I-Terbiumungowesigaba sobunzimaimihlaba engavamile, enensada ephansi kuqweqwe loMhlaba ku-1.1 ppm kuphela.I-Terbium oxide yenza ngaphansi kuka-0.01% wengqikithi yomhlaba ongavamile.Ngisho ohlotsheni lwe-yttrium ion oluphezulu olusindayo olungavamile olunokuqukethwe okuphezulu kakhulu kwe-terbium, okuqukethwe kwe-terbium kubala kuphela u-1.1-1.2% wawo wonke umhlaba ongavamile, okubonisa ukuthi uyingxenye yesigaba "esihloniphekile" sezinto zomhlaba ezingavamile.Eminyakeni engaphezu kweyi-100 selokhu kwatholakala i-terbium ngo-1843, ukushoda kwayo nokubaluleka kwayo kuvimbele ukusetshenziswa kwayo okungokoqobo isikhathi eside.Kuseminyakeni engu-30 edlule lapho i-terbium ibonise ithalente layo eliyingqayizivele.
Ukuthola Umlando
Usokhemisi waseSweden uCarl Gustaf Mosander wathola i-terbium ngo-1843. Wathola ukungcola kwayoI-Yttrium(III) oxidefuthiY2O3.I-Yttrium ibizwa ngegama ledolobhana lase-Ytterby eSweden.Ngaphambi kokuvela kobuchwepheshe bokushintshaniswa kwe-ion, i-terbium ayizange ihlukaniswe ngendlela yayo ehlanzekile.
UMosant waqala ukuhlukanisa i-Yttrium(III) oxide yaba izingxenye ezintathu, zonke eziqanjwe ngama-ore: I-Yttrium(III) oxide,I-Erbium(III) oxide, kanye ne-terbium oxide.I-Terbium oxide ekuqaleni yayakhiwe yingxenye ephinki, ngenxa yesici manje eyaziwa ngokuthi i-erbium.“I-Erbium(III) oxide” (kuhlanganise nalokho manje esiyibiza ngokuthi i-terbium) ekuqaleni yayiyingxenye engenambala esixazululweni.I-insoluble oxide yalesi sakhi ibhekwa njengensundu.
Kamuva izisebenzi zazingakwazi ukubona i-“Erbium(III) oxide” encane engenambala engenambala, kodwa ingxenye epinki encibilikayo ayinakushaywa indiva.Izimpikiswano mayelana nokuba khona kwe-Erbium(III) oxide ziye zavela ngokuphindaphindiwe.Kulezi zinxushunxushu, igama langempela lashintshwa futhi ukushintshaniswa kwamagama kwakubambekile, ngakho ingxenye ebomvana yagcina ibizwa ngokuthi yisixazululo esiqukethe i-erbium (esixazululweni, yayipinki).Manje kukholakala ukuthi abasebenzi abasebenzisa i-sodium bisulfate noma i-Potassium sulfate bayayithathaI-Cerium(IV) i-oxideiphume ku-Yttrium(III) oxide futhi iguqule i-terbium ngokungenhloso ibe inzika equkethe i-cerium.Cishe u-1% kuphela we-Yttrium(III) oxide yasekuqaleni, manje eyaziwa ngokuthi “terbium”, eyanele ukudlulisa umbala ophuzi ku-Yttrium(III) oxide.Ngakho-ke, i-terbium iyingxenye yesibili eyayiqukethwe ekuqaleni, futhi ilawulwa omakhelwane bayo abaseduze, i-gadolinium ne-dysprosium.
Ngemva kwalokho, noma nini lapho ezinye izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile zihlukaniswa kule ngxube, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ingakanani ingxenye ye-oxide, igama le-terbium laligcinwa kuze kube yilapho ekugcineni, i-oxide ensundu ye-terbium yayitholakala isesimweni esihlanzekile.Abacwaningi ekhulwini le-19 abazange basebenzise ubuchwepheshe be-ultraviolet fluorescence ukuze babone amaqhuqhuva aphuzi noma aluhlaza (III), okwenza kube lula ukuthi i-terbium ibonakale ezixubeni eziqinile noma izixazululo.
