Amaphethini we-papillary eminwe yabantu ahlala engashintshiwe esakhiweni sawo se-topological kusukela ekuzalweni, enezici ezahlukahlukene ezivela kumuntu kuya kumuntu, futhi amaphethini we-papillary emnweni ngamunye womuntu ofanayo nawo ahlukile. Iphethini yePapilla eminwe iminwe iyagibele futhi isatshalaliswa ngama-pores amaningi okujuluka. Umzimba womuntu uthuthuka ngokuqhubekayo izinto ezisuselwa emanzini ezinjengezithukuthuku kanye nezinto ezinamafutha anjengewoyela. Lezi zinto zizodlulisa futhi zifake entweni lapho zithintana, zakha okuvelayo entweni. Cishe ngenxa yezimpawu ezihlukile zokuphrinta kwezandla, njengokucaciswa kwazo, ukuqina kwempilo yonke, kanye nokukhombisa amamaki okuthinta iminwe ukuthi kungukuthi ukubonwa kweminwe ukuthi kungukuthi ukubonwa komazisi komuntu kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19.
Esikhathini sesehlakalo sobugebengu, ngaphandle kwama-Fingerprints anemibala emithathu kanye namafulethi, isimo sokuvela kweminwe esisezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu. Iminwe engenzeka imvamisa idinga ukucutshungulwa okubonakalayo ngokuphendula ngokomzimba noma kwamakhemikhali. Izindlela ezijwayelekile zokuthuthukiswa zeminwe ikakhulu zibandakanya ukuthuthukiswa kwe-optical, ukuthuthukiswa kwe-powder, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwamakhemikhali. Phakathi kwazo, ukuthuthukiswa kwe-powder kuvunywa amayunithi otshani ngenxa yokusebenza kwawo okulula nezindleko eziphansi. Kodwa-ke, ukulinganiselwa kokuboniswa kweminwe kwempuphu iminwe akusahlangabezani nezidingo zobuchwepheshe bobugebengu, njengemibala eyinkimbinkimbi futhi ehlukahlukene yento esendaweni yesehlakalo, kanye nohlu olumpofu phakathi kombala weminwe nombala wangemuva; Ubukhulu, ukwakheka, ukubonwa, isilinganiso sokwakheka, kanye nokwenza izinhlayiya ze-powder kuthinta ukuzwela ukubukeka kwempuphu; Ukukhetha kwamapokisi endabuko ampofu, ikakhulukazi ama-adsorption athuthukisiwe wezinto ezimanzi ku-powder, okunciphisa kakhulu ukukhiqizwa kwentuthuko yamapopi endabuko. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, abasebenzi besayensi yesayensi kanye nobuchwepheshe bebelokhu becwaninga ngokuqhubekayo izinto ezintsha nezindlela zokuhlanganisa, phakathi kwazoUmhlaba ongavamileIzinto ze-luminescent zidonsele ukunakwa kwezisebenzi zesayensi yobugebengu kanye nobuchwepheshe ngenxa yezakhiwo zabo ezihlukile ze-luminescent, umehluko omkhulu, ukuzwela okuphezulu, ukukhethwa okuphezulu, nobuthi obuphansi ekusetshenzisweni kokuboniswa kweminwe. I-4F Orbitals egcwalisa kancane kancane ama-4F Earth Elements ibanikeza ngamazinga acebile kakhulu wamandla, kanye nama-5S kanye ne-5p ungqimba lwe-elektroni ama-elektroni ama-elektroni ezinto zomhlaba ezingandile agcwaliswe ngokuphelele. Ama-elektroni we-4F we-Layer avikelekile, enikeza ama-elektroni we-4F ungqimba imodi ehlukile yokunyakaza. Ngakho-ke, izinto zomhlaba ezingandile zibonisa ukuthi zibonisa i-PhotoStation kanye nokuqina kwamakhemikhali ngaphandle kwezithombe, ukunqoba ukulinganiselwa kwamadayi ajwayelekile asetshenziswa. Ngaphezu kwalokho,Umhlaba ongavamileIzinto zibuye zibe nezindawo eziphakeme zikagesi nezezibuthe uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinto. Izakhiwo ezihlukile ze-Optical ofUmhlaba ongavamileI-Ions, njengesikhathi eside sokuphila kwe-fluorescence, ukumuncwa kwezikhathi eziningi ezincanyana kanye nokuphuma, kanye nokutholwa kwamandla amakhulu kanye nokukhishwa kwezikhala, ukuheha ukunakwa okuhlobene nocwaningo oluhlobene nokuboniswa kweminwe.
