Amaphethini e-papillary eminweni yomuntu ahlala engashintshile esakhiweni sawo se-topological kusukela ekuzalweni, enezici ezihlukene kusukela kumuntu kuya komuntu, futhi amaphethini we-papillary emunweni ngamunye womuntu ofanayo nawo ahlukile.Iphethini ye-papilla eminwe igxiliwe futhi isakazwe ngama-sweat pores amaningi.Umzimba womuntu ngokuqhubekayo ufihla izinto ezisekelwe emanzini njengezithukuthuku nezinto ezinamafutha njengowoyela.Lezi zinto zizodlulisa futhi zifake entweni lapho zihlangana, zenze okuvelayo entweni.Kungenxa yezimpawu ezicacile zokuthi izigxivizo zeminwe seziphenduke uphawu oluqashelwayo lophenyo lobugebengu nokuqashelwa kobunikazi bomuntu kusukela ekuqaleni ukusetshenziswa kwezigxivizo zeminwe ukuze zibonakale. ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19.
Endaweni yobugebengu, ngaphandle kwezigxivizo zeminwe ezinobukhulu obuthathu kanye nombala oyisicaba, izinga lokuvela kwezigxivizo zeminwe ezingaba khona liphezulu kakhulu.Izigxivizo zeminwe ezingaba khona ngokuvamile zidinga ukucutshungulwa okubonakalayo ngokusabela komzimba noma kwamakhemikhali.Izindlela ezivamile zokuthuthukisa izigxivizo zeminwe ngokuyinhloko zihlanganisa ukuthuthukiswa kokubona, ukuthuthukiswa kwempushana, nokuthuthukiswa kwamakhemikhali.Phakathi kwazo, ukuthuthukiswa kwempushana kuthanda amayunithi aphansi ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo okulula kanye nezindleko eziphansi.Kodwa-ke, imikhawulo yesibonisi sezigxivizo zeminwe esisekelwe kumpushana ayisahlangabezani nezidingo zochwepheshe bobugebengu, njengemibala eyinkimbinkimbi nehlukahlukene kanye nezinto ezisetshenziswayo endaweni yesigameko sobugebengu, kanye nokuhluka okubi phakathi kwezigxivizo zeminwe nombala wangemuva;Usayizi, umumo, i-viscosity, isilinganiso sokwakheka, nokusebenza kwezinhlayiya zempushana kuthinta ukuzwela kokubukeka kwempushana;Ukukhethwa kwezimpushana zendabuko kubi, ikakhulukazi ukukhangisa okuthuthukisiwe kwezinto ezimanzi ku-powder, okunciphisa kakhulu ukukhethwa kokuthuthukiswa kwezimpushana zendabuko.Eminyakeni yamuva nje, abasebenzi besayensi yobugebengu nobuchwepheshe bebelokhu becwaninga ngezinto ezintsha nezindlela zokuhlanganisa, phakathi kwazoumhlaba ongavamileizinto zokukhanya zihehe ukunaka kwezisebenzi zesayensi yobugebengu nobuchwepheshe ngenxa yezindawo zazo ezihlukile zokukhanya, ukugqama okuphezulu, ukuzwela okuphezulu, ukukhetha okuphezulu, nobuthi obuphansi ekusetshenzisweni kwesibonisi sezigxivizo zeminwe.Ama-orbitals angu-4f agcwaliswa kancane kancane wezakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile ziwanikeza amazinga acebile kakhulu wamandla, futhi ama-electron orbitals angu-5s no-5P wezingxenye zomhlaba ezingavamile agcwaliswe ngokuphelele.Ama-electron angu-4f avikelekile, anikeza ama-electron angu-4f indlela eyingqayizivele yokunyakaza.Ngakho-ke, izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile zibonisa ukuqina okuhle kakhulu kwezithombe nokuzinza kwamakhemikhali ngaphandle kwe-photobleaching, zinqoba imikhawulo yodayi bemvelo abavame ukusetshenziswa.Ngaphezu kwalokho,umhlaba ongavamileizakhi nazo zinezakhiwo eziphakeme zikagesi nezikazibuthe uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izakhi.Izici eziyingqayizivele ze-optical ofumhlaba ongavamileama-ion, njengempilo ende ye-fluorescence, amabhande amaningi okumunca kanye nokukhipha amandla amancane, kanye namagebe amakhulu okumunca amandla nokuphuma, kudonse ukunaka okusabalele ocwaningweni oluhlobene lokuboniswa kwezigxivizo zeminwe.
