Insimbi ye-Barium (1)

1, Isingeniso Esiyisisekelo

Igama lesiShayina:I-Barium, igama lesiNgisi:I-Barium, uphawu lwesiciBa, inombolo ye-athomu engu-56 kuthebula le-periodic, iyingxenye ye-IIA yensimbi yomhlaba ene-alkaline enobuningi obungu-3.51 g/cubic centimeter, indawo yokuncibilika engu-727 ° C (1000 K, 1341 ° F), nendawo yokubilisa engu-1870 ° C (2143 K, 3398 ° F).I-Barium iyinsimbi yomhlaba ene-alkaline ecwebezelayo emhlophe esiliva, enombala welangabi oluhlaza ophuzi, othambile, kanye ne-ductile.I-Bariuminamakhemikhali asebenza kakhulu futhi ingasabela ngezinto eziningi ezingezona ezensimbi.I-Bariumayikaze itholakale njengento eyodwa emvelweni.I-Bariumusawoti unobuthi ngaphandlei-bariumi-sulfate.Ngaphezu kwalokho,i-metallic bariuminokuncipha okuqinile futhi inganciphisa ama-oxide amaningi ensimbi, ama-halides, nama-sulfide ukuze kutholwe izinsimbi ezihambisanayo.Okuqukethwe kwei-bariumkuqweqwe ngu-0.05%, futhi amaminerali ajwayelekile kakhulu emvelweni yi-barite (i-bariumi-sulfate) futhi ibunile (i-bariumcarbonate).I-Barium isetshenziswa kakhulu emikhakheni efana ne-electronics, i-ceramics, imithi, kanye ne-petroleum.

2, Ukutholakala kweI-Bariumkanye Nesimo Sokuthuthukiswa KwaseShayinaI-BariumImboni

1.Umlando omfushane wokutholakala kwei-barium

I-alkaline earth metal sulfides ibonisa i-phosphorescence, okusho ukuthi iyaqhubeka nokukhipha ukukhanya ebumnyameni isikhathi esithile ngemva kokuchayeka ekukhanyeni.Kungenxa yalesi sici ukuthii-bariumama-compounds aseqalile ukunakwa.

Ngo-1602, u-V. Casiorolus, umthungi wezicathulo e-Bologna, e-Italy, wathola ukuthi i-barite eyayiqukethei-bariumi-sulfate yayikhipha ukukhanya ebumnyameni ngemva kokuyigazinga ngezinto ezivuthayo.Lesi senzakalo savusa isithakazelo sosokhemisi baseYurophu.Ngo-1774, usokhemisi waseSweden u-CW Scheele wathola into entsha ku-barite, kodwa akakwazanga ukuyihlukanisa, kuphela i-oxide yaleyo nto.Ngo-1776, uJohan Gottlieb Gahn wahlukanisa le oxide ocwaningweni olufanayo.U-Baryta ekuqaleni wabizwa ngokuthi yi-barote ngu-Guyton de Morveau, futhi kamuva waqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi i-baryta (umhlaba osindayo) ngu-Antoine Lavoisier.Ngo-1808, usokhemisi waseBrithani u-Humphry Davy wasebenzisa i-mercury njenge-cathode, iplatinamu njenge-anode, ne-electrolyzed barite (BaSO4) ukukhiqiza.i-bariumamalgam.Ngemuva kokukhishwa kwe-distillation ukuze kukhishwe i-mercury, insimbi enobumsulwa obuphansi yatholwa futhi yaqanjwai-barium.