Ukucushwa kwe-electron
Ukucushwa kwe-electron:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f9
Ukucushwa kwe-Electron kwe-terbium yi-[Xe] 6s24f9.Imvamisa, ama-electron amathathu kuphela angasuswa ngaphambi kokuba icala lenuzi libe likhulu kakhulu ukuthi lingaphinde lifakwe i-ioni, kodwa esimweni se-terbium, i-semi egcwele i-terbium ivumela i-electron yesine ukuthi iphinde yenziwe i-ionized phambi kwama-oxidants aqine kakhulu njengegesi ye-fluorine.
I-Terbium iyinsimbi emhlophe eyisiliva engavamile yomhlaba ene-ductility, ukuqina, nokuthambile okungasikwa ngommese.Iphuzu elincibilikayo 1360 ℃, iphuzu abilayo 3123 ℃, ukuminyana 8229 4kg/m3.Uma iqhathaniswa neLanthanide yakuqala, izinzile emoyeni.Njengengxenye yesishiyagalolunye yeLanthanide, i-terbium iyinsimbi enogesi onamandla.Ihlangana namanzi yakhe i-hydrogen.
Emvelweni, i-terbium ayikaze itholakale iyisici samahhala, inani elincane elikhona esihlabathini se-phosphocerium thorium kanye ne-Gadolinite.I-Terbium ihlangana nezinye izici zomhlaba ezingavamile esihlabathini se-monazite, ngokuqukethwe ngokuvamile okungu-0.03% kwe-terbium.Eminye imithombo i-Xenotime kanye nezinsimbi zegolide ezingavamile ezimnyama, zombili eziyingxube yama-oxide futhi aqukethe kufika ku-1% terbium.
Isicelo
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-terbium ikakhulukazi kuhilela izinkambu zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, okungamaphrojekthi asezingeni eliphezulu nolwazi olunzulu, kanye namaphrojekthi anezinzuzo ezibalulekile zezomnotho, namathemba entuthuko akhangayo.
Izindawo zokufaka izicelo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:
(1) Isetshenziswa ngendlela yomhlaba oxubile ongavamile.Isibonelo, isetshenziswa njengomanyolo ohlanganisa umhlaba ongavamile kanye nesengezo sokudla kwezolimo.
(2) I-activator yempushana eluhlaza kuzimpushana ezintathu eziyinhloko ze-fluorescent.Izinto zesimanje ze-optoelectronic zidinga ukusetshenziswa kwemibala emithathu eyisisekelo yamaphosphor, okubomvu, oluhlaza okotshani, noluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, engasetshenziswa ukuhlanganisa imibala ehlukahlukene.Futhi i-terbium iyingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu kuzimpushana eziningi eziluhlaza ze-fluorescent zekhwalithi ephezulu.
(3) Isetshenziswa njenge-magneto optical storage material.Amafilimu amancane we-amorphous metal terbium transition metal alloy asetshenziswe ukwenza amadiski e-magneto-optical asebenza kahle kakhulu.
(4) Ukukhiqiza ingilazi ye-magneto optical.Ingilazi ye-Faraday ejikelezayo equkethe i-terbium iyinto ebalulekile yokukhiqiza ama-rotator, ama-isolator, nama-circulator kubuchwepheshe be-laser.
(5) Ukuthuthukiswa nokuthuthukiswa kwe-terbium dysprosium ferromagnetostrictive alloy (TerFenol) kuvule izicelo ezintsha ze-terbium.
Ezolimo kanye nokufuywa kwezilwane
I-earth terbium engavamile ingathuthukisa ikhwalithi yezitshalo futhi inyuse izinga le-photosynthesis phakathi kwebanga elithile lokugxilisa ingqondo.I-Terbium complexes inomsebenzi ophezulu wezinto eziphilayo.I-Ternary complexes ye-terbium, i-Tb (Ala) 3BenIm (ClO4) 3 · 3H2O, inemiphumela emihle yokulwa namagciwane kanye ne-bactericidal ku-Staphylococcus aureus, i-Bacillus subtilis ne-Escherichia coli.Bane-spectrum ebanzi ye-antibacterial.Ukucwaninga kwalezi zinkimbinkimbi kunikeza isiqondiso esisha socwaningo semithi yanamuhla ebulala amagciwane.
