I-terbiumkungokwesigaba esisindayoimihlaba engavamile, ngokuchichima okuphansi emhlabathini emhlabeni nge-1.1 ppm kuphela. I-Terbium Oxide Akhawunti engaphansi kuka-0.01% womhlaba ophelele. Ngisho nase-ytttrium ion hlobo Uhlobo Olusindayo Emhlabeni Olusezingeni eliphezulu ngokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-Terbium, okuqukethwe kwe-terbium kuphela ama-akhawunti we-1.1-1.2% womhlaba ojwayelekile, okukhombisa ukuthi kungokwesigaba "esihle" sezinto zomhlaba ezingandile. Iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-100 selokhu ukutholwa kwe-Terbium ngo-1843, ukushoda kwayo kanye nenani kuvimbele ukusetshenziswa kwalo okusebenzayo isikhathi eside. Kuseminyakeni engama-30 edlule kuphela ukuthi i-Terbium ikhombisile ithalente layo elihlukile.
Ukuthola Umlando
I-Sweden Chemist Carl Gustaf Gustaf Molafle yathola iTerbium ngo-1843. Wathola ukungcola kwayo ngaphakathiYtttrium (iii) oxidena-Y2O3. I-YTTRIUM iqanjwe ngegama elithi yterterby eSweden. Ngaphambi kokuvela kobuchwepheshe be-Ion Exchange Technology, i-Terbium ayizange ibe yodwa ngesimo sayo esimsulwa.
Mosant kuqala ehlukaniswe ytttrium (III) oxide ezingxenyeni ezintathu, bonke beqanjwe ngegama le-ores: yttrium (III) oxide,I-Erbium (iii) oxide, noTerbium oxide. I-Terbium Oxide ekuqaleni yakhiwa ngengxenye epinki, ngenxa yento manje eyaziwa ngokuthi yi-Erbium. "I-Erbium (III) oxide" (kufaka phakathi manje esikubiza ngokuthi i-terbium) ekuqaleni kwakuyingxenye engenabala elingenamibala kwikhambi. I-insoluble oxide yalesi sakhi ithathwa njengensundu.
Abasebenzi kamuva abakwazanga ukugcina i-Erbium (i-IICIM (III) Izimpikiswano ngokuba khona kwe-Erbium (iii) oxide zivelile kaninginingi. Esikhathini isiphithiphithi, igama langempela labuyiselwa emuva futhi ukushintshana kwamagama kwathuke, ngakho-ke ingxenye epinki yagcina ibishiwo njengesixazululo esine-erbium (kwikhambi, lalipinki). Manje selikholelwa ukuthi abasebenzi abasebenzisa i-sodium bisulfate noma i-potassium sulfate bayathathaIsiko (iv) oxideukuphuma kwe-ytttrium (iii) oxide kanye ne-terbium engahlosile ku-terbium ibe yi-sediment equkethe i-certium. Cishe i-1% kuphela ye-YTTRIUM (iii) oxide, manje eyaziwa ngokuthi "Terbium", yanele ukudlula umbala ophuzi kuya ku-yttrium (III) oxide. Ngakho-ke, i-Terbium iyingxenye yesibili eyayikuqukethe ekuqaleni, futhi ilawulwa omakhelwane bawo, iGadinium ne-Dysprosium.
Ngemuva kwalokho, noma nini lapho ezinye izinto zomhlaba ezingavamile zahlukaniswa nalolu ngxube, kungakhathalekile ukuthi i-oxide ye-oxium yagcinwa kuze kube sekupheleni, kwatholakala i-oxide ye-turbium ngefomu elihlanzekile. Abaphenyi ngekhulu le-19 abasebenzisanga ubuchwepheshe be-weltraviolet Fluorescence ukubheka ama-nodule aphuzi noma aluhlaza (iii), okwenza kube lula ukuthi i-terbium ibonwa ekuxubeni noma izixazululo eziqinile.