Phakathi kweziningiumhlaba ongavamileizakhi,europiuminto esetshenziswa kakhulu i-luminescent.Demarcay, umtholi weeuropiumngo-1900, okokuqala kuchazwe imigqa ebukhali ku-spectrum yokumuncwa kwe-Eu3+ kusixazululo.Ngo-1909, i-Urban yachaza i-cathodoluminescence yeGd2O3: I-Eu3+.Ngo-1920, u-Prandtl waqala ukushicilela i-spectra yokumuncwa kwe-Eu3+, eqinisekisa lokho okuphawulwe nguDe Mare.I-spectrum yokumuncwa ye-Eu3+ iboniswa kuMfanekiso 1. I-Eu3+ ivamise ukutholakala ku-C2 orbital ukuze kube lula ukushintshwa kwama-electron ukusuka kumazinga angu-5D0 ukuya ku-7F2, ngaleyo ndlela ikhulule i-fluorescence ebomvu.I-Eu3+ ingafinyelela uguquko ukusuka kuma-electron ezwe eliphansi ukuya kuleveli yesimo samandla ejabulile ephansi kunazo zonke ngaphakathi kwebanga leza leza lokukhanya elibonakalayo.Ngaphansi kwesasasa lokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet, i-Eu3+ ibonisa i-photoluminescence ebomvu eqinile.Lolu hlobo lwe-photoluminescence alusebenzi kuphela kuma-Eu3+ion afakwe ku-crystal substrates noma ezingilazini, kodwa nasezinkingeni ezihlanganiswe nazo.europiumkanye nama-ligands e-organic.Lawa ma-ligand angasebenza njengama-antenna ukuze amunce i-excitation luminescence futhi adlulisele amandla avusa amadlingozi kumazinga aphezulu wamandla ama-Eu3+ion.Isicelo esibaluleke kakhulu seeuropiumimpushana ye-fluorescent ebomvuY2O3: I-Eu3+(YOX) iyingxenye ebalulekile yezibani ze-fluorescent.I-excitation yokukhanya okubomvu kwe-Eu3 + ingafinyelelwa hhayi kuphela ngokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet, kodwa futhi nge-electron beam (cathodoluminescence), i-X-ray γ Radiation α noma i-β Particle, i-electroluminescence, i-frictional noma i-mechanical luminescence, kanye nezindlela ze-chemiluminescence.Ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo ezicebile ze-luminescent, iwuphenyo lwebhayoloji olusetshenziswa kakhulu emikhakheni yesayensi ye-biomedical noma yebhayoloji.Eminyakeni yamuva nje, kuphinde kwavusa isithakazelo sokucwaninga kwabasebenzi besayensi yobugebengu nobuchwepheshe emkhakheni wesayensi yezobunhloli, enikeza ukukhetha okuhle kokunqamula imikhawulo yendlela yempushana yendabuko yokubonisa izigxivizo zeminwe, futhi inokubaluleka okubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni umehluko, ukuzwela, kanye nokukhetha kokuboniswa kwezigxivizo zeminwe.
Umfanekiso 1 Eu3+Absorption Spectrogram
1, Umgomo we-Luminescence weumhlaba ongavamile europiumizakhiwo
Isimo esiphansi kanye nokuhlelwa kwe-elekthronikhi okujabulisayo kweeuropiumama-ion womabili uhlobo lwe-4fn.Ngenxa yomphumela omuhle kakhulu wokuvikela we-s kanye ne-d orbitals ezungeze i-europiumama-ion kuma-orbitals angu-4f, izinguquko ze-ff zeeuropiumama-ion abonisa amabhendi emigqa acijile kanye nempilo ende ye-fluorescence.Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokusebenza kahle kwe-photoluminescence ephansi yama-ion e-europium ezindaweni ezikhanyayo ze-ultraviolet nezibonakalayo, ama-organic ligands asetshenziselwa ukwakha ama-complex.europiumama-ion ukuthuthukisa i-coefficient yokumunca ye-ultraviolet nezifunda zokukhanya ezibonakalayo.I-fluorescence ekhishwe ngueuropiumama-complexes awagcini nje ngokuba nezinzuzo eziyingqayizivele zokushuba okuphezulu kwe-fluorescence kanye nokuhlanzeka okuphezulu kwe-fluorescence, kodwa futhi angathuthukiswa ngokusebenzisa ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu kokumuncwa kwamakhompiyutha e-organic ezindaweni ezikhanyayo ze-ultraviolet nezibonakalayo.Amandla ajabulisayo adingekayoeuropiumI-ion photoluminescence iphezulu Ukuntuleka kokusebenza kahle kwe-fluorescence.Kunezimiso ezimbili eziyinhloko ze-luminescenceumhlaba ongavamile europiumcomplexes: eyodwa i-photoluminescence, edinga i-ligand yeeuropiumizakhiwo;Esinye isici ukuthi umphumela we-antenna ungathuthukisa ukuzwela kweeuropiumukukhanya kwe-ion.
Ngemva kokujatshuliswa yi-ultraviolet yangaphandle noma ukukhanya okubonakalayo, i-organic ligand in theumhlaba ongavamileizinguquko eziyinkimbinkimbi ukusuka kusimo esiphansi S0 ukuya kusimo se-singlet esijabulisayo S1.Ama-electron ezwe elijabulile awazinzile futhi abuyela esimweni esiphansi se-S0 ngemisebe, akhiphe amandla ukuze i-ligand ikhiphe i-fluorescence, noma igxumele kancane kancane iye esimweni sayo sokujabula kathathu esingu-T1 noma i-T2 ngezindlela ezingashisi;Izifunda ezintathu ezijabulile zikhulula amandla ngemisebe ukukhiqiza i-ligand phosphorescence, noma ukudlulisa amandla kuyoi-metal europiumama-ion ngokusebenzisa ukudluliswa kwamandla okungewona ama-intramolecular;Ngemva kokujabula, i-europium ions ishintsha kusukela esimweni esingaphansi kuya esimweni esijabulisayo, futhieuropiumama-ion kushintsho lwesimo esijabulile ukuya kuleveli yamandla aphansi, ekugcineni abuyele esimweni esiphansi, akhiphe amandla futhi akhiqize i-fluorescence.Ngakho-ke, ngokwethula ama-ligands e-organic afanelekile ukuxhumana nawoumhlaba ongavamileama-ion futhi aqwashise ama-ion ensimbi amaphakathi ngokudluliswa kwamandla angewona ama-radiative ngaphakathi kwama-molecule, umphumela we-fluorescence wama-ion omhlaba ayivelakancane ungakhuphuka kakhulu futhi isidingo samandla avusa amadlingozi angancishiswa.Lesi simo saziwa njengomphumela we-antenna wama-ligands.Umdwebo wezinga lamandla wokudluliswa kwamandla ku-Eu3+complexes uboniswa kuMfanekiso 2.
