I-Praseodymiumiyingxenye yesithathu egcwele kakhulu ye-lanthanide kuthebula lezikhathi ezithile lezakhi zamakhemikhali, enensada engu-9.5 ppm kuqweqwe, ephansi kuphela kunei-cerium, i-yttrium,i-lanthanum, futhiscandium.Iyingxenye yesihlanu egcwele kakhulu emhlabeni ongavamile.Kodwa njengegama lakhe,i-praseodymiumiyilungu elilula nelingahlotshisiwe lomndeni wasemhlabeni ongavamile.
U-CF Auer Von Welsbach wathola i-praseodymium ngo-1885.
Ngo-1751, isazi sezimbiwa saseSweden u-Axel Fredrik Cronstedt wathola i-mineral esindayo endaweni yezimayini yase-Bastn äs, kamuva eyaqanjwa ngokuthi i-cerite.Eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu kamuva, u-Vilhelm Hisinger oneminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu womndeni owawuphethe imayini wathumela amasampula akhe ku-Carl Scheele, kodwa akatholanga lutho olusha.Ngo-1803, ngemva kokuba uSinger esengumkhandi wensimbi, wabuyela endaweni yezimayini no-J ö ns Jacob Berzelius futhi wahlukanisa i-oxide entsha, iplanethi encane i-Ceres, abayithola eminyakeni emibili edlule.UCeria wahlukaniswa ngokuzimela nguMartin Heinrich Klaproth eJalimane.
Phakathi kuka-1839 no-1843, udokotela ohlinzayo waseSweden nosokhemisi uCarl Gustaf Mosander wathola ukuthii-cerium oxidekwakuyinhlanganisela yama-oxides.Wahlukanisa amanye ama-oxide amabili, awabiza ngokuthi i-lanthana ne-didymia ngokuthi “didymia” (okusho “amawele” ngesiGreki).Wawohloza ingxenyei-cerium nitrateisampula ngokuyigazinga emoyeni, bese uyiphatha nge-dilute nitric acid ukuze uthole i-oxide.Ngakho-ke izinsimbi ezakha la ma-oxide ziqanjwai-lanthanumfuthii-praseodymium.
Ngo-1885, uCF Auer Von Welsbach, wase-Austrian owasungula ikhava yesibani se-thorium cerium vapor gauze, wahlukanisa ngempumelelo "i-praseodymium neodymium", "amawele ahlangene", okwahlukaniswa kuwo usawoti oluhlaza we-praseodymium kanye nosawoti we-rose onemibala ye-neodymium. izici ezimbili ezintsha.Omunye ubizwa ngokuthi “Praseodymium”, elivela egameni lesiGreki elithi prason, elisho inhlanganisela eluhlaza ngoba isixazululo samanzi anosawoti e-praseodymium sizoveza umbala ogqamile oluhlaza;Enye ingxenye ibizwa ngokuthi “I-Neodymium“.Ukuhlukaniswa ngempumelelo “kwamawele ahlangene” kwabenza bakwazi ukuveza amathalente abo ngokuzimela.
Insimbi emhlophe eyisiliva, ethambile futhi eyi-ductile.I-Praseodymium ine-hexagonal crystal structure ekamelweni lokushisa.Ukumelana nokugqwala emoyeni kunamandla kune-lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, ne-europium, kodwa lapho kuvezwa emoyeni, kukhiqizwa ungqimba lwe-oxide emnyama entekenteke, futhi isampula yensimbi ye-praseodymium enosayizi oyisentimitha igqwala ngokuphelele phakathi nonyaka.
Njengabaningiizakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile, i-praseodymium cishe yenza isimo se-oxidation esingu+3, okuwukuphela kwesimo sayo esizinzile ezixazululweni ezinamanzi.I-Praseodymium ikhona kusimo se-oxidation esingu+4 kwezinye izinhlanganisela eziqinile ezaziwayo, futhi ngaphansi kwezimo zokuhlukaniswa kwe-matrix, ingafinyelela kusimo se-oxidation esiyingqayizivele+5 phakathi kwezakhi ze-lanthanide.
I-aqueous praseodymium ion i-chartreuse, futhi ukusetshenziswa okuningi kwezimboni kwe-praseodymium kuhilela ikhono layo lokuhlunga ukukhanya okuphuzi emithonjeni yokukhanya.