Ukucushwa kwe-elektroni
Ukucushwa kwe-elektroni:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3D10 4p6 5S2 4D10 5p6 6s2 4F9
Ukucushwa kwe-elektroni kwe-terbium yi- [xe] 6s24f9. Imvamisa, ama-elektroni amathathu kuphela angasuswa ngaphambi kokuba ishaja yenuzi ibe nkulu kakhulu ukuba iphinde ibe yi-Ioned, kepha endabeni yeTerbium, i-Semi Full Terbium ivumela ukuthi i-elektroni yesine ivumela ukuthi i-oxidants enamandla kakhulu oxinants as fluorine gesi.
I-Terbium iyinsimbi emhlophe emhlophe yensimbi emhlophe enomkhonto, ubulukhuni, nokuthamba okunganqunywa ngommese. Iphoyinti elincibilikayo 1360 ℃, Iphuzu elibilayo 3123 ℃, Density 8229 4kg / M3. Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-lanthanide yokuqala, kuzinzile emoyeni. Njengombhalo wesishiyagalolunye weLanthanide, i-Terbium yinsimbi enogesi oqinile. Iphendula ngamanzi ukwakha i-hydrogen.
Emvelweni, i-Terbium ayikaze itholakale njengento yamahhala, inani elincane lalo elikhona esihlabathini se-phosphoceol thorium kanye ne-gadilinite. I-Terbium Coexists nezinye izinto zomhlaba ezingandile esihlabathini Monazite, ngokuqukethwe okungu-0.03% terbium. Eminye imithombo iyi-xenotime ne-ares emnyama engavamile yegolide, zombili okuyizingxube ze-oxides futhi ziqukethe kuze kufike ku-1% terbium.
Isicelo
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-terbium kakhulu kufaka phakathi amasimu aphezulu wezobuchwepheshe, okuyi-technology eqinile kanye yolwazi amaphrojekthi agxile kakhulu, kanye namaphrojekthi anezinzuzo ezibalulekile zezomnotho, ngamathuba okuthuthuka ahehayo.
Izindawo eziphambili zezicelo zifaka:
(1) kusetshenziswe ngendlela yomhlaba oxubile ongavamile. Isibonelo, isetshenziswa njengomanyolo womhlaba onqabile kanye nokwesetha kwezolimo kwezolimo.
(2) Isishoshovu se-green powder kumapoda amathathu aphambili we-fluorescent. Izinto zesimanje ze-Opoleelectronic zidinga ukusetshenziswa kwemibala emithathu eyisisekelo yama-phosphors, okungukuthi ubomvu, okuluhlaza okotshani, futhi okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, okungasetshenziswa ukuhlanganisa imibala ehlukahlukene. Futhi i-Terbium iyingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu kumapoyili amaningi aphezulu aphezulu we-fluorescent.
(3) esetshenziswa njengezinto ezibonakalayo ze-magneto optical I-Amorphous Metal Terbium Transition Metal Alloy Amafilimu amancane asetshenziselwe ukukhiqiza ama-disc aphezulu wokusebenza-optical.
(4) Ukukhiqiza ingilazi ye-magneto ye-magneto. Ingilazi ejikelezayo ye-Faraday equkethe i-terbium iyinto ebalulekile yabakhiqizi abashayeli, ama-isolators, nama-pundatators kubuchwepheshe be-laser.
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Ezolimo kanye nokulimazeka kwezilwane
I-Rare Earth Terbium ingathuthukisa ikhwalithi yezilimo futhi yandise izinga le-photosynthesis ebangeni elithile lokuhlushwa. Izakhiwo ze-Terbium zinomsebenzi ophakeme ngokwebhayoloji. Izakhiwo ZaseTernary zeTerbium, i-TB (ALA) 3Nenim (Clo4) 3 · 3h2o, yiba nemiphumela emihle ye-antibacterial kanye ne-bactericidal eStaphylococcus aureus, e-bacillus subtiisia Coli. Bane-antibacterial ebanzi. Ukutadisha kwalezo zinto ezinjalo kunikeza indlela entsha yokucwaninga ngezidakamizwa zanamuhla ze-bactericidal.
