Aisingathekiso esivamile siwukuthi uma uwoyela uyigazi lemboni, khona-ke umhlaba ongavamile uyivithamini yezimboni.
Umhlaba ongavamile isifinyezo seqembu lezinsimbi.I-Rare Earth Elements,REE) itholakale ngokulandelana kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18.Kunezinhlobo ezingu-17 ze-REE, okuhlanganisa ama-lanthanide angu-15 kuthebula le-periodic lama-elementi amakhemikhali-lanthanum (La), i-cerium (Ce), i-praseodymium (Pr), i-neodymium (Nd), i-promethium (Pm), njalonjaloOkwamanje, isetshenziswe kabanzi emikhakheni eminingi efana ne-electronics, petrochemicals kanye ne-metallurgy.Cishe njalo eminyakeni engu-3-5, ososayensi bangathola ukusetshenziswa okusha komhlaba ongavamile, futhi okusungulwe okukodwa kweziyisithupha akukwazi ukuhlukaniswa nomhlaba ongavamile.
IShayina inothe ngezimbiwa phansi eziyivelakancane, ikleliswe kuqala emazweni amathathu: eyokuqala ezindaweni ezigcina izinsiza, ibalwa cishe ngama-23%;Umphumela ungowokuqala, uhlanganisa amaphesenti angama-80 kuya kwangama-90 ezinto zomhlaba eziyivelakancane;Ivolumu yokuthengisa ingeyokuqala, ngama-60% kuya ku-70% wemikhiqizo yomhlaba eyivelakancane ethunyelwa phesheya.Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iShayina ukuphela kwezwe elingahlinzeka ngazo zonke izinhlobo eziyi-17 zezinsimbi zomhlaba eziyivelakancane, ikakhulukazi umhlaba ongavamile ophakathi nendawo nosindayo onokusetshenziswa okuvelele kwezempi.Isabelo seShayina siyathandeka.
RUmhlaba uwumthombo obalulekile wamasu, owaziwa ngokuthi “industrial monosodium glutamate” kanye “nonina wezinto ezintsha”, futhi usetshenziswa kabanzi kwezesayensi nobuchwepheshe nezimboni zezempi.Ngokusho koMnyango Wezimboni Nobuchwepheshe Bolwazi, izinto ezisebenzayo ezinjengozibuthe ongapheli womhlaba, i-luminescence, isitoreji se-hydrogen kanye ne-catalysis seziphenduke izinto ezingabalulekile ezimbonini zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu njengokukhiqiza imishini ethuthukisiwe, amandla amasha nezimboni ezisafufusa. esetshenziswa kabanzi kwezobuchwepheshe, imboni ye-petrochemical, i-metallurgy, imishini, amandla amasha, imboni yokukhanya, ukuvikelwa kwemvelo, ezolimo nokunye..
Kusukela ngo-1983, i-Japan yethula uhlelo lwesu lokugcina amaminerali angavamile, futhi ama-83% omhlaba ongavamile wasekhaya avela e-China.
Bheka futhi i-United States, iziqiwu zayo zomhlaba ezingavamile zingelesibili ngemva kweShayina, kodwa umhlaba wayo ongavamile wonke umhlaba ongavamile okhanyayo, ohlukaniswe waba yimihlaba enzima engavamile kanye nomhlaba ongavamile okhanyayo.Imihlaba enzima eyivelakancane ibiza kakhulu, futhi imihlaba engavamile ekhanyayo ayinawo umnotho kweyami, osekuphendulwe umhlaba oyinqaba womgunyathi ngabantu abasembonini.Ama-80% omhlaba avela e-US avela eChina.
UComrade Deng Xiaoping wake wathi: “Kukhona uwoyela eMpumalanga Ephakathi nomhlaba oyivelakancane eChina.”Okushiwo amazwi akhe kusobala.I-Rare Earth akuyona nje i-“MSG” edingekayo ye-1/5 yemikhiqizo yobuchwepheshe obuphezulu emhlabeni, kodwa futhi iyi-bargaining chip enamandla ye-China etafuleni lezingxoxo zomhlaba esikhathini esizayo.Vikela futhi usebenzise ngokwesayensi imithombo yomhlaba eyivelakancane, Sekuyisu lezwe elibizwe abantu abaningi abanemibono ephakeme eminyakeni yamuva nje ukuvimbela imithombo yomhlaba eyigugu engavamile ukuba ithengiswe ngokungaboni futhi ithunyelwe emazweni asentshonalanga.Ngo-1992, u-Deng Xiaoping wasichaza ngokucacile isimo se-China njengezwe elikhulu lomhlaba eliyivelakancane.
