlorides ngohlangowo olungu-46% kuya eMhlabeni oyedwa ongekho emhlabeni oxides futhiizinsimbi zomhlaba ezingandileNgobumsulwa be-99.9999%. Ngokungezwa kwamakhompiyutha ahlobene nokuxutshwa, kunemikhiqizo eminingi yaseMhlabeni engavamile. Ngakho-ke,Umhlaba ongavamileUbuchwepheshe buyehlukene ngokususelwa kumehluko walezi zinto eziyi-17. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuthi izinto zomhlaba ezingavamile zingahlukaniswa yi-certium futhiytttriumAmaqembu asuselwa kwizici zamaminerali, izinqubo zezimayini, ukunyibilikisa, kanye nokwehlukanisa kwezimbuyisene zomhlaba ezingandile emhlabeni nazo zihlangene. Kusukela kusuka ku-Orte Mining yase-Orte, izindlela zokwehlukanisa, izinqubo zokumongisa, izindlela zokukhishwa, kanye nezinqubo zokuhlanza zomhlaba ezingavamile zizokwethulwa ngamunye ngamunye.
Ukucutshungulwa kwamaminerali komhlaba angavamile
· Ukucubungula amaminerali kuyinqubo yokusebenza esebenzisa umehluko ezinhlakeni zomzimba nangamakhemikhali phakathi kwamaminerali ahlukahlukene akha izimbiwa, zisebenzisa izindlela eziwusizo zezinzuzo e-ore, zisuse ukungcola okulimazayo, futhi zizihlukanise namaminerali ama-Gangae.
· In theUmhlaba ongavamilei-ores imbiwe emhlabeni wonke, okuqukethwe kweI-Rare Earth Oxidesamaphesenti ambalwa kuphela, futhi amanye aphansi. Ukuze uhlangabezane nezidingo zokukhiqizwa zokushintshana,Umhlaba ongavamileAmaminerali ahlukaniswe amaminerali ama-Gangae namanye amaminerali awusizo ngaphambi kokuzuza ngaphambi kokubhema, ukuze akhuphule okuqukethwe komhlaba angavamile oxides futhi athole ukugxila komhlaba okungavamile okungahlangabezana nezidingo ze-Rare Earth Metallurgy. Ukuzuzwa komhlaba ongavamile ku-Ares evamile ekwamukele indlela ye-flotation, okuvame ukwenziwa ukuhlanganiswa okuningi kwamandla adonsela phansi kanye nokwahlukana kazibuthe ukwenza inqubo yenqubo yokuzuza.
Le khasiUmhlaba ongavamileIdiphozithi yemayini yeBaiyunebo e-Interner Mongolia iyidiphozithi ye-Carbonate Rock Type ye-Iron Dolomite, eyakhiwe ngokuhambisana namaminerali omhlaba ahambisana no-Ore e-Iron Ore (ngaphezu kwe-foororocarbon cerium ore noMonashite, kukhona futhi okuningananiobiumna-Umhlaba ongavamileamaminerali).
I-ore ekhishwe iqukethe i-iron engama-30% futhi cishe ama-5% Earth Earth oxides.Ebathembisa i-ore enkulu emayini, ithuthwa ngesitimela esitimeleni se-Baotou Iron and Steel Company. Umsebenzi wesitshalo sokuzuza ukwandaFe2o3Kusuka ku-33% kuya ku-55%, ukugaya okokuqala kanye nokulinganisa ku-Confical Ball Mill, bese ukhetha i-Cradical Port Porccract ye-62-65% FE2O3 (iron oxide) Sebenzisa isihlukanisi se-cylindrical magnetic. Imisila iyaqhubeka nokubanjiswa kanye nokuhlukaniswa kazibuthe ukuthola i-accrate yensimbi yesibili equkethe ngaphezu kwama-45%Fe2o3(iron oxide). Umhlaba ongavamile ucetshiswe ku-Flotation Foam, ngebanga le-10-15%. Ukugxila kungakhethwa kusetshenziswa itafula elinyakazayo ukukhiqiza ukugxila kwama-coarse nokuqukethwe kwe-REO ka-30%. Ngemuva kokuphindwa kabusha ngemishini yokuthola inzuzo, umhlaba ongavamile ukugxila ngokuqukethwe kwe-reo ngaphezulu kwama-60% angatholakala.