Enqubweni yokudluliswa kwamandla ukusuka kusimo sesasasa se-triplet ukuya ku-Eu3+, izinga lamandla le-ligand triplet triplet state liyadingeka ukuba libe phezulu noma lihambisane nezinga lamandla lesimo se-Eu3+ejabulile.Kodwa uma izinga lamandla amathathu e-ligand likhulu kakhulu kunamandla wesimo esijabulile esiphansi kakhulu se-Eu3+, ukusebenza kahle kokudluliselwa kwamandla nakho kuzoncipha kakhulu.Uma umehluko phakathi kwesimo se-triplet se-ligand kanye nesimo senjabulo ephansi ye-Eu3+ sisincane, amandla e-fluorescence azoba buthakathaka ngenxa yomthelela wezinga lokuvala okushisayo kwe-triplet state ye-ligand.I-β- I-Diketone complexes inezinzuzo zokumunca i-UV eqinile, ikhono lokuxhumanisa eliqinile, ukudluliswa kwamandla okuphumelelayo ngeumhlaba ongavamiles, futhi ingaba khona kuzo zombili izinhlobo eziqinile neziwuketshezi, okuyenza ibe enye yama-ligand asetshenziswa kakhuluumhlaba ongavamileizakhiwo.
Umfanekiso 2 Umdwebo wezinga lamandla wokudluliswa kwamandla ku-Eu3+complex
2.Synthesis Indlela yeUmhlaba Ongavamile EuropiumIzinkimbinkimbi
2.1 Indlela yokuhlanganiswa kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu lesimo esiqinile
I-high-temperature solid-state method iyindlela evame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu yokulungiselelaumhlaba ongavamileizinto ze-luminescent, futhi isetshenziswa kabanzi ekukhiqizeni izimboni.Indlela yokuhlanganisa yezinga eliphezulu lokushisa okuqinile iwukusabela kokuhlangana kwento eqinile ngaphansi kwezimo zokushisa eziphezulu (800-1500 ℃) ukuze kukhiqizwe izinhlanganisela ezintsha ngokusabalalisa noma ukuthutha ama-athomu aqinile noma ama-ion.Indlela yezinga eliphezulu lokushisa okuqinile isetshenziselwa ukulungiselelaumhlaba ongavamileizakhiwo.Okokuqala, ama-reactants axutshwa ngesilinganiso esithile, futhi inani elifanele lokugeleza liyengezwa odakeni ukuze kugaywe ngokuphelele ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuxuba okufanayo.Ngemuva kwalokho, ama-reactants aphansi afakwa esithandweni sokushisa okuphezulu ukuze kubalwe.Phakathi nenqubo yokubala, i-oxidation, ukunciphisa, noma amagesi angasebenzi angagcwaliswa ngokuvumelana nezidingo zenqubo yokuhlola.Ngemuva kokubalwa kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu, i-matrix enesakhiwo sekristalu ethile iyakhiwa, futhi i-activator yomhlaba ama-ion ayivelakancane yengezwa kuyo ukuze yakhe isikhungo se-luminescent.I-calcined complex idinga ukupholiswa, ukuwashwa, ukomiswa, ukugaywa kabusha, ukulinganisa, nokuhlolwa ekamelweni lokushisa ukuze kutholwe umkhiqizo.Ngokuvamile, izinqubo eziningi zokugaya nokubala ziyadingeka.Ukugaya okuningi kungasheshisa isivinini sokusabela futhi kwenze ukusabela kuphelele kakhulu.Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi inqubo yokugaya inyusa indawo yokuxhumana yama-reactants, ithuthukisa kakhulu isivinini sokusabalalisa nesokuhamba sama-ion nama-molecule kuma-reactants, ngaleyo ndlela ithuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokusabela.Kodwa-ke, izikhathi ezihlukene zokubala namazinga okushisa kuzoba nomthelela esakhiweni se-crystal matrix eyakhiwe.
I-high-temperature solid-state indlela inezinzuzo zokusebenza kwenqubo elula, izindleko eziphansi, kanye nokusebenzisa isikhathi esifushane, okwenza kube ubuchwepheshe bokulungiselela abavuthiwe.Kodwa-ke, izithiyo eziyinhloko zendlela yokushisa ephezulu yesimo esiqinile yilezi: okokuqala, izinga lokushisa elidingekayo liphezulu kakhulu, elidinga imishini ephezulu kanye nezinsimbi, lisebenzisa amandla aphezulu, futhi kunzima ukulawula i-crystal morphology.I-morphology yomkhiqizo ayilingani, futhi yenza ngisho ne-crystal state yonakaliswe, kuthinte ukusebenza kwe-luminescence.Okwesibili, ukugaya okunganele kwenza kube nzima ukuthi ama-reactants axubane ngokulinganayo, futhi izinhlayiya zekristalu zikhulu kakhulu.Ngenxa yokugaya okwenziwa ngesandla noma komshini, ukungcola kuxutshwa nakanjani ukuze kuthinte i-luminescence, okuholela ekuhlanzekeni komkhiqizo okuphansi.Udaba lwesithathu ukufakwa kwe-coating engalingani kanye nokuminyana okubi phakathi nenqubo yesicelo.Layi et al.ihlanganise uchungechunge lwezimpushana ze-polychromatic fluorescent zesigaba esisodwa se-Sr5 (PO4) 3Cl ezihlanganiswe ne-Eu3+ kanye ne-Tb3+ kusetshenziswa indlela evamile yezinga lokushisa eliphezulu lesimo esiqinile.Ngaphansi kwesasasa eliseduze ne-ultraviolet, impuphu ye-fluorescent ingakwazi ukushuna umbala we-luminescence we-phosphor usuka endaweni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka uye endaweni eluhlaza ngokuya nge-doping concentration, ithuthukise amaphutha enkomba enikeza umbala ophansi kanye nezinga lokushisa lombala eliphakeme elihlobene kuma-diode akhipha ukukhanya okumhlophe. .Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphezulu kuyinkinga enkulu ekuhlanganisweni kwezimpushana ze-borophosphate ezisekelwe ku-fluorescent ngendlela yezinga eliphezulu lokushisa eliqinile.Njengamanje, izifundiswa eziningi zizibophezele ekuthuthukiseni nasekufuneni omatikuletsheni abafanelekile ukuze kuxazululwe inkinga yokusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphezulu kwendlela yesimo esiqinile sezinga lokushisa eliphezulu.Ngo-2015, uHasegawa et al.uqedele ukulungiswa kwesimo esiqinile esisezingeni eliphansi se-Li2NaBP2O8 (LNBP) kusetshenziswa iqembu lesikhala le-P1 lesistimu ye-triclinic ngokokuqala ngqa.Ngo-2020, uZhu et al.ibike umzila wokuhlanganisa wesimo esiqinile onezinga lokushisa eliphansi lenoveli Li2NaBP2O8: Eu3+(LNBP: Eu) phosphor, ehlola ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphansi kanye nomzila wokuhlanganiswa oshibhile we-phosphor ye-inorganic.