Phakathi kweziningiUmhlaba ongavamileizinto,indlu yokuhlala yokungenayoguguyizinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ze-luminescent. Demarcay, ukutholwa kweindlu yokuhlala yokungenayoguguNgo-1900, okokuqala uchaze imigqa ebukhali ekuhlolweni kwe-EU3 + ngesisombululo. Ngo-1909, i-Urban ichaze iCathodoluminescence yeGd2o3: +. Ngo-1920, i-Prandtl yashicilela okokuqala ukubonwa kwe-EU3 +, okuqinisekisa ukubonwa kuka-De Mare. I-ablorption spectrum ye-EU3 + ikhonjiswa kuMfanekiso 1. I-EU3 + ivame ukutholakala ku-C2 Orbital ukwenza lula ukuguqulwa kwama-elektroni kusuka kumazinga we-5D0 kuya ku-7F2, ngaleyo ndlela ededela i-fluorescence ebomvu. I-EU3 + ingafinyelela inguquko evela kuma-elektroni wombuso kuya ezingeni lamandla aphansi kakhulu elijabulisayo ngaphakathi kokukhanya okubonakalayo kwe-wavelength. Ngaphansi kokuthokoma kokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet, i-EU3 + kukhombisa izithombe ezibomvu ezibomvu. Lolu hlobo lwe-PhotoLuminescence alusebenzi kuphela ku-EU3 + i-Ions oludonswe ama-crystal substrates noma izibuko, kodwa futhi kuya ezincomeni ezihlanganisiweindlu yokuhlala yokungenayogugukanye nama-organic ligands. Lawa ama-ligands angasebenza njenge-antennas ukuthi amunge i-luminescence futhi ukudlulisa amandla okuvuselela amandla aphezulu wamandla we-EU3 + i-ion. Ukusetshenziswa okubaluleke kakhulu kweindlu yokuhlala yokungenayoguguyi-red fluorescent powderY2O3: EU3 + (YOX) iyingxenye ebalulekile yamalambu we-fluorescent. Ukuvuselelwa okubomvu okukhanyayo kwe-EU3 + kungatholakala hhayi kuphela ngokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet, kodwa futhi nge-elekthronibe (i-cathodoluminescence), i-X-ray Ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo ezicebile ze-luminescent, kusetshenziswa kabanzi nge-biological probe emikhakheni ye-biomedical noma yesayensi yemvelo. Eminyakeni yamuva, futhi uvuse futhi isithakazelo socwaningo se-Criminance Science and Technology Spreen emkhakheni weSayensi ye-Forensic, ukuhlinzeka ngokuthola umkhawulo wokuthola ukulinganiselwa kweminwe, futhi kunokubaluleka okukhulu ekuthuthukiseni umehluko, ukuzwela, kanye nokukhetha kokuboniswa kweminwe.
Umdwebo ongu-1 EU3 + Ukutholwa Okubonakalayo
1, Isimiso se-Luminescence seRare Endropuliumizakhiwo
Isimo somhlabathi kanye nokuhlelwa kombuso kombuso we-elektronikiindlu yokuhlala yokungenayoguguI-ion zombili izinhlobo ze-4FN. Ngenxa yomphumela omuhle kakhulu wokuvikelwa kwama-orbitals we-s no-d ezungeze iindlu yokuhlala yokungenayoguguama-ions kuma-orbitals we-4F, ukuguqulwa kwe-FF kweindlu yokuhlala yokungenayoguguI-Ion ekhombisa ama-burp linearnd band kanye nesikhathi eside esinde se-fluorescence. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokusebenza kwe-PhotoLuminescence okuphansi kwe-Europium Ions ku-Ultraviolet kanye nezifunda ezibonakalayo ezibonakalayo, ama-organic ligands asetshenziselwa ukwakha izakhiwo ngeindlu yokuhlala yokungenayoguguama-ions ukuthuthukisa i-coefficiefliction yokumunca kwe-ultraviolet kanye nezifunda ezikhanyayo ezibonakalayo. I-fluorescence ikhishwe yiindlu yokuhlala yokungenayoguguIzakhiwo azigcini nje ngezinzuzo ezihlukile zokuqina kwe-fluorescence ephezulu kanye nokuhlanzeka okuphezulu kwe-fluorescence, kepha futhi kungathuthukiswa ngokusebenzisa ukusebenza okuphezulu kokufakwa kwezinto eziphilayo ezingxenyeni ze-organic kanye nezindawo ezikhanyayo ezibonakalayo. Amandla okuvuselela adingekayoindlu yokuhlala yokungenayoguguI-Ion Photoluminescence iphakeme kakhulu ekusebenzeni kahle kwe-fluorescence. Kunemigomo emibili eyinhloko ye-luminescence yeRare EndropuliumIzakhiwo: Eyodwa yi-PhotoLuminescence, edinga i-ligand yeindlu yokuhlala yokungenayoguguizakhiwo; Esinye isici ukuthi umphumela we-antenna ungathuthukisa ukuzwela kweindlu yokuhlala yokungenayoguguion luminescence.
Ngemuva kokujabula nge-ultraviolet yangaphandle noma ukukhanya okubonakalayo, i-organic ligand kuUmhlaba ongavamileUkuguqulwa okuyinkimbinkimbi kusuka ku-Ground State S0 kuya kwi-Singlet Stolot S1. Ama-elektroni ajabule wombuso awazinzile futhi abuyela emhlabathini s0 ngemisebe, ukukhulula amandla e-ligand ku-Emit Fleorescence, noma phakathi kwe-T2 ejabule ngesimo se-T1 noma i-T2 ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezingekho emthethweni; I-Triple Expriment Sport Realer Energy ngokusebenzisa imisebe ukukhiqiza i-ligand phosphorescence, noma udlulise amandla ukuzeinsimbi ye-epusium yensimbiI-ion ngokusebenzisa ukuhanjiswa kwamandla okungaxhunyiwe kwe-intramolecular kwamandla; Ngemuva kokujabula, ukuguqulwa kwe-europoum ion kusuka emhlabathini ku-Ground State, futhiindlu yokuhlala yokungenayoguguI-Ions in the ukuguqulwa kombuso ojabulile emazingeni aphansi wamandla, ekugcineni ubuyela esimweni somhlaba, ukhulula amandla futhi ukhiqize i-fluorescence. Ngakho-ke, ngethula ama-organic ligands afanelekile ukuze ahlanganyele nawoUmhlaba ongavamileI-Ions futhi uzwela i-Central Metal Ion ngokusebenzisa ukudluliswa kwamandla okungekho emthethweni ngaphakathi kwama-molecule, umphumela we-fluorescence we-rare wornd ions angakhuphuka kakhulu futhi isidingo samandla okuxoxa kwangaphandle singancishiswa. Le nto yaziwa ngokuthi i-antenna effect of ligands. Umdwebo weveli yamandla wokudluliswa kwamandla ku-EU3 + Izakhiwo eziboniswa kuMfanekiso 2.