Uhlu lokusetshenziswa kwemihlaba eyi-17 eyivelakancane
I-lanthanum engu-1 isetshenziswa ezintweni ze-alloy namafilimu ezolimo
I-Cerium isetshenziswa kakhulu engilazini yemoto
I-3 praseodymium isetshenziswa kakhulu ku-ceramic pigments
I-Neodymium isetshenziswa kakhulu ezintweni ze-aerospace
Amasimbali angu-5 anikeza amandla asizayo kumasathelayithi
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-6 Samarium ku-Atomic Energy Reactor
Amalensi angu-7 okukhiqiza e-europium nezibonisi zekristalu eliwuketshezi
I-Gadolinium 8 ye-imaging magnetic resonance yezokwelapha
I-9 terbium isetshenziswa kusilawuli samaphiko endiza
I-10 erbium isetshenziswa ku-laser rangefinder ezindabeni zempi
11 i-dysprosium isetshenziswa njengomthombo wokukhanyisa wefilimu nokuphrinta
I-12 holmium isetshenziselwa ukwenza amadivaysi okuxhumana okubona
I-thulium engu-13 isetshenziselwa ukuxilongwa nokwelashwa kwamathumba
Isengezo se-ytterbium esingu-14 sesici senkumbulo yekhompyutha
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-lutetium engu-15 kubuchwepheshe bebhethri yamandla
I-16 yttrium yenza izintambo nezingxenye zamandla endiza
I-Scandium ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukwenza ama-alloys
Imininingwane imi kanje:
1
I-Lanthanum (LA)
Ku-Gulf War, idivayisi yombono wasebusuku ene-rare element yomhlaba i-lanthanum yaba umthombo omkhulu wamathangi ase-US. Isithombe esingenhla sibonisa i-lanthanum chloride powder(Imephu yedatha)
I-Lanthanum isetshenziswa kakhulu ezintweni ze-piezoelectric, izinto ze-electrothermal, izinto ezishisayo, izinto ze-magnetoresistive, izinto ezikhanyayo (impushana eluhlaza), izinto zokugcina i-hydrogen, ingilazi ebonakalayo, izinto ze-laser, izinto ezihlukahlukene ze-alloy, njll. imikhiqizo eminingi yamakhemikhali ephilayo, Ososayensi baqambe i-lanthanum ngokuthi “i-super calcium” ngomphumela wayo ezitshalweni.
2
I-Cerium (CE)
I-Cerium ingasetshenziswa njenge-catalyst, i-arc electrode kanye nengilazi ekhethekile.I-Cerium alloy imelana nokushisa okuphezulu futhi ingasetshenziswa ukwenza izingxenye ze-jet propulsion(Imephu yedatha)
(1) I-cerium, njengesengezo sengilazi, ingamunca imisebe ye-ultraviolet ne-infrared, futhi iye yasetshenziswa kabanzi engilazini yemoto.Ayikwazi nje ukuvimbela imisebe ye-ultraviolet, kodwa futhi yehlise izinga lokushisa ngaphakathi kwemoto, ukuze yonge ugesi emoyeni. conditioning.Kusukela ngo-1997, i-ceria yengezwe kuyo yonke ingilazi yezimoto e-Japan.Ngo-1996, kwasetshenziswa okungenani amathani angu-2000 e-ceria engilazini yemoto, namathani angaphezu kuka-1000 e-United States.
(2) Njengamanje, i-cerium isetshenziswa emshinini wokuhlanza umoya wezimoto, ongavimbela ngempumelelo inani elikhulu legesi ekhipha umoya wezimoto ukuthi lingakhishelwa emoyeni.Ukusetshenziswa kweCerium e-United States kubala ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yengqikithi yokusetshenziswa komhlaba ongavamile.
(3) I-cerium sulfide ingasetshenziswa ekwenzeni izingulube esikhundleni somthofu, i-cadmium nezinye izinsimbi eziyingozi emvelweni nakubantu.Ingasetshenziselwa ukufaka imibala kumapulasitiki, okokuhlanganisa, izimboni zeyinki nezephepha.Okwamanje, inkampani ehamba phambili yi-French Rhone Planck.
(4) CE: Isistimu ye-laser ye-LiSAF iyi-laser yesimo esiqinile eyakhiwe yi-United States.Ingasetshenziswa ukuthola izikhali zebhayoloji nemithi ngokuqapha ukuhlushwa kwe-tryptophan.I-Cerium isetshenziswa kakhulu emikhakheni eminingi.Cishe zonke izinhlelo zokusebenza zomhlaba ezingavamile ziqukethe i-cerium.Efana nempusha yokupholisha, izinto zokugcina i-hydrogen, izinto ezisetshenziswayo zikagesi, ama-electrode e-cerium tungsten, ama-ceramic capacitor, ama-piezoelectric ceramics, ama-cerium silicon carbide abrasives, izinto zokusetshenziswa zamaseli kaphethiloli, izinto ezisetshenziswayo zikaphethiloli, ezinye izinto ezisetshenziswa kazibuthe ezihlala njalo, ingxubevange eyahlukahlukene. izinsimbi nezinsimbi ezingenayo insimbi.
3
I-Praseodymium (PR)
Ingxubevange ye-Praseodymium neodymium
(1) I-Praseodymium isetshenziswa kakhulu ekwakheni izitsha zobumba nezisetshenziswa nsuku zonke.Ingaxutshwa ne-ceramic glaze ukwenza umbala ocwebezelayo, futhi ingasetshenziswa njenge-pigment engaphansi.I-pigment iphuzi ngokukhanyayo nombala ohlanzekile nonhle.
(2) Isetshenziselwa ukwakha ozibuthe unomphela.Usebenzisa i-praseodymium eshibhile nensimbi ye-neodymium esikhundleni se-Pure Neodymium metal ukwenza izinto zikazibuthe unomphela, ukumelana kwawo komoyampilo kanye nezakhiwo zemishini kuyathuthukiswa ngokusobala, futhi ingacutshungulwa kube omazibuthe bezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene. isetshenziswa kabanzi kumishini ehlukahlukene kagesi namamotho.