Isakhiwo se-elekthronikhi se-Praseodymium
Ukukhishwa kwe-elekthronikhi:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p66s2 4f3
Ama-electron angu-59 e-praseodymium ahlelwe njenge-[Xe] 4f36s2.Ngokwethiyori, wonke ama-electron amahlanu angaphandle angasetshenziswa njenge-valence electron, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwawo wonke ama-electron amahlanu angaphandle kudinga izimo ezimbi kakhulu.Ngokuvamile, i-praseodymium ikhipha ama-electron amathathu noma amane kuphela ezinhlanganisela zayo.I-Praseodymium iyisici sokuqala se-lanthanide esinokucushwa kwe-elekthronikhi okuhambisana nomgomo we-Aufbau.I-4f orbital yayo inamazinga aphansi wamandla kune-5d orbital, engasebenzi ku-lanthanum ne-cerium, njengoba ukufinyela okungazelelwe kwe-4f orbital kungenzeki kuze kube ngemva kwe-lanthanum futhi akwanele ukugwema ukuthatha igobolondo le-5d ku-cerium.Noma kunjalo, i-praseodymium eqinile ibonisa ukucushwa kwe-[Xe] 4f25d16s2, lapho i-electron eyodwa kugobolondo le-5d ifana nazo zonke ezinye izakhi ze-lanthanide ezi-trivalent (ngaphandle kwe-europium ne-ytterbium, ezihlukene ezimeni zensimbi).
Njengama-elementi amaningi e-lanthanide, i-praseodymium ivamise ukusebenzisa ama-electron amathathu kuphela njenge-electron ye-valence, kanti ama-electron angu-4f asele anomphumela oqinile wokubopha: lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-4f orbit idlula i-inert xenon core ye-electron ukuze ifinyelele ku-nucleus, ilandelwe ngu-5d no-6s. , futhi iyanda ngokunyuka kokushaja kwe-ionic.Nokho, i-praseodymium isengaqhubeka nokulahlekelwa eyesine futhi ngezinye izikhathi i-electron yesihlanu ye-valence, ngoba ibonakala kusesekuseni kakhulu ohlelweni lwe-lanthanide, lapho inkokhiso yenuzi isephansi ngokwanele, futhi amandla e-subshell angu-4f aphakeme ngokwanele ukuvumela ukususwa i-electron ye-valence eyengeziwe.
I-Praseodymium nazo zonke izakhi ze-lanthanide (ngaphandlei-lanthanum, ytterbiumfuthii-lutetium, awekho ama-electron we-4f angabhanqiwe) ayi-paramagnetism ekamelweni lokushisa.Ngokungafani nezinye izinsimbi zomhlaba ezingavamile ezibonisa ukuhleleka kwe-antiferromagnetic noma i-ferromagnetic emazingeni okushisa aphansi, i-praseodymium i-paramagnetism kuwo wonke amazinga okushisa angaphezu kuka-1K.
Ukusetshenziswa kwePraseodymium
I-Praseodymium isetshenziswa kakhulu ngesimo semihlaba exubile eyivelakancane, njenge-ejenti yokuhlanza nokulungisa izinto zensimbi, izisusa zamakhemikhali, umhlaba ongavamile kwezolimo, njalonjalo.I-Praseodymium neodymiumifana kakhulu futhi inzima kakhulu ukuhlukanisa izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile, okunzima ukuzihlukanisa ngezindlela zamakhemikhali.Ukukhiqizwa kwezimboni kuvame ukusebenzisa izindlela zokukhipha kanye nokushintshanisa i-ion.Uma zisetshenziswa ngazimbili ngendlela ye-praseodymium neodymium ethuthukisiwe, ukufana kwazo kungasetshenziswa ngokugcwele, futhi intengo nayo ishibhile kunemikhiqizo yento eyodwa.
