Umrintshi Ingabe 'umfowethu omkhulu' ongenakuphikwa emndenini omkhulu wezinto zomhlaba ezingandile zomhlaba. Okokuqala, ubuningi bomhlaba obunqabile ku-crust ngu-238ppm, nge-cersium ku-68ppm, afake ama-28% wokwakheka komhlaba wonke okuvamile; Okwesibili, i-cerium iyinto yesibili emhlabeni yomhlaba ethola iminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye ngemuva kokutholwa kwe-ytttrium (1794). Ukusetshenziswa kwayo kukhulu kakhulu, futhi "cerium" akuvunyelwe
Ukutholwa kwento ye-cerium
UCarl Auer von Welsbach
UCerium watholwa futhi waqanjwa ngo-1803 ngama-Kloppers aseJalimane, usokhemisi waseSweden J Ö NS Jakob Befringer, kanye neSwederogist Wilhelm High. Ibizwa ngokuthi yiCheriya, futhi i-ore yayo ibizwa ngeCersite, nge-Asteroid etholwe ngo-1801. Eqinisweni, lolu hlobo lwe-certium lus a cersium luyalelwa ku-66% kuya ku-70%, kanti ezinye ziyizinhlanganisela ze-calcium, iron, kanyeytttrium.
Ukusetshenziswa kokuqala kwe-cerium kwakuyindawo yomlilo yegesi eyasungulwa ngudokotela wamakhemikhali wase-Austrian Carl Auer von Wessbach. Ngo-1885, wazama ingxube ye-magnesium, i-lanthanum, ne-ytttrium oxide, kepha lezi zingxube zakhala ukukhanya okuluhlaza ngaphandle kwempumelelo.
Ngo-1891, wabona ukuthi i-thorium oximi emsulwa yakhiqiza ukukhanya okungcono, yize kwakuhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, futhi kuxutshwe ne-cerium (iv) oxide ukukhiqiza ukukhanya okumhlophe okukhanyayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-cellium (iv) i-oxide nayo ingasetshenziswa njenge-catalyst ye-thorium oxide conlossion
Imbandi yensimbi
★ I-CERIUM iyinsimbi emhlophe yesiliva ethambile nethambile enezakhiwo ezisebenzayo. Lapho kuvezwa emoyeni, kuzoba oxidised, kwakha ukugqwala njenge-pearing oxide ungqimba. Lapho kufuthelwa, kuvutha futhi kusabela ngokushesha ngamanzi. Isampula ye-centimeter silinganiseter yensimbi ye-corlode ngokuphelele phakathi nonyaka. Gwema ukuxhumana nomoya, ama-oxidants aqinile, ama-acid aqinile, nama-halogens.
★ UCererium ukhona ikakhulukazi eMonashite ne-bastnaesite, kanye nemikhiqizo yokweqa i-uranium, e-torium, ne-plutonium. Kuyingozi emvelweni, kufanele kukhokhelwe ukunakwa okukhethekile ekungcoleni imizimba yamanzi.
★ I-CETIUM yinto engu-26, i-accounting ye-68ppm yoMhlaba, okwesibili kuphela kwiCopper (68PPM). I-CERUUM ichitheke kakhulu kunezinsimbi ezijwayelekile njengokuhola (13pm) ne-tin (2.1ppm).
Ukucushwa kwe-elektroni ye-cerium
Ukuhlelwa nge-elekthronikhi:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3D10 4p6 5S2 4D10 5p66S2 4F1 5D1
★ I-CERIUM itholakala ngemuva kwe-lanthanum futhi inama-elektroni ama-4F aqala nge-cersium, okwenza kube lula ukubamba iqhaza ekuphendukeni kwamakhemikhali. Kodwa-ke, i-5D Orbital of Cermium iyahlalwa, futhi lo mphumela awunamandla ngokwanele ku-cersium.
★ Iningi lanthanide lingasebenzisa ama-elektroni amathathu kuphela njenge-electron ye-valence, ngaphandle kwe-cereyuli, enesimo se-elektroniki esiguqukayo. Amandla kagesi we-4F acishe afane naleyo kagesi kwangaphandle kanye nama-6s ancishiswe esimweni sensimbi, futhi kuphela inani elincane lamandla adingekayo ukushintsha umsebenzi ohlobene nalawa mazinga we-elekhthronikhi, okuholele ekutheni ubuhlakani obuphindwe kabili be- + 3 no-4. Isimo esijwayelekile singubuhlakani 3, sibonisa + uValence emanzini anaerobic.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-certium
★ Ingasetshenziswa njengesengezo se-alloy kanye nokukhiqizwa kosawoti we-cerium, njll.
★ Ingasetshenziswa njengezengezo zengilazi ukumunca i-ultraviolet kanye nemisebe ye-infrared, futhi isetshenziswa kabanzi endabeni yemoto.
★ Ingasetshenziswa njengezinto ezinhle kakhulu zemvelo zokuvikela imvelo, futhi njengamanje ummeleli kakhulu yi-catalyst ye-autotive aut aut aff ackivishini, evimbela ngempumelelo inani elikhulu legesi yezimoto eziphuma emoyeni.
★ ukukhanyaizinto zomhlaba ezingavamileNgokuyinhloko eyakhiwe nge-certium njengoba abalawuli bokukhula kwezitshalo bangathuthukisa ikhwalithi yezitshalo, bandise isivuno, futhi bathuthukise ukumelana nokulimala kwezitshalo.
★ I-CereIum sulfide ingathatha indawo yezinsimbi ezinjengokuhola kanye ne-cadmium eyingozi emvelweni nakwezinto zabantu kuzimbobo, kungasetshenziswa futhi ezimboni zezinkumbi ze-ink.
★Isiko (iv) oxideIngasetshenziswa njenge-polishing compound, ngokwesibonelo, ku-chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP).
★ I-CECIUM nayo ingahle isetshenziswe njengezinto zokwakha ze-hydrogen, izinto zokugcina ze-thermoelectric, i-ceramic capamics, ama-catalysts we-peolectic, izinto zokwelashwa, izinto ezahlukahlukene ze-alloy, ama-alloy ahlukahlukene.
Isikhathi sePosi: Jul-03-2023