Indlela yokubola ye-Rare Earth Gxila
·Umhlaba ongavamileIzinto ezigxile ngokuvamile zivame ukuba khona ngendlela yama-insoluble carbonates, ama-fluorides, ama-phosphates, oxicades, noma ama-milicates. Izinto zomhlaba ezingandile kumele ziguqulwe ziguqulwe zibe amakhompiyutha ancibilikayo emanzini noma ama-inorganic acid ngokusebenzisa izinguquko ezahlukahlukene zamakhemikhali, bese kuthi izinqubo ezinjengokuchithwa, ukuhlukaniswa, ukuhlukunyezwa, ukubhekisa ukukhiqiza okuhlukahlukeneUmhlaba ongavamileAmakhompiyutha anjenge-chlorides yomhlaba exubile, engasetshenziswa njengemikhiqizo noma izinto zokusetshenziswa zokuhlukanisa izinto zomhlaba ezingavamile. Le nqubo ibizwaUmhlaba ongavamilegxila ukubola, owaziwa nangokuthi ukwelashwa kwangaphambili.
· Kunezindlela eziningi zokubolaUmhlaba ongavamileGxila, okungahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezintathu: indlela ye-acid, indlela ye-alkali, kanye nokubola kwe-chlorination. Ukuwohloka kwe-acid kungaqhutshelwa kuphinde kuhlukaniswe ngokuwohloka kwe-hydrochloric acid, ukuwohloka kwe-sulfuric acid, kanye nokuwohloka kwe-hydrofluoric acid. Ukubola kwe-Alkali kungaphinde kwehlukaniswe ngokuwohloka kwe-sodium hydroxide, ama-sodium hydroxide ancibiliki, noma izindlela ze-soda ezigazingiyo. Inqubo efanelekile yokugeleza ngokuvamile ikhethiwe ngokususelwa kwimigomo yohlobo lokugxilisa, izici zebanga, ukusebenziseka kalula ekusetshenzisweni kwenhlanzeko komhlaba okungavamile, zuza ukuhlanzeka kwabasebenzi kanye nokuvikelwa kwezemvelo, kanye nokuvikela kwezemvelo, kanye nokuvikelwa kwezemvelo.
· Noma amaminerali acishe abe ngu-200 are-200 atholakele, awazange acetshiswe amadiphozi azimele anezimayini zezimboni ngenxa yokuvunyelwa kwawo. Kuze kube manje, akuvamile okuvela ngaphandleiphoyisa, uSelenium, futhiumbikotiwathaneKutholakale amadiphozithi atholakele, kepha isilinganiselo semali ayisikhulu kakhulu.
Ukunqwabelana komhlaba okungavamile
Kunezindlela ezimbili zeUmhlaba ongavamileUkubhema, i-hydrometallurgy kanye ne-prometalluurgy.
· Yonke inqubo ye-Rare Earth hydrometalluurg kanye nensimbi yensimbi yamakhemikhali inesixazululo futhi i-solvent, njengokuwohloka komhlaba okungavamile ukugxila, ukwahlukana kanye nokukhishwa kweI-Rare Earth Oxides, amakhompiyutha, kanye nezinsimbi zomhlaba ezingavamile, ezisebenzisa izinqubo zokuhlukaniswa ngamakhemikhali njengokuthambekela, i-crystallization, ukuncishiswa koxidation, ukukhishwa kwe-solvent, kanye ne-ion ukushintshana. Indlela esetshenziswa kakhulu yi-Organic Solvent Extraction, okuyinqubo yendawo yonke yokwahlukaniswa kwezimboni zobumsulwa obuhlanzekile obuhlanzekile emhlabeni. Inqubo ye-hydrometurgy iyinkimbinkimbi futhi ubumsulwa bomkhiqizo buphezulu. Le ndlela inezinhlobonhlobo zezicelo ekukhiqizeni imikhiqizo eqediwe.
Inqubo ye-pyrometallurgical ilula futhi inokukhiqiza okuphezulu.Umhlaba ongavamileI-pyrometallurgy ikakhulukazi ifaka ukukhiqizwa kweAma-alloys omhlaba angavamileNgendlela yokunciphisa i-silicotheric, ukukhiqizwa kwezinsimbi zomhlaba ezingandile noma ama-alloys nge-molten chat electrolysis indlela, kanye nokukhiqizwa kweAma-alloys omhlaba angavamileNgendlela yokunciphisa insimbi yensimbi njll.
Isici esivamile se-prometallurgy ukukhiqizwa ngaphansi kwezimo zokushisa eziphakeme.
Inqubo yokukhiqiza yomhlaba engavamile
·Umhlaba ongavamilei-carbonate futhiUmhlaba ongavamile chlorideyimikhiqizo emibili eyinhloko eyinhloko kuUmhlaba ongavamileimboni. Ngokuvamile, kunezindlela ezimbili eziphambili zokukhiqiza le mikhiqizo emibili. Inqubo eyodwa inqubo ehlanganisiwe ye-sulfuric acid eyosiwe, futhi enye inqubo ibizwa ngokuthi inqubo ye-caustic soda, ifushaniswe njengenqubo ye-caustic soda.