(3) Isetshenziswa ekuqhekekeni kwe-petroleum catalytic cracking.Umsebenzi, ukukhetha kanye nokuzinza kwe-catalyst kungathuthukiswa ngokungeza i-praseodymium ethuthukisiwe ne-neodymium ku-Y zeolite yesisefo semolekyuli ukuze kulungiswe i-petroleum cracking catalyst.I-China yaqala ukusetshenziswa ezimbonini ngawo-1970, futhi ukusetshenziswa kuyanda.
(4) I-Praseodymium ingase isetshenziselwe ukupholisha okuthuthumelayo.Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-praseodymium isetshenziswa kakhulu emkhakheni we-fiber optical.
4
I-Neodymium (nd)
Kungani kungatholwa ithangi le-M1 kuqala?Ithangi lifakwe i-Nd: YAG laser rangefinder, engafinyelela ibanga elicishe libe ngamamitha angu-4000 emini ecacile.(Imephu yedatha)
Ngokuzalwa kwe-praseodymium, i-neodymium yaba khona.Ukufika kwe-neodymium kwasebenza inkambu yomhlaba engavamile, kwadlala indima ebalulekile emkhakheni womhlaba ongavamile, futhi kwaba nomthelela emakethe yomhlaba engavamile.
I-Neodymium isiphenduke indawo eshisayo emakethe iminyaka eminingi ngenxa yesikhundla sayo esiyingqayizivele emkhakheni wemihlaba engavamile.Umsebenzisi omkhulu wensimbi ye-neodymium yi-NdFeB unomphela uzibuthe.Ukufika kukazibuthe we-NdFeB unomphela kufake ubungqabavu obusha emkhakheni wezobuchwepheshe obuphezulu obungavamile.Uzibuthe we-NdFeB ubizwa ngokuthi “inkosi yezibuthe ezihlala unomphela” ngenxa yomkhiqizo wawo onamandla kazibuthe.Isetshenziswa kabanzi kwezobuchwepheshe, imishini nezinye izimboni ngokusebenza kwayo okuhle kakhulu.Ukuthuthukiswa okuyimpumelelo kwe-Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer kukhombisa ukuthi izakhiwo kazibuthe ze-NdFeB magnetic in China zingene ezingeni lomhlaba.I-Neodymium iphinde isetshenziswe ezintweni ezingenayo insimbi.Ukwengeza u-1.5-2.5% we-neodymium ku-magnesium noma ingxubevange ye-aluminium kungathuthukisa ukusebenza kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu, ukucinana komoya kanye nokungagqwali kwengxubevange.Kusetshenziswa kakhulu njengezinto ezisetshenziswa emkhathini.Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet ikhiqiza i-laser beam short-wave, esetshenziswa kakhulu ekushiseleni nasekusikeni izinto ezincane ezinogqinsi olungaphansi kuka-10mm embonini.Ekwelashweni, i-Nd: I-LAG ye-LAG isetshenziselwa ukususa ukuhlinzwa noma ukukhipha amagciwane amanxeba esikhundleni se-scalpel.I-Neodymium iphinde isetshenziselwe ukufaka imibala ingilazi nezinto zobumba kanye njengesengezo semikhiqizo yenjoloba.
5
I-Trollium (Pm)
I-Thulium iyingxenye yokwenziwa yomsakazo ekhiqizwa ama-nuclear reactor (imephu yedatha)
(1) ingasetshenziswa njengomthombo wokushisa.Nikeza amandla asizayo okuthola i-vacuum nesathelayithi yokwenziwa.
(2)I-Pm147 ikhipha ama-β-ray angamandla amancane, angasetshenziswa ukwenza amabhethri esimbali.Njengokunikezwa kwamandla kwezinsimbi zokuqondisa ezicitshwayo namawashi.Lolu hlobo lwebhethri luncane ngosayizi futhi lungasetshenziswa ngokuqhubekayo iminyaka embalwa.Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-promethium iphinde isetshenziswe ensimbi ephathekayo ye-X-ray, ukulungiswa kwe-phosphor, ukukala ukushuba kanye nesibani sebhekhoni.
6
I-Samarium (Sm)
I-Metal samarium (imephu yedatha)
I-Sm inombala ophuzi ngokukhanyayo, futhi iyimpahla engavuthiwe kazibuthe ongapheli we-Sm-Co, kanti uzibuthe we-Sm-Co uwuzibuthe wokuqala ongandile womhlaba owasetshenziswa embonini.Kunezinhlobo ezimbili odonsa unomphela: SmCo5 uhlelo kanye Sm2Co17 uhlelo.Ekuqaleni kwawo-1970, kwasungulwa uhlelo lwe-SmCo5, futhi uhlelo lwe-Sm2Co17 lwasungulwa esikhathini esizayo.Manje isidingo salokhu sakamuva sinikezwa kuqala.Ukuhlanzeka kwe-samarium oxide esetshenziswa uzibuthe we-samarium cobalt akufanele kuphakame kakhulu.Uma kucatshangelwa izindleko, Ikakhulukazi kusetshenziswa imikhiqizo engaba ngu-95%.Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-samarium oxide nayo isetshenziswa kuma-capacitors e-ceramic kanye nama-catalysts.Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-samarium inezakhiwo zenuzi, ezingasetshenziswa njengezinto zokwakha, izinto zokuvikela kanye nezinto zokulawula zama-reactors anamandla e-athomu, ukuze amandla amakhulu akhiqizwe yi-nuclear fission angasetshenziswa ngokuphepha.