Izicelo zezimboni nazo zinomlando weminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu

Kusukela maphakathi nekhulu le-19, abantu baqala ukusebenzisa i-barite (i-mineral ebalulekile ekukhiqizenii-bariumfuthii-bariumama-compounds) njengesigcwalisi samapende.Kusukela kuleli khulu leminyaka, i-barite isibe yimpahla eyinhloko yokukhiqiza ehlukahlukenei-bariumequkethe imikhiqizo yamakhemikhali.Ngenxa yengxenye yayo ebalulekile, izici zamakhemikhali ezizinzile, futhi ezingancibiliki emanzini nama-acids, i-barite isetshenziswe njenge-ejenti enesisindo sodaka lukawoyela negesi lokumba kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1920.I-BariumI-sulfate isetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwezingulube ezimhlophe futhi ingasetshenziswa njengesigcwalisi kanye nombala wenjoloba.

2. Isimo saseShayinai-bariumimboni

Okuvamilei-bariumnosawoti zihlanganisai-bariumi-sulfate,i-bariumi-nitrate, i-barium chloride,i-bariumcarbonate,i-bariumi-cyanide, njll.I-Bariumimikhiqizo kasawoti isetshenziswa kakhulu embonini ye-elekthronikhi njengezithasiselo zamashubhu ezithombe zombala nezinto zikazibuthe.

Njengamanje, i-China isibe ngumkhiqizi omkhulu kakhulu emhlabenii-bariumusawoti.Amandla okukhiqiza wonyaka womhlaba wonke wei-bariumI-carbonate icishe ibe amathani ayizi-900000, ikhiqiza amathani angaba ngu-700000, kanti amandla okukhiqiza e-China ngonyaka angaba amathani angama-700000, okuphuma kuwo wonke amathani angama-500000 ngonyaka, okwenza ngaphezu kuka-70% emhlabeni jikelele.i-bariumamandla okukhiqiza i-carbonate kanye nokuphumayo.eChinai-bariumimikhiqizo ye-carbonate isithunyelwe emazweni amaningi ngobuningi isikhathi eside, futhi i-China isibe umthengisi omkhulu kunabo bonke emhlabeni.i-bariumcarbonate.

Izinkinga Ezibhekene Nokuthuthukiswa KweI-BariumImboni kasawoti eChina

Nakuba i-China ingumkhiqizi omkhulu kunabo bonke emhlabeni futhi ethumela ngaphandlei-bariumcarbonate, akuyena umkhiqizi oqinile we-barium carbonate.Okokuqala, zimbalwa izikali ezinkului-bariumamabhizinisi okukhiqiza i-carbonate e-China, futhi kukhona amabhizinisi ambalwa kakhulu azuze ukukhiqizwa okukhulu;Okwesibili, iChinai-bariumimikhiqizo ye-carbonate inesakhiwo esisodwa futhi ayinayo imikhiqizo yobuchwepheshe obuphezulu.Yize amanye amafekthri okwamanje enza ucwaningo futhi akhiqiza ubumsulwa obuphezului-bariumcarbonate, ukuzinza kwayo kubi.Ngemikhiqizo ehlanzekile, i-China nayo idinga ukungenisa ezinkampanini ezifana neJalimane, i-Italy, ne-Japan.Ngaphezu kwalokho, eminyakeni yamuva nje, amanye amazwe abe abathekelisi abasha bei-bariumi-carbonate, njenge-Russia, i-Brazil, i-South Korea, ne-Mexico, okuholela ekuthengeni ngokweqile kwamanye amazwei-bariumimakethe ye-carbonate, eye yaba nomthelela omkhulu eChinai-bariumimboni ye-carbonate.Abakhiqizi bazimisele ukwehlisa amanani ukuze baphile.Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amabhizinisi aseShayina athumela ngaphandle nawo abhekene nophenyo lokulwa nokulahlwa kwempahla evela phesheya.Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwezidingo zokuvikela imvelo, ezinyei-bariumamabhizinisi akhiqiza usawoti eChina nawo abhekene nezinkinga zokuvikela imvelo.Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuthuthukiswa kweChinai-bariumimboni kasawoti,i-bariumamabhizinisi akhiqiza usawoti e-China kufanele athathe ukuvikelwa kwemvelo nokuphepha njengesisekelo, aqhubeke nokucwaninga futhi ethule ubuchwepheshe obuphambili, futhi athuthukise imikhiqizo emisha ehlangabezana nezidingo zezikhathi futhi enokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwezobuchwepheshe.