Esezinhlelweni zokudluliswa kwamandla kusuka ku-Triplet Expression State to EU3 +, izinga lamandla e-Ligand Trivet State liyadingeka ukuba liphakeme kunalokho noma lihambisane neleveli yamandla yesimo samandla e-EU3 + isimo esijabulisayo. Kepha lapho izinga le-Triplet Energy le-ligand likhulu kakhulu kunamandla amakhulu ajabule kakhulu we-EU3 +, ukusebenza kahle kwamandla kuzoncishiswa kakhulu. Lapho umehluko phakathi kwesimo se-Tripllet se-Ligand kanye nesimo esijabulisayo esijabulisayo se-EU3 + sincane, ukuqina kwe-fluorescence kuzokwenza buthaka ngenxa yethonya lesilinganiso se-thermactive se-Triplet State of Ligand State of Ligand. Izakhiwo ze-Diketone zinezinzuzo ze-Comprity UV Absorption Coeffrentral, ikhono lokuxhumana eliqinile, ukuhanjiswa kwamandla okusebenzayo ngeUmhlaba ongavamiles, futhi angaba khona kuwo womabili amafomu aqinile nawamanzi, abelwenza elinye lama-ligands asetshenziswa kakhulu ngaphakathiUmhlaba ongavamileizakhiwo.
Umdwebo 2 Umdwebo weleveli yamandla wokudluliswa kwamandla ku-EU3 + Complex
Indlela ye-2.Synthesis yeRare EndropuliumIzakhiwo
2.1 Indlela yokushisa ephezulu yokushisa-izwe synthesis
Indlela ephezulu yokushisa i-solist-state indlela iyindlela esetshenziswa kakhulu yokulungiselelaUmhlaba ongavamileIzinto zokwenziwa ze-luminescent, futhi zisetshenziswa kabanzi ekukhiqizeni kwezimboni. Indlela yokuhlola okuqinile yokushisa-izwe ukusabela kwezinto eziqinile zezinto eziqinile ngaphansi kwezimo zokushisa eziphakeme (800-1500 ℃) ukukhiqiza ama-compound amasha ngokuhlukanisa noma ukuhambisa ama-athomu aqinile noma ama-ion. Indlela yesigaba sokushisa esiphakeme isetshenziselwa ukulungiselelaUmhlaba ongavamileizakhiwo. Okokuqala, ama-reactants ahlanganiswa ngengxenye ethile, futhi inani elifanele le-flux lingezwa olimini lokugaya ngokucophelela ukuqinisekisa ukuxubana okufanayo. Ngemuva kwalokho, ama-reactants omhlaba abekwa esithandweni sokushisa okushisa kakhulu kwe-caltration. Ngesikhathi senqubo yokubalwa, i-oxidation, ukuncishiswa, noma amagesi we-inert angagcwaliswa ngokuya ngezidingo zenqubo yokuhlola. Ngemuva kwe-carrination ephezulu yokushisa, kwakhiwa i-matrix enesakhiwo esithile sekristalu, futhi kufakwa i-activator engavamile emhlabeni ama-ions kuyo ukwakha isikhungo se-luminescent. Le nkambiso ebekiwe idinga ukubhekana nokuphola, ukukhanda, ukomisa, ukugaya, ukubhekisisa kabusha, ukubhekisisa, nokuhlolelwa ekushiseni kwegumbi ukuthola umkhiqizo. Ngokuvamile, izinqubo eziningi zokugaya nokubalwa ziyadingeka. Ukugaya okuningi kungasheshisa isivinini sokuphendula futhi senze ukusabela kuqedwe ngokwengeziwe. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi inqubo yokugaya inyusa indawo yokuxhumana yabaphendulayo, ithuthukisa kakhulu isivinini sokungenisa kanye ne-molecule ye-ion nama-molecule kuma-reactivants, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokuphendula. Kodwa-ke, izikhathi ezahlukahlukene zokuceba kanye namazinga okushisa kuzoba nomthelela esakhiweni se-matrix yekristali kwakhiwa.
