I-PraseOdDODYIUMyinto yesithathu ye-lanthanide iningi le-lanthanide etafuleni lezikhathi zamakhemikhali, ngobuningi be-9.5 ppm ku-crust, ephansi kuphela kunokubaumrintshi, ytttrium,uhlobo linthanum, futhiikhentiyamu. Yinto yesihlanu enkulu kakhulu emhlabeni ongavamile. Kepha njengegama lakhe nje,I-PraseOdDODYIUMiyilungu elilula nelingafakwanga lomndeni womndeni ongavamile.
Cf aeer von welsbach uthole i-praneodymium ngo-1885.
Ngo-1751, iSweden Minel Fredrik Cronstedt yathola amaminerali asindayo endaweni yezimayini enezimayini ze-bastn Ä. Eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu kamuva, uVilhelm oneminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu owayeseVilhelm owayeseVilhelm owayengumnikazi wami owawunomnikazi wami wathumela amasampula akhe eCarl Scheele, kodwa akazange athole izinto ezintsha. Ngo-1803, ngemuva kokuba umculi waba yiBlacksmith, wabuyela endaweni yezimayini ngoJ Ö noJacob Befrikius futhi wahlukanisa i-oxide entsha, imisebe yeplanethi emfushane, abayithola eminyakeni emibili edlule. UCouria wahlukaniswa ngokuzimela nguMartin Heinrich Klaproth eJalimane.
Phakathi kuka-1839 no-1843, udokotela ohlinzayo waseSweden nosokhemisi uCarl Gustaf Gustaf Gustaf Gustaf Gustaf wathola lokhoI-Cerrium Oxidekwakuyingxube ye-oxides. Wahlukanisa ezinye izinye izinye izinkohliso ezimbili, azibiza ngokuthi uLanthana noDidymia "(okusho ukuthi" amawele "ngesiGreek). Ubolile ngokwengxenyei-cerium nitrateIsampula ngokuwaqoba emoyeni, bese siyiphatha nge-dilute nitric acid ukuthola i-oxide. Ngakho-ke, izinsimbi akha lezi zinkaziuhlobo linthanumna-I-PraseOdDODYIUM.
Ngo-1885, cf aeer von wessbach, osungula i-thorium cereium vapor isibani se-gauze ikhava, ehlukaniswe ngempumelelo i- "PraceOdyOdymium Neodymium", lapho usawoti oluhlaza okotshani kanye nosawoti we-rose Umuntu ubizwa ngokuthi "i-PraceOdDODYIUM", eqhamuka egameni lesiGreki elithi Prason, okusho ukuthi i-Green Compound ngoba isixazululo samanzi kasawoti we-prayeodymium azoletha umbala oluhlaza okhanyayo; Enye into yaqanjwa ngokuthi "Needymium". Ukuhlukaniswa ngempumelelo kwamawele "ahlanganisiwe" kubenze bakwazi ukubonisa amathalente abo ngokuzimela.
Insimbi emhlophe yesiliva, ethambile ne-ductile. I-PraseOdymium inesakhiwo se-hexagonal crystal ekushiseni kwegumbi. Ukuphikiswa kokugqwala emoyeni kunamandla kunalokho kweLanthanum, i-CERUIM, i-Europemium, ne-Europuum, kepha uma kuvezwa u-OURIMETITE, futhi kukhiqizwa ungqimba lwe-oxide olumnyama lwe-praseodymium, futhi usayizi we-prayeodymium we-prayeodymium we-prayeodymium usayizi we-prayeodymium ngokuphelele.
Njengokuningiizinto zomhlaba ezingavamile, i-PraseOdymium kungenzeka ukuthi yakha isimo se-Oxidation State kunazo zonke, okuwukuphela kwesimo esizinzile kuphela ezixazululweni zamanzi. I-PracheOdymium ikhona esimweni se-oxidation esisezingeni elithile ezaziwayo, futhi ngaphansi kwezimo zokwahlukanisa ze-matrix, kungafinyelela isimo se-oxidation esiyingqayizivele + 5 se-oxidation phakathi kwezinto zaseLanthanide.
I-aqued praseodymium ion yi-chasetreuse, futhi ukusetshenziswa okuningi kwezimboni kwe-praceodyodymium kubandakanya amandla ayo okuhlunga ukukhanya okuphuzi emithonjeni ekhanyayo.