Idatha yokukhiqiza kanye nokuthekelisa ye-Barite e-China

Ngokusho kwedatha evela ku-United States Geological Survey, ukukhiqizwa kwe-barite e-China kwakucishe kube amathani ayizigidi ezingu-41 ngo-2014. Ngokwezibalo zamasiko aseShayina, kusukela ngoJanuwari kuya kuDisemba 2014, i-China yathumela ngaphandle kwe-92588597 kilograms.i-bariumsulfate, okunyuke ngo-0.18% uma kuqhathaniswa nesikhathi esifanayo ngonyaka odlule.Inani lokuthekelisa elihlanganisiwe lalingamadola aseMelika angama-65496598, okukhuphuke ngo-20.99% uma kuqhathaniswa nesikhathi esifanayo ngonyaka odlule.Intengo yeyunithi yokuthekelisa yayingamadola angu-0.71 e-US ikhilogremu, nokukhuphuka ngamadola aseMelika angu-0.12 ikhilogremu uma kuqhathaniswa nesikhathi esifanayo ngonyaka odlule.Phakathi kwabo, ngoDisemba 2014, i-China yathumela amakhilogremu angu-8768648 wei-bariumsulfate, okunyuke ngo-8.19% uma kuqhathaniswa nesikhathi esifanayo ngonyaka odlule.Inani lokuthekelisa kwamanye amazwe lalingamadola aseMelika angama-8385141, okuwukukhuphuka ngo-5.1% uma kuqhathaniswa nesikhathi esifanayo ngonyaka odlule.

Ngokusho kwedatha yamasiko aseShayina, ngoJuni 2015, iChina yathumela ngaphandle amathani ayi-170000i-bariumi-sulfate, ukwehla ngo-1.7% uma kuqhathaniswa nesikhathi esifanayo ngonyaka odlule;Engxenyeni yokuqala yonyaka, isamba semali ethengisiwe esiye saqoqwa saba ngamathani ayizigidi eziyi-1.12, ukwehla ngo-6.8% uma kuqhathaniswa nesikhathi esifanayo ngonyaka odlule;Inani elifanayo lokuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe lehle ngo-5.4% no-9% ngokulandelanayo uma kuqhathaniswa nesikhathi esifanayo ngonyaka odlule.

3, Ukusabalalisa kanye Nokukhiqizwa Kwezinsiza ze-Barium (Barite).

1. Ukusatshalaliswa kwezinsiza ze-barium

Okuqukethwe kwei-bariumku-crust ingu-0.05%, ikleliswe endaweni ye-14.Amaminerali amakhulu emvelweni yi-barite (i-bariumi-sulfate BaSO4) kanye ne-witherite (i-bariumcarbonate BaCO3).Phakathi kwabo, i-barite iyimaminerali evame kakhulu ye-barium, eyakhiwei-bariumi-sulfate futhi ivela emithanjeni enezinga lokushisa eliphansi le-hydrothermal, njengemithambo ye-quartz barite, imithambo ye-fluorite barite, njll. I-Toxicite ingenye enkulu.i-bariumequkethe amaminerali ngokwemvelo, ngaphezu kwe-barite, kanye nengxenye yayo eyinhlokoi-bariumcarbonate.