7
I-Europium (Eu)
I-Europium oxide powder (imephu yedatha)
I-Europium oxide isetshenziswa kakhulu kumaphosphors (imephu yedatha)
Ku-1901, u-Eugene-AntoleDemarcay uthole into entsha evela ku-"samarium", ebizwa ngokuthi i-Europium.Lokhu cishe kuqanjwe ngegama elithi Europe.I-Europium oxide isetshenziswa kakhulu kwi-fluorescent powder.I-Eu3+ isetshenziswa njenge-activator ye-phosphor ebomvu, futhi i-Eu2+ isetshenziswa njenge-phosphor eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.Manje i-Y2O2S:I-Eu3+ iyi-phosphor engcono kakhulu ekusebenzeni kahle okukhanyayo, ukuqina kokumboza kanye nezindleko zokugaywa kabusha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isetshenziswa kabanzi ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obunjengokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle okukhanyayo nokugqama.I-Europium oxide nayo isetshenziswe njenge-phosphor evuselelwe yokukhishwa kwesistimu entsha yokuxilongwa kwe-X-ray eminyakeni yamuva.I-Europium oxide ingabuye isetshenziselwe ukwenza amalensi anemibala nezihlungi zamehlo, kumadivayisi wokugcinwa kwebhamuza kazibuthe, Ingaphinda ikhombise amathalente ayo ezintweni zokulawula, izinto zokuvikela kanye nezakhiwo ze-athomu yokusabela.
8
I-Gadolinium (Gd)
I-Gadolinium nama-isotopes ayo yizinqamuleli ze-neutron ezisebenza kahle kakhulu futhi zingasetshenziswa njengezinqamuleli zama-nuclear reactors.(imephu yedatha)
(1) I-paramagnetic complex encibilikayo emanzini ingathuthukisa isignali yokucabanga ye-NMR yomzimba womuntu ekwelashweni.
(2) I-sulphur oxide yayo ingasetshenziswa njengegridi ye-matrix ye-oscilloscope tube kanye nesikrini se-X-ray esinokukhanya okukhethekile.
(3) I-Gadolinium ku-Gadolinium Gallium Garnet iyindawo engaphansi eyodwa efanelekile yenkumbulo yebhamuza.
(4) Ingasetshenziswa njengesiqandisi esiqinile kazibuthe ngaphandle kokuvinjelwa komjikelezo weCamot.
(5) Isetshenziswa njengesivimbeli ukulawula izinga lokusabela kweketango lezimboni zamandla enuzi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha kokusabela kwenuzi.
(6) Isetshenziswa njengesengezo sikazibuthe we-samarium cobalt ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ukusebenza akushintshi ngokushisa.
9
I-Terbium (Tb)
I-Terbium oxide powder (imephu yedatha)
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-terbium ikakhulukazi kuhilela umkhakha wobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, okuyiphrojekthi esezingeni eliphezulu enobuchwepheshe obujulile nolwazi olujulile, kanye nephrojekthi enezinzuzo eziphawulekayo zezomnotho, namathemba entuthuko akhangayo.
(1) AmaPhosphor asetshenziswa njengezicishazi zempushana eluhlaza ku-tricolor phosphors, njenge-terbium-activated phosphate matrix, i-terbium-activated silicate matrix kanye ne-terbium-activated cerium-magnesium aluminate matrix, konke okukhipha ukukhanya okuluhlaza esimweni senjabulo.
(2) Izinto zokugcina kazibuthe.Eminyakeni yamuva, izinto ze-terbium magneto-optical ziye zafinyelela esikalini sokukhiqiza ngobuningi.Ama-Magneto-optical discs enziwe ngamafilimu e-Tb-Fe amorphous asetshenziswa njengezinto zokugcina ikhompyutha, futhi umthamo wokugcina ukhuphuka izikhathi ezingu-10 ~ 15.
(3) Ingilazi ye-Magneto-optical, ingilazi ye-terbium ejikelezayo ye-Faraday iyinto ebalulekile yokukhiqiza ama-rotator, ama-isolator nama-annulator asetshenziswa kakhulu kubuchwepheshe be-laser.Ikakhulukazi, ukuthuthukiswa kwe-TerFenol kuye kwavula uhlelo olusha lwe-Terfenol, okuyingxenye entsha etholwe kuma-1970s.Ingxenye yale alloy iqukethe i-terbium ne-dysprosium, ngezinye izikhathi ne-holmium kanti enye i-iron.Ingxubevange yasungulwa okokuqala yi-Ames Laboratory e-Iowa, e-USA.Uma i-Terfenol ibekwe endaweni kazibuthe, ubukhulu bayo bushintsha kakhulu kunobuzibuthe obujwayelekile, obungenza ukunyakaza okuqondile kwemishini kwenzeke.I-Terbium dysprosium iron isetshenziswa kakhulu ku-sonar ekuqaleni, futhi iye yasetshenziswa kabanzi emikhakheni eminingi okwamanje.Kusuka ohlelweni lomjovo kaphethiloli, ukulawulwa kwevalvu ewuketshezi, ukubekwa kwe-micro-positioning, kuya kuma-actuator emishini, izinqubo kanye nezilawuli zamaphiko zezibonakude zezindiza.
