Kukhona uhlobo lwensimbi oluyimilingo kakhulu.Empilweni yansuku zonke, ibonakala isesimweni esiwuketshezi njenge-mercury.Uma uliwisa ethini, uzomangala ukuthola ukuthi ibhodlela liba ntekenteke njengephepha, futhi lizophuka nje.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuwisa phezu kwezinsimbi ezifana nethusi nensimbi nakho kubangela lesi simo, esingabizwa ngokuthi "i-metal terminator".Yini ebangela ukuthi ibe nezici ezinjalo?Namuhla sizongena emhlabeni we-metal gallium.
1, Iyini i-elementiinsimbi ye-gallium
I-elementi ye-Gallium iseqenjini le-IIA lenkathi yesine kuthebula le-periodic lezinto.Iphuzu lokuncibilika le-gallium emsulwa liphansi kakhulu, lingama-29.78 ℃ kuphela, kodwa indawo yokubilisa iphezulu njengo-2204.8 ℃.Ehlobo, iningi liba khona njengoketshezi futhi lingancibilika lapho libekwe entendeni yesandla.Kusukela kulezi zakhiwo ezingenhla, singaqonda ukuthi i-gallium ingakwazi ukugqwala ezinye izinsimbi ngokunembile ngenxa yezinga layo eliphansi lokuncibilika.I-gallium ewuketshezi yenza ama-alloys nezinye izinsimbi, okuyisenzakalo somlingo okukhulunywe ngaso ekuqaleni.Okuqukethwe kwawo oqweqweni loMhlaba kulinganiselwa ku-0.001% kuphela, futhi ubukhona bawo abutholakalanga kwaze kwaba yiminyaka eyi-140 edlule.Ngo-1871, usokhemisi waseRussia uMendeleev wafingqa ithebula lezakhi zezikhathi ezithile futhi wabikezela ukuthi ngemva kwe-zinc, kukhona nento engaphansi kwe-aluminium, enezici ezifanayo ne-aluminium futhi ibizwa ngokuthi "i-aluminium efana ne-elementi".Ngo-1875, lapho usosayensi ongumFulentshi uBowabordland efunda imithetho ye-spectral line yensimbi yomndeni ofanayo, wathola ibhande lokukhanya eliyinqaba ku-sphalerite (ZnS), ngakho wathola le "aluminiyamu efana ne-element", wabe eseyiqamba ngegama lezwe lakubo. I-France (i-Gaul, i-Latin Gallia), enophawu u-Ga olumelela lesi sakhi, ngakho-ke i-gallium yaba yinto yokuqala eyabikezelwa emlandweni wokutholakala kwezakhi zamakhemikhali, yase ithola isici esiqinisekisiwe ekuhloleni.
I-Gallium isatshalaliswa kakhulu e-China, eJalimane, eFrance, e-Australia, e-Kazakhstan nakwamanye amazwe emhlabeni, lapho imithombo yemithombo ye-gallium yaseChina ithatha ngaphezu kwama-95% engqikithi yomhlaba, ikakhulukazi esatshalaliswa eShanxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, Henan, Guangxi. nezinye izindawo [1].Mayelana nohlobo lokusabalalisa, i-Shanxi, iShandong nezinye izindawo zitholakala ikakhulukazi e-bauxite, e-Yunnan nakwezinye izindawo ku-tin ore, kanti i-Hunan nezinye izindawo zikhona ikakhulukazi ku-sphalerite.Ekuqaleni kokutholakala kwensimbi ye-gallium, ngenxa yokuntuleka kocwaningo oluhambisanayo mayelana nesicelo sayo, abantu bebelokhu bekholelwa ukuthi iyinsimbi enokusebenziseka okuphansi.Kodwa-ke, ngokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kobuchwepheshe bolwazi kanye nenkathi yamandla amasha kanye nobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, insimbi ye-gallium iye yathola ukunakwa njengento ebalulekile emkhakheni wolwazi, futhi isidingo sayo sikhuphuke kakhulu.
2, Izinkambu Zokusebenza ze-Metal Gallium
1. Inkambu ye-semiconductor
I-Gallium isetshenziswa kakhulu emkhakheni wezinto zokwakha ze-semiconductor, ne-gallium arsenide (GaAs) impahla esetshenziswa kakhulu futhi ubuchwepheshe buvuthwe kakhulu.Njengomthwali wokusabalalisa ulwazi, izinto zokwakha ze-semiconductor zenza ama-80% kuya ku-85% wengqikithi yokusetshenziswa kwe-gallium, esetshenziswa kakhulu ekuxhumaneni okungenantambo.Ama-amplifiers amandla e-Gallium arsenide angakwazi ukwandisa isivinini sokudlulisa ukuxhumana izikhathi ezingu-100 zamanethiwekhi e-4G, angadlala indima ebalulekile ekungeneni inkathi ye-5G.Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-gallium ingasetshenziswa njengendawo yokukhipha ukushisa ekusetshenzisweni kwe-semiconductor ngenxa yezimpawu zayo ezishisayo, indawo encibilikayo ephansi, ukuqhutshwa kokushisa okuphezulu, nokusebenza kahle kokugeleza.Ukusebenzisa insimbi ye-gallium ngendlela ye-alloy esekelwe ku-gallium ezintweni ezithinta ukushisa kungathuthukisa ikhono lokukhipha ukushisa nokusebenza kahle kwezingxenye ze-elekthronikhi.