2.2 Indlela yemvula ye-Co
Indlela ye-co precipitation nayo iyindlela evame ukusetshenziswa “yekhemikhali ethambile” yokuhlanganisa ukulungisa izinto ze-inorganic ezingavamile ze-luminescent.Indlela ye-co precipitation ibandakanya ukungeza i-precipitant ku-reactant, ehambisana nama-cations ku-reactant ngayinye ukuze yakhe imvula noma i-hydrolyze i-reactant ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile ukuze yakhe ama-oxides, ama-hydroxides, usawoti ongancibiliki, njll. Umkhiqizo oqondiwe utholakala ngokuhlunga, ukuwasha, ukomisa, nezinye izinqubo.Izinzuzo zendlela ye-co precipitation ukusebenza okulula, ukusetshenziswa kwesikhathi esifushane, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphansi, nokuhlanzeka okuphezulu komkhiqizo.Inzuzo yayo evelele kakhulu ukuthi usayizi wayo omncane wezinhlayiyana ungakhiqiza ngokuqondile ama-nanocrystals.Izithiyo zendlela ye-co precipitation yilezi: okokuqala, isenzakalo sokuhlanganiswa komkhiqizo esitholiwe sinzima, esithinta ukusebenza kwe-luminescent kwento ye-fluorescent;Okwesibili, ukuma komkhiqizo akucacile futhi kunzima ukulawula;Okwesithathu, kunezidingo ezithile zokukhethwa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa, futhi izimo zezulu phakathi kwesabeli ngasinye kufanele zifane noma zifane ngangokunokwenzeka, okungafanelekile ukusetshenziswa kwezingxenye zesistimu eziningi.K. Petcharoen et al.ama-nanoparticles ayindilinga ayindilinga esebenzisa i-ammonium hydroxide njengendlela yemvula kanye ne-chemical co precipitation.I-acetic acid ne-oleic acid yethulwa njengama-agent okugcoba ngesikhathi sokuqala se-crystallization, futhi ubukhulu be-magnetite nanoparticles bulawulwa ngaphakathi kwebanga le-1-40nm ngokushintsha izinga lokushisa.I-magnetite nanoparticles ehlakazekile kahle esixazululo esinamanzi atholakala ngokuguqulwa kwendawo, ukuthuthukisa i-agglomeration ye-particle yezinhlayiya endleleni ye-co precipitation.Kee et al.kuqhathaniswe imiphumela yendlela ye-hydrothermal kanye nendlela ye-co precipitation kumumo, isakhiwo, nosayizi wezinhlayiyana ze-Eu-CSH.Baveze ukuthi indlela ye-hydrothermal ikhiqiza ama-nanoparticles, kuyilapho indlela ye-co precipitation ikhiqiza izinhlayiya ze-submicron prismatic.Uma kuqhathaniswa nendlela ye-co precipitation, indlela ye-hydrothermal ibonisa ukucwebezela okuphezulu kanye namandla angcono we-photoluminescence ekulungiseleleni i-Eu-CSH powder.U-JK Han et al.ithuthukise indlela ye-co yezulu inoveli isebenzisa i-solvent engeyona i-aqueous N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) ukuze ilungiselele (Ba1-xSrx) 2SiO4: Ama-phosphor e-Eu2 anosayizi omncane wokusabalalisa kanye nokusebenza kahle kwe-quantum eduze kwezinhlayiya eziyindilinga noma ze-submicron.I-DMF inganciphisa ukusabela kwe-polymerization futhi yehlise izinga lokusabela phakathi nenqubo yemvula, isize ukuvimbela ukuhlangana kwezinhlayiyana.
2.3 Indlela ye-Hydrothermal/solvent thermal synthesis
Indlela ye-hydrothermal yaqala phakathi nekhulu le-19 lapho izazi ze-geologists zilingisa ukumbiwa kwemvelo.Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, inkolelo-mbono yavuthwa kancane kancane futhi okwamanje ingenye yezindlela ezithembisa kakhulu ze-chemistry.Indlela ye-Hydrothermal iyinqubo lapho kusetshenziswa khona umhwamuko wamanzi noma isixazululo esinamanzi njengendlela ephakathi (ukuthutha ama-ion namaqembu amangqamuzana kanye nokucindezela kokudlulisa) ukuze kufinyelelwe esimweni esibucayi noma esibucayi kakhulu endaweni evaliwe enezinga lokushisa eliphezulu kanye nengcindezi ephezulu izinga lokushisa elingu-100-240 ℃, kanti leli lakamuva linezinga lokushisa elifinyelela ku-1000 ℃), lisheshise izinga lokusabela kwe-hydrolysis lezinto zokusetshenziswa, futhi ngaphansi kokuguquguquka okuqinile, ama-ion namaqembu amangqamuzana asakazekela kumazinga okushisa aphansi ukuze ahlanganiswe kabusha.Izinga lokushisa, inani le-pH, isikhathi sokusabela, ukugxilisa ingqondo, nohlobo lwesandulela phakathi nenqubo ye-hydrolysis kuthinta izinga lokusabela, ukubukeka kwekristalu, ukwakheka, ukwakheka, nezinga lokukhula kumazinga ahlukahlukene.Ukwanda kwezinga lokushisa akusheshisi nje kuphela ukuqedwa kwezinto ezingavuthiwe, kodwa futhi kwandisa ukungqubuzana okuphumelelayo kwama-molecule ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukwakheka kwekristalu.Amazinga ahlukene okukhula endiza ngayinye yekristalu kumakristalu e-pH yizona zinto eziyinhloko ezithinta isigaba sekristalu, usayizi, kanye ne-morphology.Ubude besikhathi sokuphendula buphinde buthinte ukukhula kwekristalu, futhi uma isikhathi eside, sivuma ukukhula kwekristalu.