10
Dy (Dy)
I-Metal dysprosium (imephu yedatha)
(1) Njengesengezo sikazibuthe we-NdFeB unomphela, ukwengeza cishe i-2 ~ 3% i-dysprosium kulo kazibuthe kungathuthukisa amandla ayo okuphoqa.Esikhathini esidlule, isidingo se-dysprosium sasingesikhulu, kodwa ngesidingo esandayo somazibuthe be-NdFeB, saba yinto edingekayo yokwengeza, futhi ibanga kufanele libe ngu-95 ~ 99.9%, futhi isidingo siphinde senyuke ngokushesha.
(2) I-Dysprosium isetshenziswa njenge-activator ye-phosphor.I-Trivalent dysprosium iyi-ion eyenza kusebenze ethembisayo yezinto ze-tricolor luminescent enesikhungo esisodwa se-luminescent.Ikakhulukazi iqukethe amabhendi amabili e-emission, eyodwa i-yellow light emission, enye i-blue light emission.Izinto ze-luminescent ezifakwe i-dysprosium zingasetshenziswa njenge-tricolor phosphors.
(3) I-Dysprosium iyinsimbi edingekayo ukuze kulungiswe ingxubevange ye-Terfenol ku-magnetostrictive alloy, engakwazi ukubona imisebenzi ethile eqondile yokunyakaza kwemishini.(4) Insimbi ye-Dysprosium ingasetshenziswa njengendawo yokugcina i-magneto-optical enesivinini esikhulu sokurekhoda nokuzwela kokufunda.
(5) Isetshenziswa ekulungiseni izibani ze-dysprosium, into esebenzayo esetshenziswa izibani ze-dysprosium yi-dysprosium iodide, enezinzuzo zokukhanya okuphezulu, umbala omuhle, izinga lokushisa eliphakeme lombala, usayizi omncane, i-arc ezinzile nokunye, futhi iye yasetshenziswa. njengomthombo wokukhanyisa wefilimu nokuphrinta.
(6) I-Dysprosium isetshenziselwa ukukala i-neutron energy spectrum noma njengesimunyisi neutron embonini yamandla e-athomu ngenxa yendawo enkulu yokuthwebula i-neutron ephambanayo.
(7) I-Dy3Al5O12 ingasetshenziswa futhi njengento yokusebenza kazibuthe yesiqandisi kazibuthe.Ngokuthuthuka kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe, izinkambu zokusetshenziswa kwe-dysprosium zizonwetshwa ngokuqhubekayo futhi zandiswe.
11
I-Holmium (Ho)
Ingxubevange ye-Ho-Fe (imephu yedatha)
Njengamanje, inkambu yokufaka insimbi idinga ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo, futhi ukusetshenziswa akukukhulu kakhulu.Muva nje, i-Rare Earth Research Institute ye-Baotou Steel ithathe izinga lokushisa eliphezulu kanye nobuchwepheshe bokuhlanza i-vacuum distillation ephezulu, futhi yathuthukisa insimbi ehlanzekile kakhulu i-Qin Ho/>RE>99.9% enokuqukethwe okuphansi kokungcola komhlaba okungajwayelekile.
Njengamanje, ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kwezingidi yizi:
(1) Njengesengezo sesibani se-halogen sensimbi, isibani se-halogen sensimbi siwuhlobo lwesibani esikhipha igesi, esakhiwa ngesisekelo sesibani se-mercury esinengcindezi ephezulu, futhi isici saso ukuthi isibani sigcwele ama-halide ahlukahlukene angavamile emhlabeni.Njengamanje, iodide yomhlaba engavamile isetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko, ekhipha imigqa ye-spectral ehlukene lapho igesi iphuma.Into esebenzayo esetshenziswa esibani sensimbi yi-qiniodide, ukugcwala okuphezulu kwama-athomu ensimbi kungatholakala endaweni ye-arc, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukise kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kwemisebe.
(2) I-ayoni ingasetshenziswa njengesengezo sokuqopha insimbi noma i-aluminium garnet eyibhiliyoni
(3) I-Khin-doped aluminium garnet (Ho: YAG) ingakhipha i-laser engu-2um, futhi izinga lokumuncwa le-laser engu-2um ngezicubu zomuntu liphezulu, cishe ama-oda amathathu obukhulu angaphezulu kwalawo e-Hd: YAG.Ngakho-ke, uma usebenzisa i-Ho: YAG laser ekusebenzeni kwezokwelapha, ayikwazi nje ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle nokunemba, kodwa futhi yehlise indawo yomonakalo oshisayo ibe usayizi omncane.I-beam yamahhala ekhiqizwa i-crystal yokukhiya ingaqeda amafutha ngaphandle kokukhiqiza ukushisa ngokweqile, Ukuze unciphise umonakalo oshisayo ezicutshini ezinempilo, kubikwa ukuthi ukwelashwa kwe-w-laser kwe-glaucoma e-United States kunganciphisa ubuhlungu bokuhlinzwa. ye-2um laser crystal e-China isifinyelele ezingeni lamazwe ngamazwe, ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukuthuthukisa nokukhiqiza lolu hlobo lwe-laser crystal.
(4) Inani elincane le-Cr lingangezwa futhi ku-magnetostrictive alloy Terfenol-D ukunciphisa inkambu yangaphandle edingekayo ukuze kugcwaliswe kazibuthe.
(5) Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-iron doped fiber ingasetshenziswa ukwenza i-fiber laser, i-fiber amplifier, inzwa ye-fiber kanye namanye amadivaysi okuxhumana optical, okuzodlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekukhulumisaneni okusheshayo kwe-fiber optical yanamuhla.