2. Amaseli elanga
Ukuthuthukiswa kwamaseli elanga kuye kwasuka kumaseli elanga e-monocrystalline silicon asekuqaleni kuya kumaseli efilimu amancane we-polycrystalline silicon.Ngenxa yezindleko eziphakeme zamaseli efilimu amancane e-polycrystalline silicon, abacwaningi bathole amaseli e-copper indium gallium selenium thin film (CIGS) ezintweni ze-semiconductor [3].Amaseli e-CIGS anezinzuzo zezindleko zokukhiqiza eziphansi, ukukhiqizwa kwenqwaba enkulu, nezinga eliphezulu lokuguqulwa kwe-photoelectric, ngaleyo ndlela abe namathemba okuthuthuka abanzi.Okwesibili, amaseli elanga e-gallium arsenide anezinzuzo ezibalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kokuguqulwa uma kuqhathaniswa namaseli efilimu amancane enziwe ngezinye izinto.Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yezindleko eziphezulu zokukhiqiza izinto ze-gallium arsenide, okwamanje zisetshenziswa kakhulu endaweni ye-aerospace kanye nezempi.
3. Amandla e-hydrogen
Ngokuqwashisa okwandayo ngenkinga yamandla emhlabeni wonke, abantu bafuna ukushintsha imithombo yamandla angavuseleleki, okugqama kuyo amandla e-hydrogen.Kodwa-ke, izindleko eziphezulu kanye nokuphepha okuphansi kokugcinwa kwe-hydrogen nezokuthutha kuvimbela ukuthuthukiswa kwalobu buchwepheshe.Njengengxenye yensimbi echichima kakhulu oqweqweni, i-aluminium ingasabela ngamanzi ukuze ikhiqize i-hydrogen ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, okuyindawo yokugcina i-hydrogen ekahle, Nokho, ngenxa ye-oxidation elula ebusweni be-aluminium yensimbi ukwakha ifilimu eminyene ye-aluminium oxide. , okuvimbela ukusabela, abacwaningi bathole ukuthi i-gallium yensimbi encibilikayo ephansi ingakha ingxubevange nge-aluminium, futhi i-gallium ingancibilikisa i-aluminium oxide engaphezulu, evumela ukusabela ukuthi kuqhubeke [4], futhi i-gallium yensimbi ingaphinda isetshenziswe futhi isetshenziswe kabusha. .Ukusetshenziswa kwe-aluminium gallium alloy materials kuxazulula kakhulu inkinga yokulungiswa okusheshayo nokugcinwa okuphephile nokuthuthwa kwamandla e-hydrogen, ukuthuthukisa ukuphepha, umnotho, nokuvikelwa kwemvelo.
4. Inkambu yezokwelapha
I-Gallium ivame ukusetshenziswa emkhakheni wezokwelapha ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo eziyingqayizivele zemisebe, engasetshenziselwa ukuthwebula izithombe nokuvimbela izimila ezimbi.Izinhlanganisela ze-Gallium zinemisebenzi esobala yokulwa ne-antifungal kanye ne-antibacterial, futhi ekugcineni zifinyelela ukuvala inzalo ngokuphazamisa i-metabolism yamagciwane.Futhi ama-alloys e-gallium angasetshenziswa ukwenza ama-thermometers, njengama-thermometers e-gallium indium tin, uhlobo olusha lwe-alloy yensimbi ewuketshezi oluphephile, olungenabuthi, futhi olunobungani nendawo ezungezile, futhi lungasetshenziswa ukufaka esikhundleni se-thermometer ye-mercury enobuthi.Ukwengeza, ingxenye ethile ye-alloy esekelwe ku-gallium ingena esikhundleni se-amalgam yesiliva yendabuko futhi isetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zomtholampilo njengento entsha yokugcwalisa amazinyo.
3. I-Outlook
Nakuba iShayina ingenye yabakhiqizi abakhulu be-gallium emhlabeni, zisenezinkinga eziningi embonini yaseChina ye-gallium.Ngenxa yokuqukethwe okuphansi kwe-gallium njenge-mineral engumngane, amabhizinisi okukhiqiza i-gallium ahlakazekile, futhi kunezixhumanisi ezibuthakathaka ochungechungeni lwezimboni.Inqubo yezimayini inokungcoliswa kwemvelo okukhulu, futhi amandla okukhiqiza i-high-purity gallium abuthakathaka, ikakhulukazi ethembele ekuthumeleni i-gallium eqinile ngamanani aphansi kanye nokungenisa i-gallium ecolisisiwe ngamanani aphezulu.Kodwa-ke, ngokuthuthukiswa kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe, ukuthuthukiswa kwezinga lokuphila kwabantu, kanye nokusetshenziswa kabanzi kwe-gallium emkhakheni wolwazi namandla, isidingo se-gallium sizokhula ngokushesha.Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza obubuyela emuva uma kuqhathaniswa be-high-purity gallium nakanjani buyoba nezingqinamba ekuthuthukisweni kwezimboni zaseChina.Ukuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe obusha kubaluleke kakhulu ekuzuzeni ukuthuthukiswa kwekhwalithi ephezulu kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe eShayina.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: May-17-2023