Indlela ephezulu ye-sworture-special special inezinzuzo zokusebenza kwenqubo elula, izindleko eziphansi, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwesikhathi esifushane, okwenza kube ubuchwepheshe bokulungiselela okuvuthiwe. Kodwa-ke, izithiyo eziphambili zendlela ephezulu yokushisa isimo sezulu yilezi: Okokuqala, izinga lokushisa elidingekayo liphezulu kakhulu, elidinga imishini ephezulu nezinsimbi, futhi kunzima ukulawula i-crystal morphology. I-morphology yomkhiqizo ayilingani, futhi yenza ukuthi isimo se-crystal silimele, sithinte ukusebenza kwe-luminescence. Okwesibili, ukugaya okunganele kwenza kube nzima ukuthi ama-reactants ahlanganise ngokulinganayo, futhi izinhlayiya zekristalu zikhulu. Ngenxa yokugaya okwenziwe ngesandla noma okwenziwe ngomshini, ukungcola kuxutshwe nakanjani kuthinta i-luminescence, okuholela ekuhlanzeni umkhiqizo ophansi. Impikiswano yesithathu uhlelo lokusebenza olungalingani lwe-coating kanye nobukhulu obuhle ngesikhathi senqubo yokufaka isicelo. Lai et al. Kwenziwe uchungechunge lwe-SR5 (PO4) 3Cl I-Polychromatic-Phase-PlalyChromatic fluorescer popes doped nge-EU3 + ne-TB3 + isebenzisa indlela yendabuko yokushisa okuqinile. Ngaphansi kokuvuka okusondelene ne-ultraviolet, i-fluorescent powder ingathinta umbala we-lungiselelo we-phosphor kusuka esifundeni esiluhlaza uye esifundeni esiluhlaza ngokuya nge-doping color rendering inkomba kanye nokushisa kombala okumhlophe okuzwakalayo kokufakelwa okukhanyayo okukhanyayo. Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphezulu kuyinkinga enkulu ekuhlanganiseni kwama-borophosphate asekelwe powers we-fluorescent ngendlela ephezulu yokushisa isimo sezulu. Njengamanje, izazi eziningi neziningi zizibophezele ekwakheni nasekufuneni umatikuletsheni ofanele ukuxazulula indlela ephakeme yokusebenzisa amandla aphezulu ngendlela ephezulu yokushisa isimo sezulu. Ngo-2015, u-Hasegawa et al. Uqedele ukulungiswa kwesimo sokushisa okuqinile kwesimo se-LANBnaBP2O8 (LNBP) usebenzisa iqembu lesikhala se-P1 sohlelo lwe-Triclinic okokuqala. Ngo-2020, uZhu et al. Kubikwe indlela eqinile yokushisa okuqinile - isimo se-solive-synthesis yenoveli ye-LI2NABP2O8: EU3 + (LNBP: EU) Phosphor, ukuhlola ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphansi kanye nendlela ephansi ye-synthesis ye-inorganic phosphors.
2.2 CO POREIPATITATION PAY
Indlela ye-CO PRIVATITATITATIATITATITATION nayo iyindlela evame ukusetshenziswa "yamakhemikhali" ethambile yokulungiselela izinto zomhlaba ezinqabile emhlabeni. Indlela ye-CO Preciditation ifaka ukwengeza isendlalelo ku-Activant, esiphendula ngezinto zangaphansi ngakunye ukwakha i-precipitate noma i-hydrolides, umkhiqizo oqondiwe, njll. Umkhiqizo oqondiwe utholakala ngokuhlunga, ukugeza, ukomisa, kanye nezinye izinqubo. Izinzuzo ze-CO Precistage Meyis zingukusebenza okulula, ukusetshenziswa kwesikhathi esifushane, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphansi, kanye nobumsulwa bomkhiqizo ophakeme. Inzuzo yayo ebaluleke kakhulu ukuthi usayizi wayo omncane wezinhlayiyana angakhiqiza ngokuqondile ama-nanocrystals. Izingqinamba zendlela ye-CO Phela yilezi: Okokuqala, iphango lokuhlanganisa umkhiqizo litholwe linzima, okuthinta ukusebenza kwe-luminescent kwezinto ezibonakalayo ze-fluorescent; Okwesibili, ukwakheka komkhiqizo akucaci futhi kunzima ukulawula; Okwesithathu, kunezidingo ezithile zokukhethwa kwezinto zokwakha, kanye nezimo zemvula phakathi kokuphendula ngakunye kufanele kube okufanayo noma okufanekiswe ngangokunokwenzeka, okungafanelekile ukusetshenziswa kwezakhi zesistimu eminingi. K. PetCharoen et al. I-Syntessical Sperical Magnetite Nanoparticles isebenzisa i-ammonium hydroxide njengendlela yokuvuka kwezulu neyokuqala. I-acetic acid ne-oleic acid yethulwe njengama-ejenti we-coating ngesikhathi sesigaba sokuqala se-crystallization, kanti usayizi we-magnetite nanoparticles walawulwa ngaphakathi kwe-1-40NM ngokushintsha izinga lokushisa. Ama-nanoparticles ahlakazekile ahlakazekile kwikhambi lamanzi atholwe ngokuguqulwa komhlaba, athuthukise ubuthi be-aggglomeration of izinhlayiya ngendlela yesethayo. Kee et al. Kuqhathaniswa nemiphumela yendlela ye-hydrothermal kanye nendlela ye-CO Pherigitation ngesimo, isakhiwo, kanye nosayizi wezinhlayiyana ze-EU-CSH. Baveze ukuthi indlela ye-hydrothermal ikhipha ama-nanoparticles, kuyilapho i-CO PROPIPATITATIATIVE Indlela yakha izinhlayiya zePricton Prismatic. Uma kuqhathaniswa nendlela ye-CO Phela, indlela yeHydrothermal ibonisa i-crystaltaltity ephezulu kanye ne-PhotoLuminescence ukuqina okungcono lapho kulungiswa i-EU-Csh powder. Jk han et al. Kuthuthukiswe indlela yenoveli yenoveli esebenzisa i-solvent engekho emanzini n, n-dimethylformamide (DMF) ukulungiselela (i-BA1-XSRX) 2sio4: EU2 phosps I-DMF inganciphisa ukusabela kwe-polymerization futhi yehlise izinga lokuphendula ngesikhathi senqubo yezulu, isiza ukuvikela ukuhlanganiswa kwezinhlayiya.