Ngokusho kwedatha evela ku-United States Geological Survey ngo-2015, insiza yomhlaba wonke ye-barite icishe ibe ngamathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili, okuyimathani ayizigidi ezingama-740 afakazelwe.Iziqiwi ze-barite zomhlaba zingamathani ayizigidi ezingama-350.I-China yizwe elinezinsiza eziningi ze-barite.Amanye amazwe anezinsiza ezicebile ze-barite ahlanganisa iKazakhstan, Türkiye, India, Thailand, United States kanye neMexico.Imithombo edumile ye-barite emhlabeni ihlanganisa i-Westman Land e-UK, i-Felsbonne e-Romania, i-Saxony e-Germany, i-Tianzhu e-Guizhou, i-Heifenggou e-Gansu, i-Gongxi e-Hunan, i-Liulin e-Hubei, i-Xiangzhou e-Guangxi, ne-Shuiping e-Shaanxi.

Ngokusho kwedatha evela ku-United States Geological Survey ngo-2015, ukukhiqizwa komhlaba wonke kwe-barite kwaba amathani ayizigidi ezingu-9.23 ngo-2013 futhi kukhuphuke kwafinyelela kumathani ayizigidi ezingu-9.26 ngo-2014. Ngo-2014, i-China yaba ngumkhiqizi omkhulu we-barite, ngokukhiqizwa kwamathani ayizigidi ezingu-4.1 , okulinganiselwa ku-44.3% wengqikithi yokukhiqiza emhlabeni.I-India, iMorocco ne-United States zikleliswe endaweni yesibili, yesithathu, neyesine ngokulandelana, ngokukhiqiza amathani ayizigidi eziyi-1.6, amathani ayizigidi eziyi-1, namathani ayi-720000.

2. UkusabalalisaI-BariumIzinsiza e-China

I-China inothilei-bariumimithombo yensimbi, enenani elibikezelwe eliyingqikithi yamathani angaphezu kwebhiliyoni elingu-1.Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinga le-barium ore liphakeme kakhulu, futhi izinqolobane nokukhiqizwa kwalo okwamanje kubekwe kuqala emhlabeni.Okuvame kakhului-bariumequkethe amaminerali ngokwemvelo i-barite.Indawo egcina i-barite yomhlaba wonke ingamathani ayizigidi ezingama-350, kanti indawo egciniwe ye-barite eShayina ingamathani ayizigidi eziyi-100, ibalwa cishe ngama-29% engqikithi yendawo yokulondoloza umhlaba futhi ibekwe kuqala emhlabeni.

Ngokolwazi oluku-“Ukuhlolwa Kwezindawo Zokugxilwa Kwezimbiwa Eziyinhloko kanye Namandla Ezinsizakusebenza Zezimayini Zase-China Zase-Barite” (I-Chemical Mineral Geology, 2010), i-China inothile ngezinsiza ze-barite, ezisatshalaliswa ezifundazweni (ezifundeni) ezingu-24 kuzwelonke, ezinezindawo ezigciniwe kanye nezinga lokukhiqiza. kuqala emhlabeni.Kunezindawo zezimayini eziyi-195 ezinezigodlo eziqinisekisiwe eShayina, ezinenani eliphelele lemithombo eqinisekisiwe lamathani ayizigidi ezingama-390 ensimbi.Kusukela ekusatshalalisweni kwe-barite esifundazweni (kwesifunda), iSifundazwe saseGuizhou sinezimayini ze-barite eziningi, ezibalelwa ku-34% wesamba seziqiwi zezwe;I-Hunan, i-Guangxi, i-Gansu, i-Shaanxi nezinye izifundazwe (izifunda) zithatha indawo yesibili.Lezi zifundazwe ezinhlanu ezingenhla zenza ama-80% eziqiwi zikazwelonke.Uhlobo lwediphozithi ngokuyinhloko luyi-sedimentary, lubalelwa ku-60% wesamba esibekiwe.Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona futhi izinhlobo ezilawulwa yizingqimba (i-endogenetic), i-volcanic sedimentary, i-hydrothermal, kanye nezinhlobo ze-weathered (i-residual slope).Isikhathi sokumbiwa kwamaminerali ikakhulukazi sasingenkathi ye-Paleozoic, futhi amadiphozithi e-barite nawo akhiwa ngesikhathi seSinian ne-Mesozoic Cenozoic.