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I-Erbium (ER)
I-Erbium oxide powder (ishadi lolwazi)
(1) Ukukhishwa kokukhanya kwe-Er3 + ku-1550nm kubaluleke ngokukhethekile, ngoba le wavelength itholakala ekulahlekeni okuphansi kwe-fiber optical ekuxhumaneni kwe-fiber optical.Ngemva kokujatshuliswa ukukhanya okungu-980nm no-1480nm, i-bait ion (Er3 +) isuka endaweni ephansi engu-4115 / 2 iye endaweni yamandla aphezulu engu-4I13 / 2. Uma i-Er3 + esesimweni esinamandla amakhulu ishintsha ibuyela esimweni esiphansi, ikhipha ukukhanya okungu-1550nm.I-quartz fiber ingadlulisa ukukhanya kwamaza ahlukene, nokho, izinga lokunciphisa i-optical le-1550nm band liphansi kakhulu (0.15 dB / km), cishe izinga eliphansi lokunciphisa umkhawulo. isetshenziswa njengokukhanya kwesignali ku-1550 nm. Ngale ndlela, uma ukuhlushwa okufanele kwe-bait kuxubene ku-matrix efanele, i-amplifier ingakhokhela ukulahlekelwa ohlelweni lokuxhumana ngokuvumelana nesimiso se-laser, Ngakho-ke, kunethiwekhi yokuxhumana idinga ukukhulisa isignali ye-1550nm ye-optical, i-bait doped fiber amplifier iyidivayisi ebalulekile yokubona.Njengamanje, i-bait doped silica fiber amplifier seyenziwe ukuhweba.Kubikwa ukuthi ukuze ugweme ukumuncwa okungenamsebenzi, inani elihlanganisiwe ku-fiber optical ngamashumi kuya kumakhulu we-ppm.Ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kokuxhumana kwe-fiber optical kuzovula izinkambu ezintsha zokufaka isicelo. .
(2) (2) Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-laser doped crystal crystal kanye ne-laser engu-1730nm ephumayo kanye ne-1550nm laser kuphephile emehlweni abantu, ukusebenza kahle kokudluliswa kwe-atmospheric, amandla okungena aqinile entuthu yempi, ukuvikeleka okuhle, akulula ukubonwa isitha, futhi umehluko wemisebe yezinhloso zezempi mkhulu.Yenziwe i-laser rangefinder ephathekayo ephephile emehlweni abantu ekusetshenzisweni kwezempi.
(3) (3) I-Er3 + ingangezwa engilazini ukuze kwenziwe into engavamile yelaser yengilazi yomhlaba, okuwumsebenzi welaser oqinile onamandla amakhulu okukhipha i-pulse namandla okukhipha aphezulu kakhulu.
(4) I-Er3 + ingasetshenziswa futhi njenge-ion esebenzayo ezintweni ezingandile zokuguqula umhlaba.
5
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I-Thulium (TM)
Ngemva kokukhanyiswa emshinini wokuphendula amandla enuzi, i-thulium ikhiqiza i-isotope ekwazi ukukhipha i-X-ray, engasetshenziswa njengomthombo we-X-ray ophathwayo.(Imephu yedatha)
(1)TM isetshenziswa njengomthombo we-ray womshini we-X-ray ophathwayo.Ngemuva kokukhanyiselwa i-nuclear reactor,TMikhiqiza uhlobo lwe-isotopu olungakhipha i-X-reyi, engasetshenziswa ukwenza i-irradiator yegazi ephathekayo.Lolu hlobo lwe-radiometer lungashintsha u-yu-169 lubeTM-170 ngaphansi kwesenzo se-beam ephezulu naphakathi, futhi ikhiphe i-X-ray ukuze ikhiphe igazi futhi inciphise amangqamuzana egazi amhlophe.Yilawa mangqamuzana egazi amhlophe abangela ukwenqatshwa kokufakelwa izitho zomzimba, Ukuze kuncishiswe ukwenqatshwa kwezitho kusenesikhathi.
(2) (2)TMingasetshenziswa futhi ekuxilongweni komtholampilo kanye nokwelashwa kwesimila ngenxa yokuhlobana kwayo okuphezulu kwezicubu zesimila, umhlaba onzima ongavamile uhambisana kakhulu kunomhlaba ongavamile okhanyayo, ikakhulukazi ukuhlobana kwe-Yu kukhulu kakhulu.
(3) (3) I-X-ray sensitizer Laobr: br (blue) isetshenziswa njenge-activator ku-phosphor yesikrini se-X-ray sensitization ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuzwela kokubona, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphise ukuchayeka kanye nokulimala kwe-X-ray kubantu× Umthamo wemisebe ngu-50%, enokubaluleka okusebenzayo okubalulekile ekusetshenzisweni kwezokwelapha.
(4) (4) Isibani sensimbi se-halide singasetshenziswa njengesengezo emthonjeni wokukhanyisa omusha.
(5) (5) I-Tm3 + ingangezwa engilazini ukuze kwenziwe into engavamile yelaza yengilazi yomhlaba, okuwumsebenzi we-laser wesimo esiqinile esinomshini wokushaya umoya omkhulu kakhulu namandla okukhipha aphezulu kakhulu. I-Tm3 + ingasetshenziswa futhi njenge-ion yokwenza kusebenze yezinto ezingavamile zokuguqulwa kwe-laser emhlabeni.