Isetshenziswa emkhakheni we-luminescence
Izinto zesimanje ze-optoelectronic zidinga ukusetshenziswa kwemibala emithathu eyisisekelo yamaphosphor, okubomvu, oluhlaza okotshani, noluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, engasetshenziswa ukuhlanganisa imibala ehlukahlukene.Futhi i-terbium iyingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu kuzimpushana eziningi eziluhlaza ze-fluorescent zekhwalithi ephezulu.Uma ukuzalwa kombala womhlaba ongavamile we-TV obomvu we-fluorescent powder kuye kwavuselela isidingo se-yttrium ne-europium, khona-ke ukusetshenziswa nokuthuthukiswa kwe-terbium kuye kwakhuthazwa umhlaba ongavamile umbala oyinhloko we-powder fluorescent eluhlaza wezibani.Ekuqaleni kwawo-1980, u-Philips wasungula isibani se-fluorescent sokuqala esihlangene emhlabeni wonke futhi wasikhuthaza ngokushesha emhlabeni jikelele.I-Tb3+ion ingakhipha ukukhanya okuluhlaza ngobude begagasi obungu-545nm, futhi cishe wonke ama-phosphor aluhlaza omhlaba ayivelakancane asebenzisa i-terbium njengesisebenzeli.
I-phosphor eluhlaza ye-TV ye-cathode ray tube (CRT) ibilokhu isekelwe ku-Zinc sulfide, eshibhile futhi esebenza kahle, kodwa i-terbium powder ibilokhu isetshenziswa njengephosphor eluhlaza ye-projection color color, kuhlanganise ne-Y2SiO5 ∶ Tb3+, Y3 ( Al, Ga) 5O12 ∶ Tb3+ne-LaOBr ∶ Tb3+.Ngokuthuthukiswa kwethelevishini enkulu enencazelo ephezulu (i-HDTV), izimpushana ze-fluorescent eziluhlaza ezisebenza kahle kakhulu zama-CRT nazo ziyathuthukiswa.Isibonelo, i-hybrid green fluorescent powder iye yathuthukiswa phesheya, ehlanganisa i-Y3 (Al, Ga) 5O12: Tb3+, LaOCl: Tb3+, kanye ne-Y2SiO5: Tb3+, enekhono elihle kakhulu lokukhanya ekumineni okuphezulu kwamanje.
I-X-ray fluorescent powder yendabuko i-calcium tungstate.Ngawo-1970 kanye nawo-1980, kwasungulwa ama-phosphor omhlaba angavamile okuqinisa izikrini, njenge-terbium eyenziwe yasebenza isulfure i-Lanthanum oxide, i-terbium ecushiwe i-bromine Lanthanum oxide (yezikrini eziluhlaza), i-terbium eyenziwe isulfure i-Yttrium(III) i-oxide esebenzayo, njll. Impushana ye-fluorescent yomhlaba engavamile inganciphisa isikhathi se-X-ray irradiation ezigulini ngo-80%, ithuthukise ukuxazululwa kwamafilimu e-X-ray, yandise isikhathi sokuphila samashubhu e-X-ray, futhi inciphise ukusetshenziswa kwamandla.I-Terbium iphinde isetshenziswe njenge-fluorescent powder activator yezikrini zokuthuthukisa i-X-ray yezokwelapha, ezingathuthukisa kakhulu ukuzwela kokuguqulwa kwe-X-ray zibe izithombe ezibonakalayo, ukuthuthukisa ukucaca kwamafilimu e-X-ray, futhi kunciphise kakhulu umthamo wokuchayeka we-X- imisebe emzimbeni womuntu (ngaphezu kwama-50%).
I-Terbium iphinde isetshenziswe njenge-activator ku-phosphor emhlophe ye-LED ejatshuliswe ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ekukhanyisweni okusha kwe-semiconductor.Ingasetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza i-terbium aluminium magneto optical crystal phosphors, kusetshenziswa ama-diode akhipha ukukhanya okuluhlaza njengemithombo yokukhanya evusa amadlingozi, kanti i-fluorescence ekhiqiziwe ixutshwa nokukhanya okuvusa amadlingozi ukukhiqiza ukukhanya okumhlophe okumsulwa.
Izinto ze-electroluminescent ezenziwe nge-terbium ikakhulukazi zifaka i-Zinc sulfide green phosphor ene-terbium njengesishoshovu.Ngaphansi kwemisebe ye-ultraviolet, ama-organic complexes e-terbium angakhipha i-fluorescence eluhlaza okuqinile futhi angasetshenziswa njengezinto zefilimu ezacile ze-electroluminescent.Nakuba kuye kwenziwa inqubekelaphambili ebalulekile ocwaningweni lwamafilimu amancane ezinto eziphilayo ezingavamile ze-organic complex e-electroluminescent, lisekhona igebe elithile kusukela ekusebenzeni, futhi ucwaningo lwamafilimu namadivayisi amancane we-organic complectroluminescent angavamile emhlabeni asajulile.