Isetshenziswe emkhakheni we-luminescence
Izinto zesimanje ze-Opoleelectronic zidinga ukusetshenziswa kwemibala emithathu eyisisekelo yama-phosphors, okungukuthi ubomvu, okuluhlaza okotshani, futhi okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, okungasetshenziswa ukuhlanganisa imibala ehlukahlukene. Futhi i-Terbium iyingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu kumapoyili amaningi aphezulu aphezulu we-fluorescent. Uma ukuzalwa kombala ongavamile umbala we-TV Red Fluorescent Powder uvuse isidingo se-YTtrium ne-Europium, bese isicelo kanye nentuthuko ye-Terbium kugqugquzelwe ngu-Rare Primal Fluorescent Green Fluorescent Green Fluorescent Green Fluorescent Green Fluorescent Green Fluorescent Green Fluorescent Green Fluorescent Green Fluorescent Green Fluorescent Green Fluorescent Porporescent Green Fluorescent Green Fluorescent Green Fluorescent Green Fluorescent Green Fluorescent Porporescent Green Fluorescent Porporescent Porporescent Coor Fluorescent powder amalambu amathathu acwebile amalambu. Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yo-1980, uPhilips wasungula isibani sokuqala se-Fluorescent sokuqala se-Fluorescent futhi wasikhuthaza ngokushesha emhlabeni jikelele. I-TB3 + i-Ion ingakhipha ukukhanya okuluhlaza okotshani nge-wavelength ka-545NM, futhi cishe yonke imihlaba engavamile phospors eluhlaza esebenzisa i-terbium njenge-activator.
I-phosphor eluhlaza ye-Colour TV Rach Callode Tube (CRT) ibilokhu ihlala isuselwe ku-zinc sulfide, eshibhile futhi esebenza kahle, kepha i-tybaum ye-y3: I-Terbium +, y, y3 (al, ja) 5o12 kanye neLaobr: TB3 +. Ngokuthuthukiswa kwethelevishini enkulu yencazelo ephezulu yesikrini (HDTV), imisindo ephezulu ye-fluorescent ye-CRTS nayo iyakhiwa. Isibonelo, i-hybrid green fluorescent powder yasungulwa phesheya, okubandakanya i-Y3 (Al, GA) 5o12: TB3 +, iLoocL: TBSIO5: TB3 +, onobuhlakani obuhle kakhulu be-luminescence ekwenzeni amandla aphezulu aphezulu.
I-Calcial X-ray Fluorescent Powder yi-calcium tungstate. Ngawo-1970s no-1980, umhlaba onqabile womhlaba wezikrini eziqinisa amandla, njenge-terbium acqepha i-sulfanum onide, i-terbium acqepha i-sulfanum onide (i-tui) i-sulfanum oxide (i-terc) i-sulfanum oxide (njll. I-X-ray irradiation yeziguli ngo-80%, ithuthukise ukulungiswa kwamafilimu we-X-ray, inwebe isikhathi sokuphila kwamashubhu we-X-ray, futhi unciphise ukusetshenziswa kwamandla. I-Terbium ibuye isetshenziswe njenge-activider ye-fluorescent powder yezikrini ze-X-ray zokuthuthukisa, ezingathuthukisa kakhulu ukuzwela kokukhanya kwe-x-ray, futhi zinciphisa kakhulu umthamo wokuvezwa kwama-x-ray emzimbeni womuntu (ngaphezulu kwama-50%).
I-Terbium nayo isetshenziswa njengesishoshovu ku-phosphor e-White LED Phosphor ejabule ngokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kokukhanya okusha kwe-semiconductor. Ingasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza i-Terbium Aluminium Magneto Optical Crystal phosshors, isebenzisa ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okukhipha ama-diodes njengemithombo yokukhanya, futhi i-fluorescence ekhiqizwayo ixutshwe nokukhanya okumnandi ukukhiqiza ukukhanya okumhlophe.