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I-Ytterbium (Yb)
I-Ytterbium metal (imephu yedatha)
(1) Njengezinto zokuvikela ezishisayo. Imiphumela ibonisa ukuthi isibuko singathuthukisa ukumelana nokugqwala kwe-electrodeposited zinc coating ngokusobala, futhi usayizi wokusanhlamvu wokumboza ngesibuko mncane kunalowo wokumboza ngaphandle kwesibuko.
(2) Njengezinto ezisebenza ngozibuthe.Le nto inezici ze-magnetostriction enkulu, okungukuthi, ukwanda endaweni kazibuthe.Ingxubevange ikakhulukazi yakhiwe ngesibuko / ingxubevange ye-ferrite ne-dysprosium / ferrite alloy, futhi ingxenye ethile ye-manganese iyengezwa ukuze kukhiqizwe. i-magnetostriction enkulu.
(3) Isici sesibuko esisetshenziselwa ukukala ingcindezi.Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi ukuzwela kwesici sesibuko kuphezulu ebangeni lokucindezela elilinganiselwe, okuvula indlela entsha yokusetshenziswa kwesibuko esilinganisweni sokucindezela.
(4) Ukugcwaliswa okusekelwe kunhlaka kwezimbotshana zomhlathi ukuze kuthathelwe indawo i-amalgam esiliva eyayivame ukusetshenziswa esikhathini esidlule.
(5) Izazi zaseJapane ziqede ngempumelelo ukulungiswa kwelaser ye-waveguide laser ene-doped vanadium baht garnet, ebaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni okuqhubekayo kobuchwepheshe be-laser.Ngaphezu kwalokho, isibuko siphinde sisetshenziselwe i-fluorescent powder activator, i-ceramics yomsakazo, i-electronic computer memory element (bubble magnetic) additive, glass fiber flux kanye ne-optical glass additive, njll.
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I-Lutetium (Lu)
I-Lutetium oxide powder (imephu yedatha)
I-Yttrium lutetium silicate crystal (imephu yedatha)
(1) yenza ama-alloys akhethekile.Isibonelo, i-lutetium aluminium alloy ingasetshenziselwa ukuhlaziywa kwe-neutron activation.
(2) Ama-nuclide e-lutetium azinzile adlala indima ebalulekile ekuqhekekeni kwe-petroleum, i-alkylation, i-hydrogenation kanye ne-polymerization.
(3) Ukwengezwa kwe-yttrium iron noma i-yttrium aluminium garnet kungathuthukisa ezinye izakhiwo.
(4) Izinto zokusetshenziswa zebhamuza kazibuthe reservoir.
(5) Ikristalu esebenzayo eyinhlanganisela, i-lutetium-doped aluminium yttrium neodymium tetraborate, ingeyomkhakha wezobuchwepheshe wokukhula kwekristalu okupholisa isixazululo sikasawoti.Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi i-lutetium-doped NYAB crystal iphakeme kune-NYAB crystal ngokufana kokubona nokusebenza kwe-laser.
(6) Kutholakale ukuthi i-lutetium inezinhlelo zokusebenza ezingase zibe khona ekubonisweni kwe-electrochromic kanye nama-semiconductors ama-molecular-dimensional low-dimensional.Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-lutetium iphinde isetshenziswe kubuchwepheshe bebhethri yamandla kanye ne-activator ye-phosphor.
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I-Yttrium (y)
I-Yttrium isetshenziswa kabanzi, i-yttrium aluminium garnet ingasetshenziswa njengezinto ze-laser, i-yttrium iron garnet isetshenziselwa ubuchwepheshe be-microwave kanye nokudluliswa kwamandla acoustic, futhi i-europium-doped yttrium vanadate kanye ne-europium-doped yttrium oxide isetshenziswa njenge-phosphors kumasethi we-TV yombala.(imephu yedatha)
(1) Izithasiselo zensimbi kanye nezingxubevange ezingenayo insimbi.I-FeCr alloy ngokuvamile iqukethe i-yttrium engu-0.5-4%, engathuthukisa ukumelana ne-oxidation kanye ne-ductility yalezi zinsimbi ezingenasici;Izakhiwo eziphelele zengxubevange ye-MB26 ngokusobala ziyathuthukiswa ngokwengeza inani elifanele lomhlaba ongavamile oxubene ocebile nge-yttrium, ongangena esikhundleni sama-alloys aqinile amaphakathi futhi asetshenziswe ezingxenyeni ezigcizelelwe zendiza.Ukwengeza inani elincane lomhlaba ongavamile ocebile nge-yttrium ku-Al-Zr alloy, Ukuqhutshwa kwaleyo alloy kungaba ngcono;Ingxubevange yamukelwe amafekthri amaningi ezintambo eChina.Ukwengeza i-yttrium ku-alloy yethusi kuthuthukisa ukusebenza namandla okusebenza.
(2) I-silicon nitride ceramic material equkethe u-6% yttrium kanye no-2% we-aluminium ingasetshenziswa ukuthuthukisa izingxenye zenjini.
(3) I-Nd: Y: Al: I-Garnet laser beam enamandla angama-watts angu-400 isetshenziselwa ukubhola, ukusika nokushisela izingxenye ezinkulu.
(4) Isikrini se-electron microscope esakhiwe ngekristalu eyodwa ye-Y-Al garnet sinokukhanya okuphezulu kwe-fluorescence, ukumuncwa okuphansi kokukhanya okuhlakazekile, nokumelana okuhle kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu nokumelana nokugqokwa kwemishini.