Isakhiwo se-praneodymium se-elekthronikhi
Ukukhishwa kwe-elekthronikhi:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3D10 4p6 5S2 4D10 5p06S2 4F3
Ama-elektroni angama-59 asePraceOdDODYIUM ahlelwe njengo [xe] 4f36s2. Ngokweqiniso, wonke ama-elektroni angaphandle amahlanu angasetshenziswa njenge-electron ye-valence, kepha ukusetshenziswa kwawo wonke ama-elektroni angaphandle amahlanu adinga izimo ezimbi kakhulu. Ngokuvamile, i-PraceOdymium ikhipha kuphela ama-elektroni amathathu noma amane kumakhompiyutha ayo. I-PraseOdDODYIUM iyinto yokuqala ye-lanthanide enelungiselelo le-elekthronikhi elihambisana nomgomo we-Aufbau. I-4F Orbital yayo inamazinga aphansi wamandla kune-5D orbital, engasebenzi kuLanthanum naseCremu, njengoba ukukhiqizwa okungazelelwe kwe-4F Orbital akwenzeki ngemuva kwe-lanthanum futhi akwanele ukugwema ukuhlala i-5D Shell e-Certium. Noma kunjalo, i-swolid praneodymium ikhombisa ukucushwa kwe- [xe] 4FF25D16S2, lapho i-elektroni eyodwa egobolondo lwe-5D ifana nezinye izinto ze-europuride (ngaphandle kwe-europuum ne-yterterbium, ezihlukanisiwe ezindaweni zensimbi).
Njengezinto eziningi ze-lanthanide, i-prayeodymium imvamisa isebenzisa ama-elektroni amathathu kuphela njenge-electron ye-valence, futhi ama-elektroni asele angama-4F anomphumela oqinile wokubopha: Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi umjikelezo we-4F we-inert xenon we-elekron ukufinyelela i-nucleus, ulandelwe yi-5D ne-6S, futhi unyuse ngokwanda kwe-Ionic. Kodwa-ke, i-PraseOdDoDoDYMIUM isengaqhubeka nokulahlekelwa yisine futhi ngezikhathi ezithile i-Electron yesihlanu, ngoba ibonakala ekuseni kakhulu ohlelweni lweLanthanide, lapho icala lenuzi lisezingeni eliphezulu ngokwanele, futhi amandla we-4F Subshell aphezulu ngokwanele ukuvumela ukususwa kwe-electron ethe xaxa.
I-PraseOdDODYMIUM kanye nazo zonke izinto ze-lanthanide (ngaphandleuhlobo linthanum, yterterbiumna-lutetium, Awekho ama-elektroni angama-4F angajwayelekile) ama-paramagnetism ekushiseni kwegumbi. Ngokungafani nezinye izinsimbi zomhlaba ezingandile ezibonisa uku-oda i-antiferromagnetic noma i-ferromagnetic emazingeni okushisa aphansi, i-praceodymium yi-paramagnetism kuwo wonke amazinga okushisa angenhla 1K
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-praneodymium
I-PraseOdDODYMIUM isetshenziswa kakhulu ngesimo somhlaba onqabile ongavamile, njengokuhlanza nokuguqula umenzeli wezinto zensimbi, amakhemikhali amakhemikhali, umhlaba owayengavamile yezolimo, njalonjalo.Prathedymium neodymiumkufana kakhulu futhi kunzima ukuhlukanisa ama-pair ezinto zomhlaba ezingandile, okunzima ukuhlukanisa ngezindlela zamakhemikhali. Ukukhiqizwa kwezimboni kuvame ukusebenzisa izindlela zokukhishwa kwe-Ion. Uma zisetshenziswa ngababili ngesimo sokucebisa i-praneodymium neodymium, ukufana kwabo ngokuvamile kungasetshenziswa ngokuphelele, futhi intengo nayo ishibhile kunemikhiqizo yento eyodwa.
