I-Holmium, inombolo ye-athomu 67, isisindo se-athomu 164.93032, igama lesici elisuselwa endaweni yokuzalwa yomtholi.
Okuqukethwe kwei-holmiumkuqweqwe yi-0.000115%, futhi ikhona kanye nezinyeizakhi zomhlaba ezingavamilekumaminerali e-monazite nasemhlabeni angavamile.I-isotope yemvelo ezinzile i-holmium 165 kuphela.
I-Holmium izinzile emoyeni owomile futhi i-oxidizes ngokushesha emazingeni okushisa aphezulu;I-Holmium oxideyaziwa ngokuba nezindawo eziqine kakhulu ze-paramagnetic.
Inhlanganisela ye-holmium ingasetshenziswa njengesengezo sezinto ezintsha ze-ferromagnetic;I-Holmium iodide isetshenziselwa ukwenza izibani zensimbi ze-halide -izibani ze-holmium, kanye nama-laser holmium nawo asetshenziswa kabanzi emkhakheni wezokwelapha.
Ukuthola Umlando
Kutholwe ngu: JL Soret, PT Cleve
Kutholwe kusukela ngo-1878 kuya ku-1879
Inqubo yokutholwa: itholwe ngu-JL Soret ngo-1878;Itholwe ngu-PT Cleve ngo-1879
Ngemva kokuba uMossander ehlukanise umhlaba we-erbium kanyei-terbiumumhlaba kusukai-yttriumemhlabeni ngo-1842, osokhemisi abaningi basebenzisa ukuhlaziya okubonakalayo ukuze babone futhi bathole ukuthi kwakungewona ama-oxide ahlanzekile ento ethile, eyakhuthaza osokhemisi ukuthi baqhubeke bewahlukanisa.Ngemva kokuhlukanisa i-ytterbium oxide kanyei-scandium oxidekusuka ku-bait ene-oxidized, uCliff wahlukanisa ama-elementi oxides amabili amasha ngo-1879. Enye yawo ibizwa ngokuthi i-Holmium ukuze kukhunjulwe indawo yokuzalwa kaCliff, igama lesiLatini lasendulo elithi Holmia eStockholm, eSweden, enophawu oluyisisekelo u-Ho.Ngo-1886, enye into yahlukaniswa ne-holmium yi-Bouvabadrand, kodwa igama le-holmium lagcinwa.Ngokutholakala kwe-holmium nezinye izakhi zomhlaba eziyivelakancane, esinye isigaba sokutholwa kwezakhi zomhlaba eziyivelakancane sesithathu sesiqediwe.
Isakhiwo se-elekthronikhi:
Isakhiwo se-elekthronikhi:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f11
Kuyinsimbi, njenge-dysprosium, ekwazi ukumunca ama-neutron akhiqizwa yi-nuclear fission.
Ku-reactor yenukliya, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuvutha okuqhubekayo kwenziwa, futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi, isivinini sokusabela kweketango siyalawulwa.
Incazelo Yesici: Amandla okuqala e-ionization angama-volts angu-6.02 electron.Inokukhanya kwensimbi.Ingasabela kancane emanzini futhi incibilike ngama-asidi acwebileyo.Usawoti uphuzi.I-oxide Ho2O2 iluhlaza ngokukhanyayo.Chaza ku-mineral acids ukukhiqiza usawoti ophuzi we-ion we-trivalent.
Umthombo we-elementi: ulungiswe ngokunciphisa i-holmium fluoride HoF3 · 2H2O nge-calcium.
Insimbi
I-Holmium iyinsimbi emhlophe eyisiliva enokwakheka okuthambile kanye ne-ductility;Iphuzu elincibilikayo lingu-1474 ° C, iphoyinti elibilayo lingu-2695 ° C, ukuminyana 8.7947 g/cm imitha holmium ³ .
I-Holmium izinzile emoyeni owomile futhi i-oxidizes ngokushesha emazingeni okushisa aphezulu;I-Holmium oxide yaziwa ngokuba ne-paramagnetic properties eziqine kakhulu.