Izinzuzo zendlela ye-hydrothermal zibonakaliswa ikakhulukazi: okokuqala, ukuhlanzeka kwekristalu okuphezulu, akukho ukungcola kokungcola, ukusabalalisa usayizi wezinhlayiyana ezincane, isivuno esiphezulu, kanye ne-morphology yomkhiqizo ohlukahlukene;Okwesibili ukuthi inqubo yokusebenza ilula, izindleko ziphansi, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kuphansi.Iningi lokusabela lwenziwa ezindaweni zokushisa okuphakathi nendawo neziphansi, futhi izimo zokusabela kulula ukuzilawula.Uhla lwezicelo lubanzi futhi lungahlangabezana nezidingo zokulungiselela izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezinto;Okwesithathu, ingcindezi yokungcoliswa kwemvelo iphansi futhi inobungani empilweni yabasebenzisi.Izithiyo zayo eziyinhloko ukuthi isandulela sokusabela sithinteka kalula nge-pH yemvelo, izinga lokushisa, nesikhathi, futhi umkhiqizo unokuqukethwe okuphansi kwe-oxygen.
Indlela ye-solvothermal isebenzisa izincibilikisi eziphilayo njengendlela yokusabela, ikhulise ngokwengeziwe ukusebenza kwezindlela ze-hydrothermal.Ngenxa yomehluko obalulekile wezakhiwo zomzimba nezamakhemikhali phakathi kwezincibilikisi zemvelo namanzi, indlela yokusabela iyinkimbinkimbi, futhi ukubukeka, ukwakheka, nosayizi womkhiqizo kuhluke kakhulu.Nallappan et al.amakristalu e-MoOx ahlanganiswe nama-morphology ahlukene ukusuka eshidini kuya ku-nanorod ngokulawula isikhathi sokusabela sendlela ye-hydrothermal kusetshenziswa i-sodium dialkyl sulfate njenge-ejenti eqondisa ikristalu.Dianwen Hu et al.izinto eziyinhlanganisela ezihlanganisiwe ezisuselwe ku-polyoxymolybdenum cobalt (CoPMA) kanye ne-UiO-67 noma eziqukethe amaqembu e-bipyridyl (UiO-bpy) kusetshenziswa indlela ye-solvothermal ngokuthuthukisa izimo zokuhlanganisa.
2.4 Indlela yejeli ye-sol
Indlela yejeli yeSol iyindlela yamakhemikhali yendabuko yokulungisa izinto ezisebenzayo ezingaphili, ezisetshenziswa kabanzi ekulungiseni ama-nanomaterials ensimbi.Ngo-1846, u-Elbelmen waqala ukusebenzisa le ndlela ukuze alungiselele i-SiO2, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwakungakavuthwa.Indlela yokulungisa ngokuyinhloko iwukwengeza i-activator ye-ion yomhlaba engavamile kwisixazululo sokuqala sokusabela ukwenza isincibilikisi sivuthuluke ukuze senze ijeli, futhi ijeli elungisiwe ithola umkhiqizo ohlosiwe ngemva kokwelashwa kwezinga lokushisa.I-phosphor ekhiqizwa indlela ye-sol gel ine-morphology enhle nezici zesakhiwo, futhi umkhiqizo unosayizi omncane wezinhlayiya ezifanayo, kodwa ukukhanya kwawo kudinga ukuthuthukiswa.Inqubo yokulungiselela indlela ye-sol-gel ilula futhi kulula ukuyisebenzisa, izinga lokushisa lokuphendula liphansi, futhi ukusebenza kokuphepha kuphezulu, kodwa isikhathi eside, futhi inani lokwelashwa ngalunye lilinganiselwe.Gaponenko et al.walungisa i-amorphous BaTiO3/SiO2 isakhiwo se-multilayer nge-centrifugation kanye nokwelashwa kokushisa kwe-sol-gel indlela ene-transmissivity enhle ne-refractive index, futhi yabonisa ukuthi inkomba ye-refractive yefilimu ye-BaTiO3 izokhula ngokwanda kokugxila kwe-sol.Ngo-2007, iqembu locwaningo lika-Liu L lathwebula ngempumelelo inkimbinkimbi ye-fluorescent ephezulu futhi elula ekhanyayo ye-Eu3+metal ion/sensitizer ku-silica based nanocomposites kanye nejeli eyomile egayiwe kusetshenziswa indlela yejeli yesol.Ezihlanganisweni ezimbalwa zokuphuma kokunye okuhlukile kwezinzwa zomhlaba ezingavamile nezifanekiso ze-silica nanoporous, ukusetshenziswa kwesibonisi se-1,10-phenanthroline (OP) kuthempulethi ye-tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) kunikeza ijeli elomile eline-fluorescence elingcono kakhulu ukuhlola izici ze-spectral ze-Eu3+.