Ingxubevange ye-Praseodymium neodymium(i-praseodymium neodymium metal)isibe umkhiqizo ozimele, ongasetshenziswa kokubili njengento ehlala unomphela kazibuthe kanye nesengezo sokuguqulwa kwama-alloys ensimbi angeyona ayoni.Umsebenzi, ukukhetha kanye nokuzinza kwe-petroleum cracking catalyst kungathuthukiswa ngokungeza i-praseodymium neodymium concentrate ku-Y zeolite molecular sieve.Njengesengezo sokuguqulwa kwepulasitiki, ukwengeza i-praseodymium neodymium enrichment ku-polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) kungathuthukisa kakhulu ukumelana nokugqokwa kwe-PTFE.
Umhlaba ongavamileIzinto zikazibuthe ezihlala njalo ziyinsimu ethandwa kakhulu yezicelo zomhlaba ezingavamile namuhla.I-Praseodymium iyodwa ayivelele njengezinto zikazibuthe ezihlala njalo, kodwa iyisici esihle kakhulu se-synergistic esingathuthukisa izakhiwo kazibuthe.Ukwengeza inani elifanele le-praseodymium kungathuthukisa ngempumelelo ukusebenza kwezisetshenziswa zikazibuthe unomphela.Ingase futhi ithuthukise ukusebenza kwe-antioxidant (ukumelana nokugqwala komoya) kanye nezakhiwo zemishini kamagnet, futhi isetshenziswe kabanzi kumishini kagesi ehlukahlukene namamotho.
I-Praseodymium nayo ingasetshenziselwa ukugaya nokupholisha izinto.Njengoba sonke sazi, impushana yokupholisha esekelwe ku-cerium ngokuvamile iphuzi ngokukhanyayo, okuyindawo ephezulu yokupholisha ingilazi ebonakalayo, futhi ithathe indawo ye-iron oxide powder ebomvu enezinga eliphansi lokupholisha futhi ingcolisa imvelo yokukhiqiza.Abantu bathole ukuthi i-praseodymium inezinto ezinhle zokupholisha.I-powder ecwebezelayo yomhlaba engavamile equkethe i-praseodymium izovela insundu ngokubomvu, eyaziwa nangokuthi "impushana ebomvu", kodwa lo mbala obomvu awuyona i-iron oxide ebomvu, kodwa ngenxa yokuba khona kwe-praseodymium oxide, umbala we-powder ecwebezelayo yomhlaba ongavamile uba mnyama.I-Praseodymium iphinde yasetshenziswa njengento entsha yokugaya ukwenza amasondo okugaya i-corundum aqukethe i-praseodymium.Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-alumina emhlophe, ukusebenza kahle nokuqina kungathuthukiswa ngaphezu kuka-30% uma kugaywa insimbi yesakhiwo se-carbon, insimbi engagqwali, nama-alloys asezingeni eliphezulu.Ukuze kuncishiswe izindleko, izinto ezithuthukisiwe ze-praseodymium neodymium zazivame ukusetshenziswa njengezisetshenziswa zokusetshenziswa esikhathini esedlule, yingakho igama elithi praseodymium neodymium corundum isondo lokugaya.
Amakristalu e-silicate ahlanganiswe nama-ion e-praseodymium asetshenziselwe ukwehlisa isivinini sokukhanya sibe amamitha angamakhulu ambalwa ngomzuzwana.
Ukwengeza i-praseodymium oxide ku-zirconium silicate izophenduka ibe phuzi ngokugqamile futhi ingasetshenziswa njenge-ceramic pigment - praseodymium yellow.I-Praseodymium yellow (Zr02-Pr6Oll-Si02) ithathwa njenge-pigment ye-ceramic ephuzi ehamba phambili, ehlala izinzile ifinyelela ku-1000 ℃ futhi ingasetshenziselwa izinqubo zesikhathi esisodwa noma zokushiswa kabusha.
I-Praseodymium iphinde isetshenziswe njengombala wengilazi, onemibala ecebile kanye nemakethe enkulu engase ibe khona.Imikhiqizo yengilazi eluhlaza ye-Praseodymium enombala oluhlaza we-leek ogqamile kanye nemibala eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ingakhiqizwa, engasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza izihlungi eziluhlaza kanye nengilazi yobuciko nemisebenzi yezandla.Ukwengeza i-praseodymium oxide ne-cerium oxide engilazini kungasetshenziswa njengezibuko zokushisela.I-Praseodymium sulfide ingasetshenziswa futhi njengombala wepulasitiki oluhlaza.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: May-29-2023