Engeziwe ngokuba khona emigodini ehlukahlukene yaseMhlabeni engavamile, ingxenye ebalulekile yeizinto zomhlaba ezingavamileEmvelweni Coexist nge-Apatite ne-phosphate rock minerals. Izimali eziphelele ze-World Phosphate Ore zingamathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyikhulu, ngesilinganisoUmhlaba ongavamileOkuqukethwe ngu-0.5 ‰. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi inani eliphelele leUmhlaba ongavamileKuhlotshaniswa ne-phosphate ore emhlabeni kungamathani ayizigidi ezingama-50. Ukuphendula izici eziphansiUmhlaba ongavamileOkuqukethwe kanye nesimo esikhethekile esivela ezimayini, izinqubo ezahlukahlukene zokutakula zifundelwe ezansi ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe, ezingahlukaniswa ngezindlela ezimanzi nezishisayo. Ezindleleni ezimanzi, zingahlukaniswa nge-nitric acid indlela, indlela ye-hydrochloric acid, kanye ne-sulfuric acid indlela ngokuya ngama-acid ahlukahlukene okubola. Kunezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuthola kabusha imihlaba engavamile ezinqubweni zamakhemikhali ze-phosphorus, konke okuhlobene kakhulu nezindlela zokucubungula ze-phosphate ore. Ngesikhathi senqubo yokukhiqiza i-Thermal, TheUmhlaba ongavamileIzinga lokutakula lingafinyelela kuma-60%.
Ngokusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo kwezinsizakusebenza ze-phosphate rock kanye ne-shift ekuthuthukiseni i-phosphate rock ephansi, inqubo ye-sulfuric acid emanzi ye-phosphoric acid ye-phosphoric acid isibe yindlela esetshenziswayo embonini yamakhemikhali we-phosphate, kanye nokubuyiselwa kweizinto zomhlaba ezingavamileKwinqubo ye-sulfuric acid emanzi ye-phosphoric acid isiphenduke i-hotspot ecwaningayo. Enqubeni yokukhiqiza ye-Sulfuric Acid Wet Inqubo ye-phosphoric acid, inqubo yokulawula ukucebisa komhlaba okungavamile ku-phosphoric acid bese usebenzisa isizinda se-organic solvent ukukhipha imisebe engavamile.
Inqubo yokukhishwa komhlaba eRare
I-Sulfuric Acid Solubity
Umrintshiiqembu (insoluble kusawoti eyinkimbinkimbi yeSulfate) -uhlobo linthanum, isisiko, I-PraseOdDODYIUM, needymium, ne-Promethium;
I-terbiumIqembu (lincibilike kancane kusawoti obunzima be-sulfate) -iSamurium, indlu yokuhlala yokungenayogugu, igadiki, i-terbium, dysprosium, futhiIHolmium;
YtttriumIqembu (lincibilike kusawoti obunzima be-sulfate) -ytttrium, I-Erbium, Thululium, yterterbium,lutetium, futhiikhentiyamu.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwangaphandle
-MhlopheUmhlaba ongavamile(P204 Exhrecity Extraction) -uhlobo linthanum,isisiko, I-PraseOdDODYIUM,needymium, ne-Promethium;
Umhlaba ophakathi nendawo (P204 ophansi acidity extraction) -iSamurium,indlu yokuhlala yokungenayogugu,igadiki,i-terbium,dysprosium;
-SindayoUmhlaba ongavamileizinto(ukukhishwa kwe-acidity ku-P204) -IHolmium,
Isingeniso senqubo yokukhishwa
Enqubweni yokuhlukanisaizinto zomhlaba ezingavamile,Ngenxa yezakhiwo ezifanayo ezingokomzimba nezomakhemikhali zezinto eziyi-17, kanye nobuningi bokuhambisana nokungcola okuhambisanaizinto zomhlaba ezingavamile, Inqubo yokukhishwa iyinkimbinkimbi futhi isetshenziswa kakhulu.
Kunezinhlobo ezintathu zezinqubo zokukhishwa: Indlela yesinyathelo ngesinyathelo, i-Ion Exchange, kanye nokukhishwa kwe-solvent.