2.3 hydrothermal / solvent thermal synthesis indlela
Indlela ye-hydrothermal yaqala maphakathi nekhulu le-19 lapho izazi zokuma komhlaba zilingisa amaminerali wemvelo. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, lo mbono ukhula kancane kancane futhi njengamanje ngesinye sezindlela zokuthembisa kakhulu zamakhemikhali. Indlela yeHydrothermal iyinqubo lapho umphunga wamanzi noma ikhambi lamanzi asetshenziswa njengendawo ephakathi nendawo (ukuhambisa amazinga okushisa afinyelela ku-1000 Amaqembu ama-molecular asebenzisa izinga lokushisa eliphansi lokuphindaphinda. Izinga lokushisa, i-PH inani, isikhathi sokuphendula, ukugxila, kanye nohlobo lwenqubo ye-hydrolysis kuthinta isilinganiso sokuphendula, ukubukeka kwe-crystal, ukwakheka, isakhiwo, kanye nezinga lokukhula kumazinga ahlukahlukene. Ukwanda kwezinga lokushisa akupheli nje kuphela ukucekelwa phansi kwezinto zokwakha, kepha futhi kwandisa ukushayisana okusebenzayo kwama-molecule ukukhuthaza ukwakheka kwe-crystal. Amanani ehlukene okukhula kwendiza ngayinye yekristalu ku-Ph Amakristali yizinto eziphambili ezithinta isigaba se-crystal, usayizi, kanye ne-morphology. Ubude besikhathi sokuphendula buthinta nokukhula kwekristalu, futhi isikhathi eside, kungcono kakhulu ngokukhula kwe-crystal.
Izinzuzo zendlela ye-hydrothermal ziboniswa ikakhulukazi ku: Okokuqala, ubumsulwa be-crystal, akukho ukungcoliswa kokungcola, ukusatshalaliswa kosayizi abancane, ukukhiqizwa komkhiqizo okuphezulu, kanye ne-morphology ehlukahlukene; Okwesibili ukuthi inqubo yokusebenza ilula, izindleko ziphansi, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kuphansi. Iningi lokuphendula kwenziwa ngezindawo eziphakathi nendawo eziphansi zokushisa, kanye nezimo zokuphendula kulula ukuzilawula. Ibanga lesicelo libanzi futhi lingahlangabezana nezidingo zokulungiselela zezindlela ezahlukahlukene zezinto zokwakha; Okwesithathu, ingcindezi yokungcoliswa kwemvelo iphansi futhi inobungane nempilo yabasebenza. Izingqinamba zayo eziphambili ukuthi ama-Presersor of the action athinteka kalula ngenxa yezemvelo, izinga lokushisa, kanye nesikhathi, futhi umkhiqizo unokuqukethwe okuphansi komoya-mpilo.
Indlela yeSolvothermal isebenzisa izixazululo ze-organic njenge-mediament medium, eqhubeka nokwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela ze-hydrothermal. Ngenxa yokwehluka okuphawuleka ezicini zomzimba nangamakhemikhali phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo namanzi, indlela yokuphendula iyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe, futhi ukubukeka, isakhiwo, nosayizi womkhiqizo uhlukahlukene kakhulu. Nallappan et al. I-Synthesised Moox Crystals enemibono ehlukene kusuka eshidini kuya e-nanorod ngokulawula isikhathi sokuphendula se-hydrothermal sulfate njengomenzeli we-sodium eqondisa. UDianwen Hu et al. Izinto ezihlanganisiwe ze-composite ezisuselwa ku-polyoxymolybdenum cobalt (CoPma) kanye ne-UIO-67 noma equkethe amaqembu we-bipyrDyl (UIO-BPS) Usebenzisa indlela yeSolVOthermal ngokwenza kahle imibandela ye-solvethitmal ngokwenza kahle imibandela ye-solvuther.
2.4 Indlela ye-SOL GEL
Indlela ye-SOL GEL iyindlela yendabuko yamakhemikhali yokulungiselela izinto zokusebenza ezisebenzayo, ezisetshenziswa kabanzi lapho kulungiswa i-Nanomativests yensimbi. Ngo-1846, u-Elbelelmen waqala wasebenzisa le ndlela ukulungiselela iSio2, kepha ukusetshenziswa kwayo bekungakavuthwa. Indlela yokulungiselela ikakhulukazi ukwengeza i-Rare Earth Ion activator kukhambi lokuqala lokuphendula ukuze wenze i-solvent tulolip ukwenza ijeli, futhi ijeli elilungiselelwe lithola umkhiqizo oqondiwe ngemuva kokwelashwa okushisa. I-phosphor ekhiqizwe yi-sol gel indlela ine-morphology enhle ne-commert. Inqubo yokulungiselela yendlela ye-sol-gel ilula futhi kulula ukuyisebenzisa, izinga lokushisa lisakheke liphansi, futhi ukusebenza kwezokuphepha kuphakeme, kepha isikhathi sinde, futhi inani lentengo ngayinye lilinganiselwe. I-GaphenKo et al. I-Amorphous batio3 / Sio2 yesakhiwo se-multilayer ye-amorphous nge-centrifugation kanye nendlela yokushisa yokwelashwa kwe-sol-gel nge-transting Ngo-2007, iqembu lokucwaninga laseLiu L 'lathumba ngempumelelo i-fluorescent futhi lincy ezinzile EU3 + i-metal ion / metal ion / insutitizer tatconde in ama-nanocompes ase-silica asuselwa kuma-nanocomposthis asetshenziswa i-sol gel indlela. Emihlanganweni eminingana yokutholwa okuhlukahlukene kwama-steritizers omhlaba ahlukahlukene kanye nezifanekiso ze-silica nanoporous, ukusetshenziswa kwe-1,10-phenanthroline (i-app) template e-tetraethoxysilane (teos) ithempulethi enikezela nge-fluorescence esomile eyomile ukuhlola izakhiwo ze-EU3 +.