(5) Ingxubevange yesakhiwo se-yttrium ephezulu equkethe u-90% yttrium ingasetshenziswa endizeni nakwezinye izindawo ezidinga ukuminyana okuphansi nendawo yokuncibilika ephezulu.
(6) I-Yttrium-doped SrZrO3 high-temperature proton conductive material, edonsa ukunaka okukhulu okwamanje, ibaluleke kakhulu ekukhiqizweni kwamaseli kaphethiloli, amaseli e-electrolytic nezinzwa zegesi ezidinga ukunyibilika kwe-hydrogen okuphezulu.Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-yttrium iphinde isetshenziswe njengento yokufafaza enezinga eliphezulu lokushisa, i-diluent kaphethiloli we-athomu yereactor, isengezo sezinto ezisebenza kazibuthe ezingapheli, kanye ne-getter embonini ye-electronics.
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I-Scandium (Sc)
I-Metal scandium (imephu yedatha)
Uma kuqhathaniswa nezakhi ze-yttrium ne-lanthanide, i-scandium inobubanzi obuncane be-ionic kanye ne-alkalinity ebuthakathaka ikakhulukazi ye-hydroxide.Ngakho-ke, lapho i-scandium nezakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile kuhlanganiswa ndawonye, i-scandium izokwehla kuqala uma iphathwa nge-ammonia (noma i-alkali ehlanjululwe ngokwedlulele), ngakho-ke ingahlukaniswa kalula nezakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile ngendlela "yemvula eyingxenye".Enye indlela ukusebenzisa i-polarization decomposition of nitrate for separation.Scandium nitrate iyona elula kakhulu ukubola, ngaleyo ndlela ifinyelele injongo yokuhlukana.
I-Sc ingatholwa nge-electrolysis.I-ScCl3, KCl kanye ne-LiCl ziyancibilika ngesikhathi sokucwengwa kwe-scandium, futhi i-zinc encibilikisiwe isetshenziswa njenge-cathode ye-electrolysis, ukuze i-scandium idonswe ku-electrode ye-zinc, bese i-zinc iyahwamuka ukuze kutholwe i-scandium.Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-scandium itholakala kalula lapho icutshungulwa i-ore ukuze ikhiqize i-uranium, i-thorium ne-lanthanide izakhi.Ukutholwa okuphelele kwe-scandium ehlobene ne-tungsten ne-tin ore nakho kungenye yemithombo ebalulekile ye-scandium.I-Scandium i-misesimweni se-trivalent esakhiweni, esifakwa kalula kwi-Sc2O3 emoyeni futhi ilahlekelwe ukucwebezela kwayo kwensimbi bese iphenduka ibe mpunga obumnyama.
Ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kwe-scandium yizi:
(1) I-Scandium ingasabela emanzini ashisayo ukuze ikhulule i-hydrogen, futhi iphinde inyibilike ku-asidi, ngakho iyi-ejenti yokunciphisa enamandla.
(2) I-Scandium oxide ne-hydroxide kune-alkaline kuphela, kodwa umlotha wayo kasawoti awukwazi ukukhishwa nge-hydrolyzed.I-Scandium chloride iyikristalu emhlophe, encibilika emanzini futhi i-deliquescent emoyeni. (3) Embonini ye-metallurgical, i-scandium ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukwenza ama-alloys (izithasiselo zama-alloys) ukuthuthukisa amandla, ubulukhuni, ukumelana nokushisa nokusebenza kwama-alloys.Isibonelo, ukwengeza inani elincane le-scandium ensimbi encibilikisiwe kungathuthukisa kakhulu izakhiwo zensimbi ekhonjiwe, kuyilapho ukwengeza inani elincane le-scandium ku-aluminium kungathuthukisa amandla ayo nokumelana nokushisa.
(4) Embonini ye-elekthronikhi, i-scandium ingasetshenziswa njengamadivayisi ahlukahlukene we-semiconductor.Isibonelo, ukusetshenziswa kwe-scandium sulfite kuma-semiconductors kuye kwaheha ukunaka ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe, futhi i-ferrite equkethe i-scandium nayo iyathembisa.i-computer magnetic cores.
(5) Embonini yamakhemikhali, i-scandium compound isetshenziswa njenge-alcohol dehydrogenation kanye ne-ejenti yokuqeda amanzi emzimbeni, okuyi-catalyst ephumelelayo yokukhiqizwa kwe-ethylene ne-chlorine kusuka kudoti i-hydrochloric acid.
(6) Embonini yengilazi, izibuko ezikhethekile eziqukethe i-scandium zingenziwa.
(7) Embonini yomthombo wokukhanya kagesi, izibani ze-scandium ne-sodium ezenziwe nge-scandium ne-sodium zinezinzuzo zokusebenza kahle kakhulu nombala wokukhanya omuhle.
(8) I-Scandium ikhona ngesimo se-45Sc ngemvelo.Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona ama-isotopes ayisishiyagalolunye anemisebe e-Scandium, okuyi-40~44Sc kanye ne-46~49Sc.Phakathi kwazo, i-46Sc, njenge-tracer, isetshenziswe embonini yamakhemikhali, i-metallurgy kanye ne-oceanography.Kwezokwelapha, kunabantu baphesheya abafunda besebenzisa i-46Sc ukwelapha umdlavuza.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jul-04-2022