I-Cerium 'umfowethu omkhulu' ongangatshazwa emndenini omkhulu wezinto ezingavamile zomhlaba.Okokuqala, inala yonke yomhlaba eyivelakancane kuqweqwe ngu-238ppm, kanti i-cerium iku-68ppm, ibalwa ku-28% wengqikithi yokwakheka komhlaba eyivelakancane futhi ibekwe kuqala;Okwesibili, i-cerium iyisici sesibili somhlaba esingavamile esitholwe eminyakeni eyisishiyagalolunye ngemva kokutholakala kwe-yttrium (1794).Ukusetshenziswa kwayo kubanzi kakhulu, futhi "i-cerium" ayivimbeki
Ukutholwa kwe-Cerium Element
UCarl Auer von Welsbach
I-Cerium yatholwa futhi yaqanjwa ngo-1803 ngu-German Kloppers, isazi samakhemikhali saseSweden u-J ö ns Jakob Berzelius, kanye nesazi samaminerali saseSweden uWilhelm Hisinger.Ibizwa ngokuthi i-ceria, futhi insimbi yayo ibizwa ngokuthi i-cerite, ekukhunjweni kweCeres, i-asteroid etholakala ngo-1801. Eqinisweni, lolu hlobo lwe-cerium silicate luwusawoti olunamanzi aqukethe i-cerium engu-66% kuya ku-70%, kanti okunye kuyinhlanganisela ye-calcium. , insimbi, kanyei-yttrium.
Ukusetshenziswa kokuqala kwe-cerium kwakuyiziko legesi elasungulwa ngusokhemisi wase-Austrian uCarl Auer von Welsbach.Ngo-1885, wazama ingxube ye-magnesium, i-lanthanum, ne-yttrium oxide, kodwa lezi zingxube zakhipha ukukhanya okuluhlaza ngaphandle kwempumelelo.
Ngo-1891, wathola ukuthi i-thorium oxide ehlanzekile ikhiqiza ukukhanya okungcono, nakuba kwakuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, futhi ixubene ne-Cerium (IV) oxide ukukhiqiza ukukhanya okumhlophe okukhanyayo.Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Cerium(IV) oxide ingasetshenziswa futhi njengesisusa se-thorium oxide
Cerium metal
★ I-Cerium iyi-ductile nensimbi esiliva ethambile emhlophe enezindawo ezisebenzayo.Uma ivezwe emoyeni, izokwenziwa i-oxidized, yenze ukugqwala okufana nokucwecwa kwe-oxide layer.Uma kushisa, kuyasha futhi kusabela ngokushesha ngamanzi.Isampula yensimbi ye-cerium elingana nesentimitha igqwala ngokuphelele phakathi nonyaka.Gwema ukuthintana nomoya, ama-oxidants aqinile, ama-acid aqinile, nama-halogen.
★ I-Cerium itholakala ikakhulukazi e-monazite nase-bastnaesite, kanye nasemikhiqizweni ye-fission ye-uranium, i-thorium, ne-plutonium.Okulimaza imvelo, kufanele kuqashelwe ngokukhethekile ukungcoliswa kwemithombo yamanzi.
★ I-Cerium iyisici sama-26 esitholakala ngobuningi kakhulu, ibalwa ku-68ppm woqweqwe loMhlaba, isibili ngemuva kwethusi (68ppm).I-Cerium iningi kakhulu kunezinsimbi ezijwayelekile ezifana nomthofu (13pm) kanye ne-tin (2.1ppm).
Ukucushwa kwe-Cerium Electron
Amalungiselelo e-elekthronikhi:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p66s2 4f1 5d1
★ I-Cerium itholakala ngemva kwe-lanthanum futhi inama-electron angu-4f aqala ku-cerium, okwenza kube lula ukubamba iqhaza ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali.Nokho, i-orbital engu-5d ye-cerium imatasa, futhi lo mphumela awuqinile ngokwanele ku-cerium.
★ Iningi leLanthanide lingasebenzisa kuphela ama-electron amathathu njenge-Valence electron, ngaphandle kwe-cerium, enokwakheka kwe-electronic okuguquguqukayo.Amandla ama-electron angu-4f acishe afane nalawo ama-electron angaphandle angu-5d no-6s asuswa endaweni yensimbi, futhi kudingeka inani elincane lamandla ukuze kuguqulwe ukusebenza okuhlobene kwalawa mazinga kagesi kagesi, okuholela ekuvaleni kabili kwe-valence. +3 kanye +4.Isimo esijwayelekile sithi+3 valence, sibonisa+4 valence emanzini anaerobic.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-cerium
★ Ingasetshenziswa njengesengezo se-alloy kanye nokukhiqizwa kosawoti we-cerium, njll.
★ Ingasetshenziswa njengesengezo sengilazi ukumunca imisebe ye-ultraviolet kanye ne-infrared, futhi isetshenziswa kabanzi kungilazi yemoto.
★ Ingasetshenziswa njengento enhle kakhulu yokuvikela imvelo, futhi okwamanje omele kakhulu i-catalyst yokuhlanza i-exhaust yezimoto, evimbela ngokuphumelelayo inani elikhulu legesi yokukhipha izimoto ukuthi lingakhishelwa emoyeni.
★ Ukukhanyaizakhi zomhlaba ezingavamileikakhulukazi eyakhiwe i-cerium njengoba izilawuli zokukhula kwezitshalo zingathuthukisa ikhwalithi yezitshalo, zandise isivuno, futhi zithuthukise ukumelana nokucindezeleka kwezitshalo.
★ I-Cerium sulfide ingathatha indawo yezinsimbi ezinjengomthofu ne-cadmium eziyingozi emvelweni kanye nabantu ngombala, ingakwazi ukufaka imibala kumapulasitiki, futhi ingasetshenziswa nasezimbonini zokumboza neziyinki.
★I-Cerium(IV) i-oxideingasetshenziswa njengenhlanganisela yokupholisha, isibonelo, ku-Chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP).
★ I-Cerium ingasetshenziswa futhi njengezinto zokugcina i-hydrogen, izinto ezisetshenziswayo ezishisayo, i-cerium tungsten electrode, i-Ceramic capacitor, i-piezoelectric ceramics, i-cerium silicon carbide abrasives, izinto zokusetshenziswa zamangqamuzana kaphethiloli, izinto zikaphethiloli, izinto ezisetshenziswa kazibuthe ezihlala unomphela, izinto zokwelapha, izinsimbi ezihlukahlukene ze-alloy nokunye okungewona. izinsimbi ezinensimbi.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jul-03-2023