PrayeOdymium Neyoymium Alloy(I-PraceOdDedymium Neodymium)Uye waba umkhiqizo ozimele, ongasetshenziswa njengezinto zozibuthe ezingapheli kanye nokuguqulwa kokuguqulwa kwama-alloys wensimbi angewona ama-ferrous. Umsebenzi, ukukhethwa kanye nokuqina kwe-Petroleum Cramping Catalyst kungathuthukiswa ngokungeza i-PraceOdymium Neodymium Gxila ku-Y zeolite Molecular Sivent. Njengokwengeza ukuguqulwa kwepulasitiki, ukungeza i-praneodymium neodymium e-polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) kungathuthukisa kakhulu ukumelana nokugqoka kwe-PTFE.
Umhlaba ongavamileIzinto zokwenziwa zaphakade zensimu ziyinkambu ethandwa kakhulu yezicelo zomhlaba ezingavamile namuhla. I-PraceOdDODYIUM iyodwa ayiveli njengezinto ezihlala njalo, kepha yinto enhle kakhulu yokuvumelanisa engathuthukisa izakhiwo zezibuthe. Ukungeza inani elifanele le-praneodymium lingathuthukisa ngempumelelo ukusebenza kwezinto zozibuthe ezingapheli. Kungathuthukisa futhi ukusebenza kwe-antioxidant (ukumelana nomoya komoya) kanye nezakhiwo zemishini kaMagnets, futhi kusetshenziswe kabanzi kumadivayisi ahlukahlukene kagesi kanye nama-motors.
I-PraseOdDODYMIUM ingaphinde isetshenziselwe ukugaya nokupholisha izinto. Njengoba sonke sazi, i-Pure Certium based polishing powder powder ilula ephuzi, okuyinto esezingeni eliphakeme lokupholisha le-optical yengilazi ye-optical, futhi ithathe indawo i-iron oxide i-powder ebomvu ebomvu futhi ingcolisa imvelo yokukhiqiza. Abantu bathole ukuthi i-PraceOdymium inezakhiwo ezinhle zokupholisha. I-Rare Earth Powder Powder equkethe i-PraseOdDoDoDYMIUM izovela nsundu ebomvu, eyaziwa ngokuthi "i-powder ebomvu", kepha lo mbala obomvu akayona i-iron oxide, kodwa umbala we-praceodymium oxide, umbala we-rare Earth Popishing powder eba mnyama. I-PraseOdDODYIUM nayo isetshenziswe njengezinto ezintsha zokugaya ukwenza amasondo okugaya ama-Corunduum aqukethe i-PraneOdDoDoDoDYMIUM. Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-alumina emhlophe, ukusebenza kahle nokuqina kungathuthukiswa ngaphezulu kwama-30% lapho ukugaya insimbi ye-carbon ehlelekile, insimbi engenasici, kanye nama-alloys aphezulu. Ukuze unciphise izindleko, izinto ezivinjelwe ze-PraneOdyMmium Neodymium zazivame ukusetshenziswa njengezinto zokwakha ezedlule, yingakho igama elithi PraceDodymium Neyodmium Corundum Wokugaya isondo.
Amakristalu abunjiwe ahlaselwe ngama-praneodymium ion asetshenziselwe ukwehlisa ama-pulses akhanyayo kumamitha angamakhulu amabili ngomzuzwana.
Ukungeza i-PrafeDoymium Oxide kuZarconium Silicate kuzoshintsha okuphuzi okukhanyayo futhi kungasetshenziswa njenge-ceramic pigment - PraceDodymium ophuzi. I-PraseOdymium Yellow (ZR02-PR6OLL-SI02) ibhekwa njenge-Peralic Pigment engcono kakhulu ye-ceramic, ehlala izinzile nge-1000 ℃ futhi ingasetshenziselwa izinqubo zesikhathi esisodwa noma zokuvuselela.
I-PraseOdDODYMIUM isetshenziswa futhi njenge-colorant yengilazi, enemibala ecebile kanye nemakethe enkulu engaba khona. Imikhiqizo yengilazi eluhlaza ye-PracheOdDedymium enemibala eluhlaza eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka eluhlaza kanye ne-scallion eluhlaza ingakhiqizwa, engasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza izihlungi eziluhlaza futhi nengilazi yezobuciko nezobuciko. Ukungeza i-PraceOdymium Oxide ne-Cerrium Oxide engilazini kungasetshenziswa njengama-goggles wokufudumala. I-PraseOdDODIUM Sulfide nayo ingahle isetshenziswe njengombala wepulasitiki ohlaza.
Isikhathi sePosi: Meyi-29-2023