Izinto ze-elektroluminescent ezenziwe nge-terbium ikakhulukazi zibandakanya i-zinc sulfide green phosphor nge-terbium njenge-activator. Ngaphansi kwe-Ultraviolet irradiation, izakhiwo ze-organic ze-terbium zingakhipha i-fluorescence eluhlaza eqinile futhi zingasetshenziswa njengezinto zokwakha i-electrollinescent emncane. Yize inqubekela phambili enkulu yenziwe efundweni le-Rare Earth Comple Electroluminescent Films, Kusenegebe elithile kusuka ekusebenzeni, nasekucwaningeni kwama-rare emhlabeni
Izici ze-fluorescence ze-terbium nazo zisetshenziswa njengoba kungenzeka ama-fluorescence. Isibonelo, i-Ofloxacin Terbium (TB3 +) i-Fluorescence Probe yayisetshenziselwa ukutadisha ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-Oloxacin Terbium (TB3 +) yi-Fluorescence Spectrum kanye ne-Plospence TB3 + Plosse kungakha i-grooves ye-Oloxacin TB3 + System. Ngokusekelwe kulolu shintsho, i-DNA inganqunywa.
Okwezinto ze-Magneto Optical
Izinto zokwakha ezinomphumela weFaraday, owaziwa nangokuthi izinto ze-Magneto-Optical, zisetshenziswa kabanzi ema-lasers namanye amadivayisi abonakalayo. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili ezivamile zezinto zokwakha i-magneto: Ama-Magneto Optical Crystals kanye ne-Magneto Optical Glass. Phakathi kwazo, amakristalu e-magneto-optical (njenge-ytttrium iron garnet kanye ne-terbium gallium garnet) anezinzuzo zemvamisa eguqukayo yokusebenza kanye nokuqina okuphezulu okushisayo, kepha kuyabiza futhi kunzima ukukhiqiza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amakristalu amaningi we-magneto-optical ane angle ephezulu yokujikeleza evulekile amunxuse ephezulu ebangeni elifushane legagasi, elikhawulela ukusetshenziswa kwalo. Uma kuqhathaniswa namakristalu e-magneto optical, ingilazi ye-magneto optical inenzuzo yokudlulisela okuphezulu futhi kulula ukwenziwa ngamabhulokhi amakhulu noma imicu. Njengamanje, izingilazi ze-magneto-optical ezinomphumela omkhulu we-faraday ikakhulukazi ziyinto engavamile emhlabeni izibuko ze-ion.
Isetshenziselwe izinto zokugcina ze-magneto
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ngokuthuthuka okusheshayo kwe-multimedia ne-automation yasehhovisi, isidingo sama-disc amasha aphezulu aphezulu kakhulu. I-Amorphous Metal Terbium Transition Metal Alley Films isetshenziselwe ukukhiqiza ama-disc aphezulu we-magneto-optical. Phakathi kwazo, ifilimu elincanyana le-TBFECO linokusebenza okuhle kakhulu. Izinto zokwenziwa ze-terbium based Magneto-optical zikhiqizwe ngezinga elikhulu, futhi ama-magneto-optical disc ezenziwe kubo asetshenziswa njengezakhi zokugcinwa zekhompyutha, futhi nomthamo wokugcina ukhuphuke ngezikhathi eziyi-10-16. Banezinzuzo zamandla amakhulu kanye nesivinini sokufinyelela esisheshayo, futhi zingasulwa futhi zihlanganiswe amashumi ezinkulungwane zezikhathi lapho zisetshenziselwa ama-des discs aphezulu. Ziyizinto ezibalulekile kubuchwepheshe bokugcina ulwazi nge-elekthronikhi. Izinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ze-magneto-optical kuma-band abonakalayo futhi aseduze angezinhlabezelwe yi-Terbium Gallium gartal (TGG) Crystal eyodwa, okuyinto enhle kakhulu ye-magneto-optical yokwenza ama-fataday rotator kanye nama-isolators.
Nge-Magneto Optical Glass
Ingilazi ye-Faraday Magneto Optical ingilazi esobala kanye ne-isotropy ezifundeni ezibonakalayo nezingezinhlu, futhi ingakha ukwakheka okuhlukahlukene okuyinkimbinkimbi. Kulula ukukhiqiza imikhiqizo enosayizi omkhulu futhi ingadonswa emiculweni ye-optical. Ngakho-ke, inethemba lokusebenzisa elibanzi kuma-Magneto optical amadivayisi afana ne-Magneto Optical Isolators, ama-Magneto Optical Modulators, kanye nezinzwa zamanje ze-Fiber Optic. Ngenxa yesikhashana sayo esikhulu kazibuthe kanye ne-coefficient yayo emnyama ebangeni elibonakalayo nele-infrared, i-TB3 + i-ion iye yasetshenziswa emhlabeni jikelele ama-ions ezindaweni ezibonakalayo ze-magneto.