Izici ze-Barite Mineral Resources e-China

Ngokombono wenani, amaminerali e-barite e-China asakazwa kakhulu esifundeni esimaphakathi;Ngokwezinga, cishe wonke amaminerali anothile agxile kakhulu eGuizhou naseGuangxi;Ngokombono wesikali sediphozithi ye-ore, amadiphozithi e-barite aseShayina makhulu futhi anosayizi omaphakathi.Izindawo ezimbili kuphela zezimayini i-Guizhou Tianzhu Dahe Bian kanye ne-Hunan Xinhuang Gongxi ezithatha ngaphezu kwesigamu seziqiwi kulezi zindawo.Imvamisa, uhlobo olulodwa lwe-barite wuhlobo oluyinhloko lwe-ore, futhi isilinganiso samaminerali kanye nesilinganiso sokwakheka kwamakhemikhali silula futhi simsulwa, njengemayini ye-barite yase-Hunan Xinhuang Gongxi.Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona nemithombo emikhulu yamaminerali ahambisana nawo angasetshenziswa ngokuphelele.

4. Inqubo yokukhiqiza ye-barium

1. Ukulungiselelai-barium

Ukukhiqizwa kwe-metallic barium embonini kuhlanganisa izinyathelo ezimbili: ukukhiqizwa kwe-barium oxide kanye nokukhiqizwa kwe-metallic barium ngokunciphisa ukufudumala kwensimbi (ukunciphisa i-aluminothermic).

(1) Ukulungiswa kwei-bariumi-oxide

I-barite ore yekhwalithi ephezulu kuqala idinga ukukhethwa ngesandla kanye nokuntanta, kulandelwa ukukhishwa kwensimbi ne-silicon ukuze kutholwe ukugxila okuqukethe ngaphezu kwama-96%.i-bariumi-sulfate.Hlanganisa i-mineral powder enosayizi wezinhlayiyana ezingaphansi kwama-20 mesh kanye namalahle noma i-petroleum coke powder ngesilinganiso sesisindo esingu-4:1, kanye ne-calcine ku-1100 ℃ esithandweni somlilo.I-BariumI-sulfate iyancipha ibe yi-barium sulfide (evame ukubizwa ngokuthi "umlotha omnyama"), ehlanjululwa ngamanzi ashisayo ukuze kutholakale isisombululo se-barium sulfide.Ukuze uguqule i-barium sulfide ibe yi-barium carbonate precipitation, kuyadingeka ukwengeza i-sodium carbonate noma ukwethula i-carbon dioxide ku-barium sulfide isixazululo samanzi.Hlanganisa i-barium carbonate ne-carbon powder kanye ne-calcine ngaphezu kuka-800 ℃ ukuze uthole i-barium oxide.Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-barium oxide oxidize yakhe i-barium peroxide ku-500-700 ℃, futhi i-barium peroxide ingabola ukuze yakheke.i-bariumoxide at 700-800 ℃.Ngakho-ke, ukuze ugweme ukukhiqiza i-barium peroxide, imikhiqizo ye-calcined idinga ukupholisa noma ukucima ngaphansi kokuvikelwa kwegesi ye-inert.

(2) Ukukhiqizwa kweinsimbi ye-bariumngendlela yokunciphisa i-aluminothermic

Kukhona ukusabela okubili kokuncishiswa kwe-aluminiumi-bariumoxide ngenxa yezithako ezahlukene:

6BaO+2Al → 3BaO • Al2O3+3Ba ↑

Noma: 4BaO+2Al → BaO • Al2O3+3Ba ↑

Emazingeni okushisa asukela ku-1000 kuye ku-1200 ℃, lezi zimo ezimbili zikhiqiza okuncane kakhulu.i-barium, ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa ipompo ye-vacuum ukuze udlulise ngokuqhubekayoi-bariumumhwamuko osuka endaweni yokusabela uye endaweni yokujiya ukuze ukusabela kuqhubeke kwesokudla.Okusele ngemva kokusabela kunobuthi futhi kungalahlwa kuphela ngemva kokwelashwa.