2.5 Indlela ye-Microwave synthesis
Indlela ye-Microwave synthesis iyindlela entsha yokuhlanganiswa kwamakhemikhali eluhlaza nengangcolisi uma kuqhathaniswa nendlela yesimo esiqinile sokushisa okuphezulu, esetshenziswa kakhulu ekuhlanganiseni izinto, ikakhulukazi emkhakheni we-nanomaterial synthesis, okubonisa umfutho omuhle wokuthuthuka.I-Microwave iyigagasi kagesi enobude obuphakathi kuka-1nn no-1m.Indlela ye-Microwave iyinqubo lapho izinhlayiya ezincane ezingaphakathi kwento yokuqala zithola i-polarization ngaphansi kwethonya lamandla angaphandle kazibuthe kagesi.Njengoba isiqondiso senkundla kagesi ye-microwave sishintsha, ukunyakaza nokuhlelwa kwe-dipoles kushintsha ngokuqhubekayo.Impendulo ye-hysteresis yama-dipoles, kanye nokuguqulwa kwamandla abo ashisayo ngaphandle kwesidingo sokungqubuzana, ukungqubuzana, nokulahlekelwa kwe-dielectric phakathi kwama-athomu nama-molecule, kufeza umphumela wokushisa.Ngenxa yokuthi ukushisa kwe-microwave kungashisisa ngokulinganayo lonke uhlelo lokusabela futhi kuqhube amandla ngokushesha, ngaleyo ndlela kukhuthaze ukuqhubeka kokusabela kwe-organic, uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlela zokulungiselela zendabuko, indlela yokuhlanganiswa kwe-microwave inezinzuzo zokusheshisa ukusabela, ukuphepha okuluhlaza, okuncane nokufana. usayizi wezinhlayiya ezibonakalayo, kanye nobumsulwa besigaba esiphakeme.Kodwa-ke, imibiko eminingi okwamanje isebenzisa ama-absorber ama-microwave njenge-carbon powder, i-Fe3O4, ne-MnO2 ukuze inikeze ukushisa ngokungaqondile kokusabela.Izinto ezimuncwa kalula ama-microwave futhi ezingavula ama-reactants ngokwawo adinga ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe.Liu et al.kuhlanganiswe indlela ye-co ne-microwave ukuze kuhlanganiswe i-spinel ehlanzekile i-LiMn2O4 ene-porous morphology kanye nezakhiwo ezinhle.
2.6 Indlela yomlilo
Indlela yokushisisa isekelwe ezindleleni zokushisisa zendabuko, ezisebenzisa ukushiswa kwezinto eziphilayo ukuze kukhiqizwe umkhiqizo oqondiwe ngemva kokuba isixazululo sihwamukile sibe somile.Igesi ekhiqizwa ukushiswa kwezinto eziphilayo inganciphisa ngempumelelo ukuvela kwe-agglomeration.Uma kuqhathaniswa nendlela yokushisa yesimo esiqinile, inciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla futhi ifanele imikhiqizo enezidingo zokushisa eziphansi zokusabela.Kodwa-ke, inqubo yokusabela idinga ukungezwa kwama-organic compounds, okwandisa izindleko.Le ndlela inomthamo omncane wokucubungula futhi ayifanele ukukhiqizwa kwezimboni.Umkhiqizo okhiqizwa indlela yomlilo unobukhulu bezinhlayiyana ezincane futhi ezifanayo, kodwa ngenxa yenqubo yokusabela emfushane, kungase kube namakristalu angaphelele, athinta ukusebenza kwe-luminescence yamakristalu.U-Anning et al.isebenzise i-La2O3, B2O3, ne-Mg njengezinto zokuqala futhi yasebenzisa usawoti osiza ukuvutha ukukhiqiza i-LaB6 powder ngamaqoqo ngesikhathi esifushane.
3. Ukusetshenziswa kweumhlaba ongavamile europiumizakhiwo ekuthuthukisweni kwezigxivizo zeminwe
Indlela yokubonisa impushana ingenye yezindlela zokubonisa izigxivizo zeminwe zakudala nezivamile.Njengamanje, izimpushana ezibonisa izigxivizo zeminwe zingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezintathu: izimpushana zendabuko, njengezimpushana kazibuthe ezakhiwe ngempushana yensimbi ecolekileyo kanye ne-carbon powder;Izimpushana zensimbi, njengempushana yegolide,isiliva powder, nezinye izimpushana zensimbi ezinesakhiwo senethiwekhi;I-fluorescent powder.Kodwa-ke, izimpushana zendabuko zivame ukuba nobunzima obukhulu ekuboniseni izigxivizo zeminwe noma izigxivizo zeminwe ezindala ezintweni ezingemuva eziyinkimbinkimbi, futhi zibe nomthelela othile onobuthi empilweni yabasebenzisi.Eminyakeni yamuva nje, abasebenzi besayensi yobugebengu nobuchwepheshe baye bathanda kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ze-nano fluorescent zokubonisa izigxivizo zeminwe.Ngenxa yezakhiwo ezikhanyayo ze-Eu3+ kanye nokusetshenziswa okusabalele kwe-umhlaba ongavamileizinto,umhlaba ongavamile europiumizakhiwo azigcinanga nje ngokuba yindawo yocwaningo emkhakheni wesayensi yezobunhloli, kodwa futhi zihlinzeka ngemibono yocwaningo ebanzi yokuboniswa kwezigxivizo zeminwe.Kodwa-ke, i-Eu3+ kuketshezi noma izinto eziqinile inokumunca ukukhanya okungekuhle futhi idinga ukuhlanganiswa nama-ligand ukuze ikwazi ukuzwela futhi ikhiphe ukukhanya, okwenza i-Eu3+ ibonise izakhiwo ze-fluorescence ezinamandla nezibeleselayo.Njengamanje, ama-ligand asetshenziswa kakhulu ikakhulukazi ahlanganisa i-β- Diketones, i-carboxylic acid nosawoti we-carboxylate, ama-polymers we-organic, ama-supramolecular macrocycles, njll. Ngocwaningo olujulile nokusebenzisaumhlaba ongavamile europiumeziyinkimbinkimbi, kutholakale ukuthi ezindaweni ezinomswakama, ukudlidliza kwama-molecule e-H2Oeuropiumama-complexes angabangela ukucisha kwe-luminescence.Ngakho-ke, ukuze kuzuzwe ukukhetha okungcono kanye nokugqama okuqinile ekubonisweni kwezigxivizo zeminwe, kudingeka kwenziwe imizamo yokutadisha indlela yokuthuthukisa ukuzinza kwe-thermal nemishini.europiumizakhiwo.