Indlela yesinyathelo ngesinyathelo
Indlela yokwahlukana nokuhlanzwa usebenzisa umehluko ku-solubity of complents kuma-solvents abizwa ngokuthi yindlela yesinyathelo ngesinyathelo. Ukusukaytttrium(Y) ukuzelutetium(Lu), ukwahlukana okukodwa phakathi kwabo bonke kwenzeka ngokwemveloizinto zomhlaba ezingavamile, kufaka phakathi i-radium etholwe ngumbhangqwana we-curie,
Zonke zihlukaniswe zisebenzisa le ndlela. Inqubo yokusebenza yale ndlela iyinkimbinkimbi, futhi ukuhlukaniswa okukodwa kwazo zonke izinto zomhlaba ezingavamile kuthathe iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-100, ngokuhlukaniswa okukodwa kanye nokusebenza okuphindaphindiwe okufika ezikhathini ezingama-20000. Kwabasebenzi bamakhemikhali, umsebenzi wabo
Amandla aphezulu futhi inqubo iyinkimbinkimbi. Ngakho-ke, ukusebenzisa le ndlela akunakukhiqiza umhlaba owodwa ongavamile ngobuningi.
Ion Exchange
Umsebenzi wokucwaninga ngezinto zomhlaba ezingandile ezinqabeni uvinjelwe ukungakwazi ukukhiqiza eyodwainto yomhlaba engavamilengamanani amakhulu ngezindlela zesinyathelo ngesinyathelo. Ukuze uhlaziye aizinto zomhlaba ezingavamileokuqukethwe kwimikhiqizo yenuzi yenuzi futhi ususe izinto zomhlaba ezingandile kusuka ku-uranium ne-thorium, i-ion Exchange Chromatography (ion Exchange Chromatography (ion Exchange Chromatography (i-Ion Exchange Chromatography) yafundwa ngempumelelo, yabe isisetshenziselwa ukwahlukanisainto yomhlaba engavamiles. Inzuzo ye-Ion Exchange indlela ukuthi izinto eziningi zingahlukaniswa ekusebenzeni okukodwa. Futhi ingathola imikhiqizo ebumsulwa ephezulu. Kodwa-ke, ukungahambi kahle ukuthi ngeke kucutshungulwa ngokuqhubekayo, ngomjikelezo odingakalayo kanye nezindleko eziphakeme zokuvuselelwa kabusha kwe-resin nokushintshana. Ngakho-ke, lokhu kanye lapho indlela esemqoka yokuhlukanisa amanani amakhulu omhlaba ongayinalutho esethathe umhlalaphansi endaweni yokuhlukaniswa okujwayelekile futhi yathathelwa indawo indlela yokukhishwa kwe-solvent. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yezimfanelo ezivelele ze-Ion Exchange Chromatography ekutholeni imikhiqizo emisha ebumsulwa emhlabeni, njengamanje, ukuze uhlukanise ezinye izinto ezi-Ultra-High Phembu futhi kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa ezinye izinto zomhlaba ezisindayo, kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa umkhiqizo we-Ion Exchange Chromatography ukuze uhlukanise futhi ukhiqize umkhiqizo womhlaba ongavamile.
Ukukhishwa kwe-solvent
Indlela yokusebenzisa izixazululo ze-organic ukuze ikhiphe futhi ihlukanise into ekhishwe kwikhambi elingenakuqhathaniswa libizwa ngokuthi isisusa se-organic solvent uketshezi, ifinyezwe njenge-solvent. Kuyinqubo yokudlulisa abantu abaningi edlulisela izinto ezivela esigabeni esisodwa soketshezi kuya kwesinye. Indlela yokukhishwa kwe-solvent isetshenziswe ngaphambili ku-petrochemical, i-organic chemistry, chemistry yemithi, kanye namakhemikhali wokuhlaziya. Kodwa-ke, eminyakeni engamashumi amane edlule, ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa kwe-athomu energy science nezobuchwepheshe, kanye nesidingo sokukhiqizwa kwezinto ze-ultrapure nezinto ezingandile, ukukhishwa kwe-solvent kwenze intuquthuko enkulu ezimbonini ezinjengezimboni ze-nuclear. I-China ithole izinga eliphakeme lokucwaninga ngombono wokukhishwa, ukuhlanganiswa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezindleko ezintsha, kanye nenqubo yokukhishwa kwengxenye ye-Earth Emetion Deal. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlela zokuhlukaniswa njengezinto zemvula ezifakiwe, i-crystallization ye-gradio, kanye nokushintshana kwe-ini, ukukhishwa kwe-solvent kunochungechunge lwezinzuzo ezifana nomphumela omuhle wokuhlukanisa, amandla amakhulu okukhiqiza, futhi kulula ukufeza ukulawulwa okuzenzakalelayo. Ngakho-ke, kancane kancane iba yindlela esemqoka yokuhlukanisa amanani amakhuluUmhlaba ongavamiles.