2.5 microwave synthesis indlela
I-Microwave Synthesis Methos iyindlela entsha eluhlaza okotshani nokungcola I-Microwave iyigagasi le-electromagnetic eline-wavelength phakathi kwe-1nn ne-1m. Indlela ye-Microwave yinqubo lapho izinhlayiya ezincane zemicroscopic ngaphakathi kwezinto zokuqala zibhekene ne-polarization ngaphansi kwethonya lamandla enkambu yangaphandle ye-electromagnetic. Njengoba ukuqondiswa kwensimu ye-microwave kagesi kushintsha, ukunyakaza kanye nokuqondiswa kwamalungiselelo emithini kushintsha ngokuqhubekayo. Impendulo ye-hysteresis yama-dipoles, kanye nokuguqulwa kwamandla abo okushisa ngaphandle kwesidingo sokushayisana, ukungqubuzana kanye nokulahleka kwe-dielectric phakathi kwama-athomu nama-molecule, kufinyelela umphumela wokushisa. Ngenxa yokuthi ukufudumala kwe-microwave kungashisa kahle lonke uhlelo lokuphendula kanye nokuziphatha kwamandla ngokushesha, kuqhathaniswa nezindlela zokulungiswa kwendabuko, uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlela zokulungiselela ukulungiswa, ukuphepha okuluhlaza, usayizi wezinto ezibonakalayo eziluhlaza, nobumsulwa besigaba esiphakeme. Kodwa-ke, imibiko eminingi isebenzisa ama-microwave ama-computer anjenge-carbon powder, FE3O4, kanye ne-MNO2 ukuhlinzeka ngokushisa ngokuqondile ukusabela. Izinto ezidonswa kalula ama-microwaves futhi zingasebenza ama-akhawunti ngokwawo adinga ukubheka okunye. U-Liu et al. Kuhlanganiswe nendlela ye-CO Phela ngendlela ye-microwave ukuhlanganisa i-Pure Spinol Limn2O4 ene-morphology ye-porous kanye nezakhiwo ezinhle.
2.6 Indlela yokuhlanganisa
Indlela yokuvuselela isuselwa ezindleleni zokushisa zendabuko, ezisebenzisa i-organic fancy confestion ukukhiqiza umkhiqizo oqondiwe ngemuva kokuthi isixazululo sihanjiswe ukomisa. Igesi ekhishwe ngokuhlanganiswa kwezinto eziphilayo zinganciphisa ngempumelelo ukwenzeka kwe-agglomeration. Uma kuqhathaniswa nendlela yokufudumeza isimo esiqinile, kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla futhi kufanelekile ngemikhiqizo enezidingo zokushisa okuphansi. Kodwa-ke, inqubo yokuphendula idinga ukwengezwa kwezinto eziphilayo, ezikhulisa izindleko. Le ndlela inomthamo omncane wokucubungula futhi ayifanele ukukhiqizwa kwezimboni. Umkhiqizo okhiqizwa yindlela yokuhlanganisa unosayizi omncane futhi ofanayo, kepha ngenxa yenqubo emfushane yokusabela, kungahle kube namakristalu angaphelele, okuthinta ukusebenza kwe-luminescence kwamakristalu. Anning et al. Kusetshenziswe iLa2o3, B2O3, kanye ne-MG njengokuqala kwezinto zokwakha futhi wasebenzisa usawoti osizwa ngokuhlanganiswa kwe-lab6 powder kuma-batch esikhathini esifushane.
3. Ukusetshenziswa kweRare EndropuliumIzakhiwo ezikuthuthukisweni zeminwe
Indlela yokubonisa ye-powder ingenye yezindlela zokubonisa zeminwe zakudala nezendabuko. Njengamanje, ama-powders akhombisa iminwe angahlukaniswa izigaba ezintathu: amapopi endabuko, anjengamandla kazibuthe akhiwa nge-iron powder ne-carbon; Izinsimbi zensimbi, njenge-powder yegolide,isiliva powder, nakwamanye ama-powders ensimbi anesakhiwo senethiwekhi; I-fluorescent powder. Kodwa-ke, amapopi endabuko ajwayele ukuba nobunzima obukhulu ekuboniseni iminwe noma iminwe yakudala yezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi zezinto, futhi ube nomphumela othile onobuthi empilweni yabasebenzisi. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, abasebenzi besayensi yobugebengu kanye nobuchwepheshe bake bathande ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ze-nano fluorescent zokuboniswa kweminwe. Ngenxa yezindawo ezihlukile ze-luminescent ze-EU3 + kanye nokusebenza okusakazekile kweUmhlaba ongavamileizinto,Rare EndropuliumIzakhiwo azigcini nje ngokucwaninga okushisayo ensimini ye-Forensic Science, kepha futhi zinikeze imibono ebanzi yocwaningo yokuboniswa kweminwe. Kodwa-ke, i-EU3 + e-Liquid noma i-solids inokusebenza kabi kokukhanya kokukhanya futhi idinga ukuhlanganiswa nama-ligands ukuzwela nokukhanya okukhanyayo, okwenza i-EU3 + ukukhombisa izakhiwo ezinamandla futhi eziphikelelayo kakhulu futhi eziphikelelayo ze-fluorescence. Njengamanje, ama-ligands asetshenziswa kakhulu afaka phakathi ama-βiketones, ama-carboxylic acid kanye nosawoti we-carboxylate, ama-argamoleecular macrocycles, njll. Ngocwaningo olujulile nokusetshenziswa kweRare Endropuliumizakhiwo, zitholakale ukuthi ezindaweni ezinomswakama, ukudlidliza kokuhlanganiswa kwe-H2O Molecule kuindlu yokuhlala yokungenayoguguIzakhiwo zingadala ukujuluka kwe-luminescence. Ngakho-ke, ukuze kufinyelelwe ukukhethwa okungcono kanye nohluke kakhulu ekubonisweni kweminwe, kudingeka kwenziwe imizamo yokufunda ukuthi ungawuthuthukisa kanjani umkhonzo wokushisa nokuqina kweindlu yokuhlala yokungenayoguguizakhiwo.