Ngo-2007, iqembu locwaningo lika-Liu L laba yingqalabutho yokwethulaeuropiumihlanganisa indawo yokubonisa izigxivizo zeminwe okokuqala ngqa ekhaya naphesheya.I-Eu3+metal ion/sensitizer complexes ezinzile kakhulu futhi ezikhanyayo eziqinile ze-metal ion/sensitizer ezithathwe indlela ye-sol gel zingasetshenziswa ukuze kutholwe izigxivizo zeminwe ezintweni ezihlukahlukene ezihlobene nomthetho, okuhlanganisa ucwecwe lwegolide, ingilazi, ipulasitiki, iphepha elinemibala namaqabunga aluhlaza.Ucwaningo lokuhlola lwethule inqubo yokulungiselela, i-UV/Vis spectra, izici ze-fluorescence, nemiphumela yokulebula yezigxivizo zeminwe yalezi nanocomposites ze-Eu3+/OP/TEOS ezintsha.
Ngo-2014, uSeung Jin Ryu et al.okokuqala kwakheka i-Eu3+complex ([EuCl2 (Phen) 2 (H2O) 2] Cl · H2O) nge-hexahydratei-europium chloride(EuCl3 · 6H2O) kanye ne-1-10 phenanthropine (Phen).Ngokuphendula kwe-ion exchange phakathi kwe-interlayer sodium ion kanyeeuropiumama-ion ayinkimbinkimbi, ama-intercalated nano hybrid compounds (Eu (Phen) 2) 3+ - itshe lensipho ye-lithium ehlanganisiwe kanye ne-Eu (Phen) 2) 3+ - i-montmorillonite yemvelo) yatholakala.Ngaphansi kwenjabulo yesibani se-UV ku-wavelength ye-312nm, lezi zinkimbinkimbi ezimbili azigcini nje kuphela izici ze-photoluminescence phenomena, kodwa futhi zinokuzinza okuphezulu kwe-thermal, amakhemikhali, nomshini uma kuqhathaniswa ne-Eu3 + complexes ehlanzekile. njengensimbi emzimbeni omkhulu we-lithium soapstone, [Eu (Phen) 2] 3+- i-lithium soapstone inokushuba okungcono kakhulu kwe-luminescence kune-[Eu (Phen) 2] 3+- montmorillonite, futhi izigxivizo zeminwe zibonakalisa imigqa ecacile nokugqama okunamandla ingemuva.Ngo-2016, u-V Sharma et al.i-synthesized strontium aluminate (SrAl2O4: Eu2+, Dy3+) i-nano fluorescent powder isebenzisa indlela yokuvutha.Impushana ifanele ukuboniswa kwezigxivizo zeminwe ezintsha nezindala ezintweni ezingenekayo nezingangeneki njengephepha elinombala ojwayelekile, iphepha lokupakisha, i-aluminium foil, namadiski okubona.Ayibonisi nje kuphela ukuzwela okuphezulu nokukhetha, kodwa futhi inezici eziqinile nezihlala isikhathi eside ezikhanyayo.Ngo-2018, u-Wang et al.kulungiswe i-CaS nanoparticles (ESM-CaS-NP) efakweeuropium, samarium, kanye ne-manganese enobubanzi obuyisilinganiso esingu-30nm.I-nanoparticles yayihlanganiswe ne-amphiphilic ligands, evumela ukuba ihlakazwe ngokufanayo emanzini ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ukusebenza kahle kwe-fluorescence;Ukuguqulwa kwe-Co kobuso be-ESM-CaS-NP nge-1-dodecylthiol kanye ne-11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (Arg-DT)/ MUA@ESM-CaS NPs kuxazulule ngempumelelo inkinga yokucishwa kwe-fluorescence emanzini kanye nokuhlanganisa izinhlayiyana okubangelwa i-particle hydrolysis ku-nano fluorescent impushana.Le mpushana ye-fluorescent ayibonisi nje kuphela izigxivizo zeminwe ezingaba khona ezintweni ezifana ne-aluminium foil, ipulasitiki, ingilazi, namathayili e-ceramic azwela kakhulu, kodwa futhi inemithombo yokukhanya evusa amadlingozi futhi ayidingi imishini ebizayo yokukhipha isithombe ukuze ibonise izigxivizo zeminwe. Ngonyaka ofanayo, iqembu locwaningo lika-Wang lahlanganisa uchungechunge lwe-ternaryeuropiumama-complexes [Eu (m-MA) 3 (o-Phen)] esebenzisa i-ortho, i-meta, ne-p-methylbenzoic acid njenge-ligand yokuqala ne-ortho phenanthroline njenge-ligand yesibili esebenzisa indlela yemvula.Ngaphansi kokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet engu-245nm, izigxivizo zeminwe ezingaba khona ezintweni ezifana namapulasitiki nezimpawu zokuhweba zingaboniswa ngokucacile.Ngo-2019, u-Sung Jun Park et al.i-YBO3 ehlanganisiwe: I-Ln3+(Ln=Eu, Tb) i-phosphors ngendlela ye-solvothermal, ithuthukisa ngempumelelo ukutholwa kwezigxivizo zeminwe ezingase zibe khona kanye nokunciphisa ukuphazamiseka kwephethini yangemuva.Ngo-2020, uPrabakaran et al.ithuthukise i-fluorescent Na [Eu (5,50 DMBP) (phen) 3] · Inhlanganisela ye-Cl3/D-Dextrose, isebenzisa i-EuCl3 · 6H20 njengesandulela.I-Na [Eu (5,5 '- DMBP) (phen) 