Ukuhlanzwa komhlaba okuvamile
Izinto zokukhiqiza zokukhiqiza
Izinsimbi zomhlaba ezingandilengokuvamile ihlukaniswe ngezinsimbi zomhlaba ezihlanganisiwe zomhlaba ezihlanganisiwe kanye noyedwaizinsimbi zomhlaba ezingandile. Ukwakheka okuxubileizinsimbi zomhlaba ezingandileKuyafana nokwakheka komhlaba okungukuqala okungajwayelekile ku-ore, futhi insimbi eyodwa yinsimbi ehlukaniswe futhi yacwengisiswe emhlabathini ngamunye. Kunzima ukunciphisaEarth Earth Axides (Ngaphandle kwama-oxides ofiSamurium,indlu yokuhlala yokungenayogugu,, Thululium,yterterbium) Ngensimbi eyodwa usebenzisa izindlela ezijwayelekile zensimbi, ngenxa yokushisa kwawo okuphezulu kokwakheka kanye nokuqina okuphezulu. Ngakho-ke, izinto ezisetshenziswayo ezisetshenziswayo ezisetshenziswayo zokukhiqizwa kweizinsimbi zomhlaba ezingandileKulezi zinsuku ngama-chloride abo nama-fluorides.
I-electrolysis enosawoti ebilayo
Ukukhiqizwa kwabantu abaningi okuxubileizinsimbi zomhlaba ezingandileEmbonini ngokuvamile isebenzisa indlela eyenziwe nge-electrolysis ye-molten. Kunezindlela ezimbili ze-electrolysis: chloride electrolysis kanye ne-oxide electrolysis. Indlela yokulungiselela eyodwaizinsimbi zomhlaba ezingandilekuyahluka ngokuya ngento ethile.iSamurium,indlu yokuhlala yokungenayogugu,,,Thululium,yterterbiumAzilungele ukulungiswa kwe-electrolytic ngenxa yengcindezi yazo ephezulu ye-vapor, futhi esikhundleni salokho zilungiselelwe kusetshenziswa indlela yokunciphisa imali. Ezinye izinto zingalungiswa nge-electrolysis noma ngensimbi yokuncipha kwensimbi.
I-Chloride Electrolysis iyindlela ejwayelekile kakhulu yokukhiqiza izinsimbi, ikakhulukazi izinsimbi zomhlaba ezihlangene. Inqubo ilula, iyabiza kakhulu, futhi idinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okuncane. Kodwa-ke, ukubuyela emuva okukhulu ukukhishwa kwegesi ye-chlorine, engcolisa imvelo. I-Oxide Eleccrolysis ayikhiphi amagesi ayingozi, kepha izindleko ziphakeme kancane. Ngokuvamile, kunentengo ephezuluimihlaba engavamilenjengeneedymiumna-I-PraseOdDODYIUMzikhiqizwa kusetshenziswa i-electrolysis ye-oxide.
Indlela yokunciphisa i-vacuum yokunciphisa i-electrolysis ingalungiselela kuphela ibanga lezimboni ezijwayelekileizinsimbi zomhlaba ezingandile. Ukulungiselelaizinsimbi zomhlaba ezingandileNgokungcola okuphansi kanye nobumsulwa obuphezulu, indlela yokunciphisa i-vacuum ngokuvamile isetshenziswa. Le ndlela ingakhiqiza zonke izinsimbi zomhlaba ezingavamile, kephaiSamurium,indlu yokuhlala yokungenayogugu,,,Thululium,yterterbiumayikwazi ukukhiqizwa kusetshenziswa le ndlela. Amandla we-redoxiSamurium,indlu yokuhlala yokungenayogugu,,,Thululium,yterterbiumfuthi i-calcium inciphisa ngokwengxenyeUmhlaba ongavamileI-Fluoride. Ngokuvamile, ukulungiswa kwalezi zinsimbi kususelwa kwimigomo yokucindezela okuphezulu kwe-vapor yalezi zinsimbi kanye nengcindezi ye-vapor ephansi yeuhlobo lanthanums. Ama-oxides alezi ezineimihlaba engavamilezixubene nezicucu zeuhlobo lanthanums futhi wacindezelwa emabhulokini, futhi ancishiswe esithandweni se-vacuum.Uhlobo linthanumisebenza kakhulu, ngenkathiiSamurium,indlu yokuhlala yokungenayogugu,,,Thululium,yterterbiumancishiswe ngegolide ngouhlobo linthanumFuthi eqoqwe ekuvuselelekeni, okwenza kube lula ukuhlukanisa kusuka ku-slag.
Isikhathi sePosi: Nov-07-2023