2. Ukulungiswa kwezinhlanganisela ezivamile ze-barium

(1) Indlela yokulungiselela yei-bariumcarbonate

① Indlela yokwenza ikhabhoni

Indlela ye-carbonization ikakhulukazi ihilela ukuxuba i-barite namalahle ngesilinganiso esithile, ukuwachoboza esithandweni esijikelezayo, nokuwoswa nokuwanciphisa ku-1100-1200 ℃ ukuze kuncibilike i-barium sulfide.I-Carbon dioxide ifakwa emanzinii-bariumisixazululo se-sulfide se-carbonization, kanye netholiwei-bariumI-carbonate slurry ingaphansi kokuwashwa kwe-desulfurization kanye nokuhlunga kwe-vacuum.Ngemuva kwalokho, iyomiswa futhi ichotshozwe ku-300 ℃ ukuze kutholwe umkhiqizo oqediwe we-barium carbonate.Le ndlela yamukelwa abakhiqizi abaningi ngenxa yenqubo yayo elula kanye nezindleko eziphansi.

② Indlela yokubola eyinkimbinkimbi

Umkhiqizo wokugcina wei-bariumi-carbonate ingatholwa ngokusabela kokubola kabili phakathi kwe-barium sulfide ne-ammonium carbonate, noma ngokusabela phakathi kwe-barium chloride ne-potassium carbonate.Umkhiqizo ovelayo ube usugezwa, uhlungwe, womiswe, njll.

③ Umthetho We-Petrochemical Ewubuthi Osindayo

Impushana enobuthi enobuthi iphendulwa ngosawoti we-ammonium ukuze kuncibilikei-bariumusawoti, ne-ammonium carbonate igaywa kabusha ukuze isetshenziswe.I-solublei-bariumusawoti ufakwa ku-ammonium carbonate ukuze kuncishiswe i-barium carbonate ecolisisiwe, ehlungwayo futhi yomiswe ukuze kukhiqizwe umkhiqizo osuphelile.Ukwengeza, utshwala bukamama obutholakele bungasetshenziswa kabusha futhi busetshenziswe kabusha.

(2) Indlela yokulungiselela yei-bariumi-titanate

① Indlela yesigaba esiqinile

I-Bariumi-titanate ingalungiswa nge-calciningi-bariumi-carbonate ne-titanium dioxide, engafakwa kunoma iyiphi enye impahla.

② Indlela yokwehlisa

Chazai-bariumi-chloride ne-titanium tetrachloride engxubeni yezinto ezilinganayo, ukushisa kufika ku-70 ° C, bese uphonsa i-oxalic acid ukuze uthole imvula ye-hydrated.i-bariumtitanate [BaTiO (C2O4) 2-4H2O].Geza, womise, bese u-pyrolysis ukuze uthole i-barium titanate.

(3) Indlela yokulungiselela yei-bariumi-chloride

Inqubo yokukhiqiza yei-bariumi-chloride ikakhulukazi ihlanganisa indlela ye-hydrochloric acid,i-bariumindlela ye-carbonate, indlela ye-calcium chloride, nendlela ye-magnesium chloride ngokwezindlela ezahlukene noma izinto ezingavuthiwe.

① Indlela ye-Hydrochloric acid.

②I-Bariumindlela carbonate.Yenziwe ngetshe elibunile (i-barium carbonate) njengempahla eluhlaza.

③ Indlela ye-calcium chloride.Ukunciphisa ingxube ye-barite ne-calcium chloride nge-carbon.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona indlela ye-magnesium chloride.Ilungiselelwe ngokwelashwai-bariumsulfide nge-magnesium chloride.