Izici ze-fluorescence ze-terbium nazo zisetshenziswa njengama-fluorescence probes.Isibonelo, i-Ofloxacin terbium (Tb3+) fluorescence probe yasetshenziswa ukucwaninga ukusebenzisana phakathi kwenkimbinkimbi ye-Ofloxacin terbium (Tb3+) kanye ne-DNA (DNA) nge-fluorescence spectrum kanye ne-spectrum yokumuncwa, okubonisa ukuthi i-Ofloxacin Tb3+ probe ingakha i-molecule ebopha i-groove, i-DNA. kanye ne-DNA ingathuthukisa kakhulu i-fluorescence ye-Ofloxacin Tb3+ system.Ngokusekelwe kulolu shintsho, i-DNA inganqunywa.
Okwezinto ezibonakalayo ze-magneto
Izinto ezinomphumela we-Faraday, ezaziwa nangokuthi izinto ze-magneto-optical, zisetshenziswa kakhulu kumalaser nakwamanye amadivaysi okubona.Kunezinhlobo ezimbili ezivamile ze-magneto optical materials: i-magneto optical crystals ne-magneto optical glass.Phakathi kwazo, amakristalu e-magneto-optical (afana ne-Yttrium iron garnet ne-terbium gallium garnet) anezinzuzo zemvamisa yokusebenza eguquguqukayo kanye nokuzinza okuphezulu kokushisa, kodwa kuyabiza futhi kunzima ukuwenza.Ngaphezu kwalokho, amakristalu amaningi e-magneto-optical ane-engeli yokuzungeza ye-Faraday ephakeme anomuncwa ophezulu ebangeni lamagagasi amafushane, akhawulela ukusetshenziswa kwawo.Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-magneto optical crystals, ingilazi ye-magneto optical inenzuzo yokudlulisa okuphezulu futhi kulula ukwenziwa ibe amabhulokhi amakhulu noma imicu.Njengamanje, izingilazi ze-magneto-optical ezinomphumela ophezulu we-Faraday ziyizibuko ezingavamile ze-ion yomhlaba.
Isetshenziselwa i-magneto optical storage materials
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ngokuthuthuka okusheshayo kwe-multimedia kanye ne-automation yehhovisi, isidingo samadiski kazibuthe amasha asezingeni eliphezulu siye sanda.Amafilimu e-amorphous metal terbium transition metal alloy asetshenziselwe ukwakha amadiski e-magneto-optical asebenza kahle kakhulu.Phakathi kwazo, ifilimu encane ye-TbFeCo alloy inokusebenza okuhle kakhulu.I-Terbium esekelwe ku-magneto-optical materials iye yakhiqizwa ngezinga elikhulu, futhi ama-discs we-magneto-optical enziwe kuwo asetshenziswa njengezingxenye zokugcina zekhompyutha, amandla okugcina akhuphuka izikhathi ezingu-10-15.Zinezinzuzo zomthamo omkhulu kanye nesivinini sokufinyelela ngokushesha, futhi zingasulwa futhi zimbozwe amashumi ezinkulungwane zezikhathi lapho zisetshenziselwa amadiski optical aphezulu.Ziyizinto ezibalulekile kubuchwepheshe bokugcina ulwazi lwe-elekthronikhi.Into esetshenziswa kakhulu kazibuthe-optical kumabhendi abonakalayo naseduze kwe-infrared i-Terbium Gallium Garnet (TGG) ikristalu eyodwa, okuyi-magneto-optical material engcono kakhulu yokwenza ama-rotator e-Faraday nama-isolator.
Ngengilazi ye-magneto optical
Ingilazi ye-Faraday magneto optical inokukhanya okuhle kanye ne-isotropy ezindaweni ezibonakalayo ne-infrared, futhi ingakha izimo ezihlukahlukene eziyinkimbinkimbi.Kulula ukukhiqiza imikhiqizo yosayizi omkhulu futhi ingadonselwa kuma-optical fibers.Ngakho-ke, inamathemba okusebenza abanzi kumadivayisi we-magneto optical afana ne-magneto optical isolator, i-magneto optical modulators, kanye nezinzwa zamanje ze-fiber optic.Ngenxa yesikhathi sawo esikhulu sikazibuthe kanye ne-coefficient encane yokumunca ebangeni elibonakalayo ne-infrared, ama-Tb3+ion asetshenziswa kakhulu ama-ion omhlaba ayivelakancane ezingilazini ze-magneto optical.