Terbium dysprosium ferromagnetoostriveve alloy
Ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, ngokujula kwezwe lesayensi kanye nezobuchwepheshe, umhlaba omusha onqabile owenziwe izinto izinto ezisetshenzisiwe zivela ngokushesha. Ngo-1984, iowa State University of United States, i-AMES Laborary of the United States of Energy of United States kanye ne-US Navy Survace Resechnient Company (i-US REMO REENTACE HANGE CHESTEKION CHESTION (ETREMA) yaqhamuka e-ASTRACTION) Le mali entsha ye-Smart inezimpawu ezinhle kakhulu zokuguqula amandla kagesi ngokushesha abe amandla wemishini. Ama-transfers angaphansi kwamanzi kanye ne-electro-acoustic enziwe ngalezi zinto ezinkulu ze-magnetoostrictive alungiselelwe ngempumelelo emishini yasolwandle, izipikha zokutholwa kahle kwamafutha, izikhulumi zokulawula kanye nokudlidliza nezinhlelo zokuxhumana zasolwandle. Ngakho-ke, lapho nje kuzalwa i-Terbium Dyssprosium Iron Magnetolisayo yokwaziswa, kwathola ukunakwa okubanzi okuvela emazweni athuthukile emhlabeni jikelele. Ubuchwepheshe obuse-Edge e-United States baqala ukukhiqiza ukukhiqiza izinto ezinkulu ze-Dysprosium Iron MagnetoOsjiction ngo-1989 futhi waqamba igama elithi Terfenol D. Kamuva, iSweden, i-Australia ibuye yathuthukisa i-Terbium Dysprosium Iron Giant Persprosium Iron Giant DestSprosium Iron Giant Desysprosium Iron Giant DestSprosium Iron Giant Propetolisayo
Kusuka emlandweni wokuthuthuka kwalokhu okuqukethwe e-United States, kokubili ukusungulwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nezicelo zayo zokuqala zihlobene ngqo nemboni yamasosha (efana neNavy). Yize iminyango yempi yaseChina nezokuvikela iqinisa kancane ukuqonda kwabo lokhu okuqukethwe. Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kokuthi amandla kazwelonke aseChina akhuphuke kakhulu, izidingo zokuthola isu lokuncintisana ngezempi ngekhulu lama-21 futhi ukwenza ngcono izinga lemishini ngokuqinisekile lizophuthuma kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ukusetshenziswa okwandile kwe-Terbium Dysprosium Iron Giant MagnetoOstrivity izinto ezenziwa yiminyango yezempi kanye nezwe kuzoba yisidingo esingokomlando.
Ngamafuphi, izakhiwo eziningi ezinhle kakhulu ze-Terbium zikwenza kube yilungu elisemqoka lezinto eziningi ezisebenzayo kanye nendawo engenakufinyeleleka kwezinye izinkambu zohlelo lokusebenza. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yentengo ephezulu ye-terbium, abantu bebelokhu befunda ukuthi bangakugwema kanjani futhi banciphise ukusetshenziswa kwe-terbium ukuze banciphise izindleko zokukhiqiza. Isibonelo, izinto ezingandile zomhlaba we-magneto-optical kufanele futhi zisebenzise i-dysprosium iron cobalt noma i-gadolinium terbium cobalt ngangokunokwenzeka; Zama ukunciphisa okuqukethwe kwe-terbium ku-green fluorescent powder okumele kusetshenziswe. Intengo isibe yinto ebalulekile evimbela ukusetshenziswa okubanzi kwe-terbium. Kepha izinto eziningi ezisebenzayo azikwazi ukukwenza ngaphandle kwazo, ngakho-ke kufanele sinamathele emgomweni wokuthi "sisebenzise insimbi enhle ku-blade" bese sizama ukusindisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-terbium ngangokunokwenzeka.
Isikhathi sePosi: Jul-05-2023