3] I-Cl3 yahlanganiswa kusetshenziswa i-Phen ne-5,5′ – i-DMBP ngendlela yokuncibilikisa okushisayo, kwase kuba i-Na [Eu (5,5 '- DMBP) (phen) I-3] I-Cl3 ne-D-Dextrose zisetshenziswe njengesandulela ukuze zenze i-Na [Eu (5,50 DMBP) (phen) 3] · I-Cl3 ngokusebenzisa indlela ye-adsorption.I-3/D-Dextrose complex.Ngokuhlolwa, inhlanganisela ingabonisa ngokucacile izigxivizo zeminwe ezintweni ezifana nezikepisi zamabhodlela epulasitiki, izibuko, nemali yaseNingizimu Afrika ngaphansi kwesasasa lelanga elingu-365nm noma ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet, ngokugqama okuphezulu nokusebenza okuzinzile kwe-fluorescence.Ngo-2021, uDan Zhang et al.yakhelwe ngempumelelo futhi yahlanganisa inoveli eyi-hexanuclear Eu3+complex Eu6 (PPA) 18CTP-TPY enezindawo eziyisithupha ezibophayo, enokuqina okuhle kakhulu kwe-fluorescence thermal (<50 ℃) futhi ingasetshenziselwa ukubonisa izigxivizo zeminwe.Nokho, kudingeka olunye ucwaningo ukuze kutholwe uhlobo lwaso lwezivakashi olufanelekile.Ngo-2022, u-L Brini et al.ihlanganiswe ngempumelelo i-Eu: I-Y2Sn2O7 powder fluorescent ngokusebenzisa indlela ye-co precipitation kanye nokwelashwa okwengeziwe kokugaya, okungaveza izigxivizo zeminwe ezingase zibe khona ezintweni zokhuni nezingangeneki.Ngawo lowo nyaka, iqembu locwaningo lika-Wang lahlanganisa i-NaYF4: Yb lisebenzisa indlela yokwenziwa kwe-solvent thermal synthesis, Er@YVO4 Eu core -i-shell uhlobo lwe-nanofluorescence impahla, engakhiqiza i-fluorescence ebomvu ngaphansi kwe-ultraviolet excitation engu-254nm kanye ne-fluorescence eluhlaza ngokugqamile ngaphansi kwe-980nm eduze ne-infrared excitation, ukuzuza ukuboniswa kwemodi ekabili yezigxivizo zeminwe ezingaba khona esihambelini.Ukuboniswa okungaba khona kwezigxivizo zeminwe ezintweni ezifana namathayela e-ceramic, amashidi epulasitiki, ama-alloys e-aluminium, i-RMB, nephepha le-letterhead elinombala kukhombisa ukuzwela okuphezulu, ukukhetha, ukugqama, nokumelana okuqinile nokuphazamiseka kwangemuva.
4 I-Outlook
Eminyakeni yamuva, ucwaningo onumhlaba ongavamile europiumama-complexes adonse ukunaka okukhulu, ngenxa yezakhiwo zawo ezinhle kakhulu ze-optical kanye ne-magnetic ezifana nokuqina kwe-luminescence ephezulu, ukuhlanzeka kombala okuphezulu, isikhathi eside sokuphila kwe-fluorescence, ukumuncwa kwamandla amakhulu kanye nezikhala zokuphuma, kanye neziqongo zokumunca ezincane.Ngokujula kocwaningo ngezinto ezingavamile zomhlaba, ukusetshenziswa kwazo emikhakheni ehlukahlukene efana nokukhanyisa nokubonisa, isayensi yezinto eziphilayo, ezolimo, ezempi, imboni yolwazi lwe-elekthronikhi, ukudluliswa kolwazi olubonakalayo, i-fluorescence anti-counterfeiting, ukutholwa kwe-fluorescence, njll. ziya ngokuya zisabalala.Izakhiwo ezibonakalayo zeeuropiumizakhiwo zinhle kakhulu, futhi izinkambu zabo zokufaka izicelo ziyakhula kancane kancane.Kodwa-ke, ukuntula kwazo ukuzinza kwe-thermal, izakhiwo zemishini, kanye nokucutshungulwa kuzokhawulela ukusetshenziswa kwazo okungokoqobo.Ngokombono wamanje wocwaningo, ucwaningo lokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezibonakalayo zeeuropiumizakhiwo emkhakheni wesayensi ye-forensic kufanele zigxile kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni izakhiwo ze-opticaleuropiumihlanganisa futhi ixazulule izinkinga zezinhlayiya ze-fluorescent ezijwayele ukuhlangana ezindaweni ezinomswakama, kugcinwe ukuzinza nokusebenza kahle kwe-luminescenceeuropiumizakhiwo ezixazululweni ezinamanzi.Namuhla, inqubekelaphambili yomphakathi kanye nesayensi nobuchwepheshe ibeke phambili izidingo eziphakeme zokulungiswa kwezinto ezintsha.Ngenkathi ihlangabezana nezidingo zohlelo lokusebenza, kufanele futhi ihambisane nezici zokwakheka okuhlukahlukene kanye nezindleko eziphansi.Ngakho-ke, ucwaningo olwengeziweeuropiumizakhiwo zibaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwezinsiza zomhlaba ezicebile zaseShayina kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe bobugebengu.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Nov-01-2023