Inombolo ye-athomu yeisici se-thuliumingu-69 futhi isisindo sayo se-athomu ngu-168.93421.Okuqukethwe oqweqweni lomhlaba izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zika-100000, okuyingxenye encane eningi kakhulu phakathi kwezakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile.Itholakala kakhulu ku-silico beryllium yttrium ore, i-ore yegolide engavamile emnyama, i-phosphorus yttrium ore, ne-monazite.Ingxenye enkulu yezinto ezingavamile zomhlaba ku-monazite ngokuvamile ifinyelela ku-50%, kanti i-thulium ibalwa ku-0.007%.I-isotopu yemvelo ezinzile i-thulium 169 kuphela. Isetshenziswa kakhulu emithonjeni yokukhanya ephehla amandla amakhulu, ama-laser, ama-superconductors aphezulu, nezinye izinkambu.
Ukuthola Umlando
Kutholwe ngu: PT Cleve
Kutholwe ngo-1878
Ngemva kokuba uMossander ehlukanise i-erbium earth ne-terbium earth ku-yttrium earth ngo-1842, osokhemisi abaningi basebenzisa ukuhlaziya okubonakalayo ukuze babone futhi bathole ukuthi kwakungewona ama-oxide ahlanzekile ento ethile, okwakhuthaza osokhemisi ukuthi baqhubeke nokuwahlukanisa.Ngemva kokuhlukanai-ytterbium oxidefuthii-scandium oxidekusuka ku-bait ene-oxidized, u-Cliff wahlukanisa ama-elementi oxide amabili amasha ngo-1879. Enye yawo yaqanjwa ngokuthi i-thulium ukuze kukhunjulwe izwe lakubo kaCliff eNhlonhlweni YaseScandinavia (Thulia), enophawu lwesici u-Tu futhi manje u-Tm.Ngokutholwa kwe-thulium nezinye izici zomhlaba eziyivelakancane, enye ingxenye yesigaba sesithathu sokutholwa kwezinto ezingavamile zomhlaba isiqediwe.
Ukucushwa kwe-electron
Ukucushwa kwe-electron
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f13
Thuliumiyinsimbi emhlophe eyisiliva ene-ductility futhi ingasikwa ivuleke ngommese ngenxa yokuthamba kwayo;Iphuzu elincibilikayo 1545 ° C, iphuzu abilayo 1947 ° C, ukuminyana 9.3208.
I-Thulium izinzile emoyeni;I-Thulium oxideiyikristalu eluhlaza ngokukhanyayo.Ama-oxide kasawoti (i-divalent salt) aluhlaza okotshani ngokukhanyayo.
Isicelo
Nakuba i-thulium iyivelakancane futhi ibiza kakhulu, isenazo ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza emikhakheni ekhethekile.
Umthombo wokukhanya wokukhipha amandla aphezulu
I-Thulium ivamise ukwethulwa emithonjeni yokukhanya yokukhipha amandla aphezulu ngendlela yama-halides ahlanzekile (imvamisa i-thulium bromide), ngenhloso yokusebenzisa i-spectrum ye-thulium.
I-Laser
I-yttrium aluminium garnet emithathu ene-doped yttrium (Ho: Cr: Tm: YAG) i-solid state pulse laser ingakhiqizwa kusetshenziswa i-thulium ion, i-chromium ion, ne-holmium ion ku-yttrium aluminium garnet, engakhipha ubude begagasi obungu-2097 nm;Isetshenziswa kakhulu emikhakheni yezempi, yezokwelapha, neyesimo sezulu.Ubude begagasi be-laser obukhishwa i-thulium doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Tm: YAG) i-solid state pulse laser busukela ku-1930 nm ukuya ku-2040 nm.Ukukhipha i-ablation ebusweni bezicubu kusebenza kakhulu, njengoba kungavimbela ukujiya ukuba kujule kakhulu emoyeni nasemanzini.Lokhu kwenza amalaser e-thulium abe namandla amakhulu okusetshenziswa ekuhlinzweni kwe-laser okuyisisekelo.I-Thulium laser iphumelela kakhulu ekucimeni kwezicubu ngenxa yamandla ayo aphansi namandla angena, futhi ingajiya ngaphandle kokubangela amanxeba ajulile.Lokhu kwenza amalaser e-thulium abe namandla amakhulu okusetshenziswa ekuhlinzeni nge-laser
I-Thulium doped laser
Umthombo we-X-ray
Naphezu kwezindleko eziphezulu, imishini ye-X-ray ephathekayo equkethe i-thulium isiqalile ukusetshenziswa kabanzi njengemithombo yemisebe ekuphenduleni kwenuzi.Le mithombo yemisebe iphila isikhathi esingangonyaka owodwa futhi ingasetshenziswa njengamathuluzi okuxilonga ezokwelapha namazinyo, kanye namathuluzi okuthola ukukhubazeka kwezingxenye zemishini nezobuchwepheshe okunzima ukuzifinyelela ngabasebenzi.Le mithombo yemisebe ayidingi ukuvikeleka okubalulekile kwemisebe - inani elincane lomthofu elidingekayo.Ukusetshenziswa kwe-thulium 170 njengomthombo wemisebe yokwelashwa komdlavuza osondelene kuya ngokuya kusabalala.Le isotopu ine-half-life yezinsuku ezingu-128.6 kanye nemigqa emihlanu ephumayo yokuqina okukhulu (7.4, 51.354, 52.389, 59.4, kanye nama-volts angu-84.253 kiloelectron).I-Thulium 170 futhi ingomunye wemithombo emine esetshenziswa kakhulu emisebeni yezimboni.
Izinto zokushisa eziphezulu ze-superconducting
Ngokufanayo ne-yttrium, i-thulium iphinde isetshenziswe kuma-superconductors asezingeni eliphezulu.I-Thulium inenani elingase lisetshenziswe ku-ferrite njengempahla kazibuthe ye-ceramic esetshenziswa kumishini ye-microwave.Ngenxa ye-spectrum yayo ehlukile, i-thulium ingasetshenziswa ekukhanyeni kwesibani se-arc njenge-scandium, futhi ukukhanya okuluhlaza okukhishwa amalambu e-arc kusetshenziswa i-thulium ngeke kumbozwe imigqa yokukhipha ezinye izakhi.Ngenxa yekhono layo lokukhipha i-fluorescence eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngaphansi kwemisebe ye-ultraviolet, i-thulium iphinda isetshenziswe njengolunye lwezimpawu ezimelene nomgunyathi kuma-banknotes e-euro.I-fluorescence eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ekhishwa i-calcium sulfate ehlanganiswe ne-thulium isetshenziswa kudosimetry yomuntu siqu ukuze kutholwe umthamo wemisebe.
Ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza
Ngenxa ye-spectrum yayo ehlukile, i-thulium ingasetshenziswa ekukhanyeni kwesibani se-arc njenge-scandium, futhi ukukhanya okuluhlaza okukhishwa amalambu e-arc aqukethe i-thulium ngeke kumbozwe imigqa yokukhipha ezinye izakhi.
I-Thulium ikhipha i-fluorescence eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngaphansi kwemisebe ye-ultraviolet, okuyenza ibe olunye lwezimpawu ezimelene nomgunyathi kuma-banknotes e-euro.
I-Euro ngaphansi kwe-UV irradiation, enezimpawu ezicacile zokulwa nomgunyathi obonakalayo
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Aug-25-2023