I-Terbium dysprosium ferromagnetostrictive alloy
Ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, ngokujula koguquko lwezesayensi nezobuchwepheshe emhlabeni wonke, I-Applied Materials yomhlaba entsha engavamile ivela ngokushesha.Ngo-1984, i-Iowa State University yase-United States, i-Ames Laboratory yoMnyango Wezamandla wase-United States wase-United States kanye ne-US Navy Surface Weapons Research Center (abasebenzi abakhulu be-American Edge Technology Company (ET REMA) yasungulwa kamuva. isikhungo) bakha ngokuhlanganyela into entsha eyivelakancane ye-Earth Smart, okuyi-terbium dysprosium iron giant magnetostrictive material.Le nto entsha ye-Smart inezici ezinhle kakhulu zokuguqula amandla kagesi abe amandla omshini.Ama-transducer angaphansi kwamanzi kanye ne-electro-acoustic enziwe ngale nto enkulukazikazibuthe amiswe ngempumelelo emishinini yasolwandle, izipikha zokuthola umthombo kawoyela, amasistimu omsindo nokudlidliza, kanye nokuhlola ulwandle kanye nezinhlelo zokuxhumana ezingaphansi komhlaba.Ngakho-ke, ngokushesha nje lapho kuzalwa i-terbium dysprosium iron giant magnetostrictive material, yathola ukunakwa okusabalele okuvela emazweni anezimboni emhlabeni jikelele.I-Edge Technologies e-United States yaqala ukukhiqiza i-terbium dysprosium iron giant magnetostrictive materials ngo-1989 futhi yaziqamba ngokuthi i-Terfenol D. Ngokulandelayo, i-Sweden, i-Japan, i-Russia, i-United Kingdom, ne-Australia nazo zakha i-terbium dysprosium iron giant magnetostrictive materials.
Kusukela emlandweni wokuthuthukiswa kwalokhu okubalulekile e-United States, kokubili ukusungulwa kwezinto kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo kwasekuqaleni kwe-monopolistic kuhlobene ngokuqondile nemboni yezempi (efana ne-navy).Nakuba iminyango yezempi neyokuvikela yaseChina iqinisa kancane kancane ukuqonda kwayo ngale nto.Kodwa-ke, ngemva kokuba Amandla Kazwelonke Ezwe LaseShayina akhule kakhulu, izidingo zokufeza isu lokuncintisana lezempi ekhulwini lama-21 kanye nokwenza ngcono izinga lemishini ngokuqinisekile zizophuthuma kakhulu.Ngakho-ke, ukusetshenziswa kabanzi kwe-terbium dysprosium iron giant magnetostrictive materials yiminyango yezempi neyezokuvikela kazwelonke kuyoba yisidingo somlando.
Ngamafuphi, izici eziningi ezinhle kakhulu ze-terbium ziyenza ibe yilungu elibalulekile lezinto eziningi zokusebenza kanye nesimo esingenakubuyiseleka kwezinye izinkambu zohlelo lokusebenza.Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yentengo ephezulu ye-terbium, abantu bebefunda ukuthi bangagwema kanjani futhi banciphise ukusetshenziswa kwe-terbium ukuze behlise izindleko zokukhiqiza.Isibonelo, izinto ezingavamile ze-magneto-optical zomhlaba kufanele futhi zisebenzise i-dysprosium iron cobalt engabizi kakhulu noma i-gadolinium terbium cobalt ngangokunokwenzeka;Zama ukunciphisa okuqukethwe kwe-terbium kumpushana ye-fluorescent eluhlaza okufanele isetshenziswe.Intengo isiphenduke into ebalulekile ekhawulela ukusetshenziswa okusabalele kwe-terbium.Kodwa izinto eziningi ezisebenzayo azikwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kwayo, ngakho-ke kufanele sihambisane nesimiso "sokusebenzisa insimbi enhle ku-blade" futhi sizame ukulondoloza ukusetshenziswa kwe-terbium ngangokunokwenzeka.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jul-05-2023