Ngo-2007, iqembu lokucwaninga laseLiu L 'lalingamaphayona ethulaindlu yokuhlala yokungenayoguguIzakhiwo emkhakheni wokuboniswa kweminwe okokuqala ngqa ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe. I-Fluorescent kakhulu futhi ikhandlela elizinzile le-EU3 + i-Metal Ion / Sensitizer Izakhiwo ezithwetshiwe yi-sol gel indlela zingasetshenziselwa ukutholwa kweminwe okuhlobene neminwe ngezinto ezahlukahlukene ezihlobene neminwe, kufaka phakathi i-foil yegolide namaqabunga aluhlaza. Ukucwaninga okuhlola kwethule inqubo yokulungiselela, i-UV / VISSRA, izici ze-fluorescence, kanye nemiphumela yokulebula kweminwe yalezi zinto ezintsha ze-EU3 + / OP / Teos Nanocomoste.
Ngo-2014, uSeung Jin Ryu et al. Okokuqala kwakha inkemba ye-EU3 + (i-EUCL2 (Phen) 2] ClAhydrateI-Europoum Chloride(Eucl3 · 6h2o) ne-1-10 phenanthrline (phen). Ngokuphendula kwe-Ion Exchange phakathi kwe-interlayer sodium ion futhiindlu yokuhlala yokungenayoguguI-Complex Ions, i-NANO NATO HYBRID Compounds (EU (Phen) 2) 3 + - Synthesised Lithium Stone ne-EU (Phen) 2) 3 + - I-Montmorillonite) yatholakala. Ngaphansi kokuvusa isibani se-UV endaweni yakwa-312NM, lezi zinto ezimbili azigcini ngokulondolozwa kwezimpawu ze-photoluminescence, [amakhemikhali kanye nokungabikho kwe-ion angconuko, [eu (phen) 2] 3 + - i-lithium insipho Ukuqina okungcono kwe-luminescence kune- [EU (Phen) 2] 3 + - I-Montmorillonite, kanti iminwe ikhombisa imigqa ecacile kanye nokwehluka okunamandla ngemuva. Ngo-2016, v Sharma et al. I-Synthesised Strontium Alimate (SROST2O4: EU2 +, DY3 +) nano fluorecent powder ngokusebenzisa indlela yokuhlanganisa. I-powder ilungele ukuboniswa kweminwe emisha neyakudala yezinto ezivuthiwe futhi ezingezona ezivumelekile njengephepha elijwayelekile elinemibala, iphepha lokupakisha, i-aluminium foil, nama-audical ama-optical. Akugcini nje kuphela ukuzwela okuphezulu nokukhetha, kepha futhi kunezimpawu eziqinile nezihlala isikhathi eside. Ngo-2018, wang et al. ilungiselelwe ama-cas nanoparticles (ESM-CAS-NP) akhiwe ngeindlu yokuhlala yokungenayogugu, iSamurium, kanye ne-manganese ngesilinganiso esimaphakathi sama-30mm. AmaNanoparticles ahlanganiswe ne-Amphiphilic Ligands, ebavumela ukuba bahlakazeke ngendlela efanayo emanzini ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ukusebenza kwabo kwe-fluorescence; CO ukuguqulwa kwe-ESM-CAS-NP-NP ephezulu nge-1-dodecylthiol ne-11-Mercopndocanoic acid (i-ARG-DT) / Mua @ ESM-CAS NPS ixazululwe ngempumelelo inkinga ye-fluorescence ecijwe emanzini nezinhlayiya zezinhlayiyana ezibangelwa polyrolysis. Le mpuphu ye-fluorescent ayikhombisi kuphela izigxivizo zeminwe ezingaba khona ezifana ne-aluminium foil, ipulasitiki, kanye nemishini yokukhangisa ebizayo futhi ayidingi imishini yokukhanyisa ebizayo futhi ayidingi imishini yokukhanyisa ebizayo futhi ineqembu elithile, iqembu likaWang lisebenzise uchungechunge lwe-ternaryindlu yokuhlala yokungenayoguguIzakhiwo [EU (M-MA) 3 (O-Phen)] Sebenzisa i-Ortho, Meta, ne-P-Methylbenzoic acid njenge-ligand yokuqala ne-ortho phenenthroline njenge-ligand yesibili esebenzisa indlela yezulu. Ngaphansi kwe-245NM ultraviolet ukukhanya okunerradiation, izigxivizo zeminwe ezingaba khona ezintweni ezinjengamapulasitiki nezimpawu zokuthengisa kungakhonjiswa ngokucacile. Ngo-2019, iSung Jun Park et al. Synthesised YBO3: LN3 + (LN = EU, TB) phosphors ngokusebenzisa iSolVOwthermal indlela, ethuthukisa ngokuphumelelayo nokutholwa kweminwe nokunciphisa ukuphazamiseka kwangemuva. Ngo-2020, prabakaran et al. Kuthuthukiswe