Ukuthola izinhlanganisela ezingasetshenziswa njengezithasiselo zezinto ezintsha ze-ferromagnetic;I-Holmium iodide esetshenziswa ekwenzeni izibani zensimbi ze-halide - izibani ze-holmium
Isicelo
(1) Njengesengezo samalambu ensimbi e-halide, izibani zensimbi ze-halide ziwuhlobo lwesibani esikhipha igesi esakhiwe ngesisekelo sezibani ze-mercury ezinomfutho ophezulu, ezibonakala ngokugcwalisa isibani ngama-halide ahlukahlukene angavamile emhlabeni.Njengamanje, ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko yi-iodide yomhlaba engavamile, ekhipha imibala ehlukene ye-spectral ngesikhathi sokukhishwa kwegesi.Into esebenzayo esetshenziswa kumalambu e-holmium yi-holmium iodide, engafinyelela ukugcwala okuphezulu kwama-athomu ensimbi endaweni ye-arc, ithuthukise kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kwemisebe.
(2) I-Holmium ingasetshenziswa njengesengezo se-yttrium iron noma i-yttrium aluminium garnet.
(3) Ho: I-YAG doped yttrium aluminium garnet ingakhipha i-laser engu-2 μ M, izicubu zomuntu ngo-2 μ Izinga lokumuncwa le-m laser liphezulu, cishe ama-oda amathathu obukhulu angaphezulu kwalawo e-Hd: YAG.Ngakho-ke lapho usebenzisa i-Ho: YAG laser yokuhlinzwa kwezokwelapha, hhayi nje kuphela ukuthi ukusebenza kahle nokunemba kokuhlinzwa kungathuthukiswa, kodwa futhi indawo yomonakalo oshisayo ingancishiswa ibe usayizi omncane.I-beam yamahhala ekhiqizwa amakristalu e-holmium ingaqeda amafutha ngaphandle kokukhiqiza ukushisa okukhulu, ngaleyo ndlela yehlise umonakalo oshisayo ezicutshini ezinempilo.Kubikwa ukuthi ukwelashwa nge-holmium laser ye-glaucoma e-United States kunganciphisa ubuhlungu beziguli ezihlinzwa.I-China 2 μ Izinga lamakristalu e-laser m selifinyelele ezingeni lamazwe ngamazwe, futhi kufanele kwenziwe imizamo yokuthuthukisa nokukhiqiza lolu hlobo lwe-laser crystal.
(4) Ku-magnetostrictive alloy Terfenol D, inani elincane le-holmium lingangezwa futhi ukuze kuncishiswe insimu yangaphandle edingekayo ukuze kugcwaliswe i-saturation ye-alloy.
(5) Ukusetshenziswa kwe-holmium doped fiber kungenza amathuluzi okuxhumana okukhanya afana nama-fiber lasers, ama-fiber amplifiers, nezinzwa zefiber, okuzodlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni okusheshayo kokuxhumana kwe-fiber optic namuhla.
(6) Ubuchwepheshe be-Holmium laser lithotripsy: I-holmium laser lithotripsy yezokwelapha ifanele amatshe ezinso eziqinile, amatshe e-urethra, namatshe esinyeni angeke ephulwe yi-extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy.Uma usebenzisa i-medical holmium laser lithotripsy, i-fiber ezacile ye-laser ye-holmium yezokwelapha isetshenziselwa ukufinyelela ngokuqondile esinyeni, i-ureter, namatshe ezinso ngokusebenzisa urethra ne-ureter nge-cystoscope ne-ureteroscope.Khona-ke, ochwepheshe be-urology basebenzisa i-holmium laser ukuze baphule amatshe.Inzuzo yale ndlela yokwelapha i-holmium laser ukuthi ingakwazi ukuxazulula amatshe e-urethra, amatshe esinyeni, kanye nenqwaba yamatshe ezinso.Ububi buwukuthi kwamanye amatshe ku-renal calices ephezulu nangaphansi, kungase kube nenani elincane lamatshe ayizinsalela ngenxa yokungakwazi kwe-holmium laser fiber engena isuka ku-ureter ukuze ifike endaweni yetshe.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Aug-16-2023