i-Fluorescent na [EU 5,50 DMBP) (Phen) 3] I-NA [EU (5,5 '- DMBP) (Phen) 3] I-CL3 yahlanganiswa isebenzisa i-Phen no-5,5 - I-DMBTROSE yayisetshenziswa njenge-PR3 ne-EU (5,50 DMBP) (Phen) 3] 3 / D-Dextrose Complex. Ngokuhlola, i-composite ingakhombisa ngokusobala ukuthi izigxivizo zeminwe ezintweni ezinjengezimboni zamabhodlela epulasitiki, izibuko, kanye nemali yaseNingizimu Afrika ngaphansi kokukhanya kwelanga noma ukuvela okuphezulu, ngokusebenza okuphezulu kwe-fluorescence. Ngo-2021, uDan Zhang et al. Yakhelwe ngempumelelo futhi yahlanganisa inoveli ye-hexanuclear eu3 + i-EU6 + eyinkimbinkimbi ye-18ctP (PPA) ye-18CTP-typy ngeziza eziyisithupha zokubopha, ezinokuqina okushisa kahle kwe-fluorescence (<50 ℃) futhi kungasetshenziselwa ukubonisa iminwe. Kodwa-ke, kudingeka ezinye izivivinyo ukuthola izinhlobo zayo zezivakashi ezifanele. Ngo-2022, l brni et al. Impumelelo ye-EU Synthessised EU: Y2SNN2O7 Fluorescent Plawsay ngendlela ye-CE Precitations kanye nokwelashwa okwengeziwe kokugaya, okungokwakheka okungekho emgqeni ngezinto zokhuni kanye ne-yb. I-254NM ultraviolet ethokozisayo kanye ne-fluorescence eluhlaza egqamile ngaphansi kwe-980NM eduzane ne-expalitation, efinyelela ukuboniswa kwemodi okubili, okuthola ukuboniswa kwemodi yeminwe embaxambili yeminwe engaba khona kwisivakashi. Ukuboniswa kweminwe okungenzeka ezintweni ezifana nama-cellamic tile, amashidi epulasitiki, ama-aluminium alloys, i-RMB, kanye nephepha lezincwadi elinemibala, futhi umehluko, kanye nokumelana okuqinile kokuphazamiseka kwangemuva.
4 umbono
Eminyakeni yamuva, ucwaningoRare EndropuliumIzakhiwo zidonsele ukunakwa okukhulu, ngenxa yezindawo zazo ezinhle kakhulu zokukhanya ezibonakalayo ezifana nokuqina kwe-luminecence ephezulu, ukuhlanzeka kombala ophakeme, isikhathi eside se-fluorescence, izikhala ezinkulu zamandla nokuphuma kwezikhala. Ngokujula kocwaningo ngezinto zokwakha zomhlaba ezingandile, izinhlelo zazo emikhakheni ehlukahlukene njengokukhanyisa nokuboniswa, imboni yezolimo, imvelo yezolimo, ukutholwa kwemininingwane ye-anti, njll. Ziyanda kakhulu. Izakhiwo ze-Optical ofindlu yokuhlala yokungenayoguguIzakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu, futhi izinkambu zazo zohlelo lokusebenza ziya ngokuya zikhula kancane. Kodwa-ke, ukuntuleka kwabo kokuqina okushisayo, izakhiwo zemishini, nokukhononywa kuzonciphisa izinhlelo zazo ezisebenzayo. Kusuka kumbono wokucwaninga wamanje, ukucwaninga kwesicelo sezakhiwo ze-Optical ofindlu yokuhlala yokungenayoguguizakhiwo emkhakheni wesayensi ye-forensic kufanele zigxile kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni izakhiwo zeindlu yokuhlala yokungenayoguguIzakhiwo kanye nokuxazulula izinkinga zezinhlayiya ze-fluorescent ezithambekele ekuhlanganiseni ezindaweni ezinomswakama, ukugcina ukuqina kanye nokusebenza kahle kwe-luminescenceindlu yokuhlala yokungenayoguguizakhiwo ezixazululweni zamanzi. Kulezi zinsuku, inqubekela phambili yomphakathi kanye nesayensi kanye nobuchwepheshe babeke phambili izidingo eziphakeme zokulungiswa kwezinto ezintsha. Ngenkathi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zesicelo, kufanele futhi kuhambisane nezimpawu zokwakheka okuhlukahlukene nezindleko eziphansi. Ngakho-ke, ucwaningo olwengeziwe ngaloindlu yokuhlala yokungenayoguguIzakhiwo zibaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni izinsiza zomhlaba ezicebile zaseChina kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe bobugebengu nezobuchwepheshe.
Isikhathi sePosi: Nov-01-2023