Eminyakeni yamuva, amazwi athi “izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile", "izimoto zamandla amasha", kanye "nentuthuko ehlanganisiwe" bezilokhu zivela kaningi emithonjeni yezindaba.Kungani?Lokhu kubangelwa ikakhulukazi ukunaka okwandayo okukhokhwa izwe ekuthuthukisweni kwezimboni zokuvikela imvelo nezokonga ugesi, kanye namandla amakhulu okuhlanganiswa nokuthuthukiswa kwezakhi zomhlaba eziyivelakancane emkhakheni wezimoto ezintsha zamandla.Yiziphi izikhombisi-ndlela ezine ezinkulu zokusetshenziswa kwezinto zomhlaba ezingavamile ezimotweni zamandla amasha?
△ Imoto kazibuthe yomhlaba engavamile
I
Imoto kazibuthe yomhlaba engavamile
Imoto kazibuthe yomhlaba engavamile iwuhlobo olusha lwemoto kazibuthe ehlala njalo eyavela ekuqaleni kwawo-1970.Umgomo wayo wokusebenza uyafana nalowo wenjini ehambisanayo ejatshuliswa ugesi, ngaphandle kokuthi eyokuqala isebenzisa uzibuthe ongunaphakade ukuze imiselele i-excitation winding for excitation.Uma kuqhathaniswa namamotho ashukumisayo kagesi endabuko, izinjini zikazibuthe zomhlaba ezingavamile zinezinzuzo ezibalulekile njengesakhiwo esilula, ukusebenza okuthembekile, usayizi omncane, isisindo esincane, ukulahlekelwa okuphansi, nokusebenza kahle okuphezulu.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakheka nobukhulu benjini kungaklanywa ngendlela eguquguqukayo, okuyenza yaziwe kakhulu emkhakheni wezimoto zamandla amasha.Amamotho kazibuthe omhlaba angajwayelekile ezimotweni aguqula amandla kagesi ebhethri lamandla abe amandla omshini, ashayele i-flywheel yenjini ukuze ijikelezise futhi iqale injini.
II
Ibhethri lamandla omhlaba angavamile
Izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile azikwazi nje kuphela ukubamba iqhaza ekulungiseni izinto zamanje ze-electrode ezivamile zamabhethri e-lithium, kodwa futhi zisebenza njengezinto zokusetshenziswa zokulungiswa kwama-electrode amahle ebhethri le-Lead-acid noma ibhethri le-Nickel-metal hydride.
Ibhethri ye-lithium: Ngenxa yokwengezwa kwezakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile, ukuzinza kwesakhiwo sezinto ezibonakalayo kuqinisekisiwe kakhulu, futhi iziteshi ezinezinhlangothi ezintathu zokufuduka kwe-lithium ion okusebenzayo nazo ziyanwetshwa ngezinga elithile.Lokhu kwenza ibhethri le-lithium-ion elilungisiwe libe nokuzinza okuphezulu kokushaja, ukuguquguquka kokuhamba ngebhayisikili nge-electrochemical, nempilo yomjikelezo omude.
Ibhethri le-lead acid: ucwaningo lwasekhaya lubonisa ukuthi ukungezwa komhlaba ongavamile kusiza ekuthuthukiseni amandla aqinile, ukuqina, ukumelana nokugqwala kanye nokuguquguquka kwe-oxygen Overpotential of lead based alloy of electrode plate.Ukwengezwa komhlaba ongavamile engxenyeni esebenzayo kunganciphisa ukukhululwa komoyampilo omuhle, kuthuthukise izinga lokusebenzisa izinto ezisebenzayo ezisebenzayo, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukise ukusebenza nempilo yesevisi yebhethri.
Ibhethri le-nickel-metal hydride: Ibhethri le-nickel-metal hydride linobuhle bomthamo othize ophezulu, yamanje ephezulu, ukusebenza kahle kokushaja okushajayo, futhi akukho ukungcola, ngakho libizwa ngokuthi “ibhethri eliluhlaza” futhi lisetshenziswa kabanzi emotweni, kugesi nakweminye imikhakha.Ukuze kugcinwe izici ezinhle kakhulu zokuphuma ngesivinini esiphezulu zebhethri le-Nickel-metal hydride ngenkathi kuvimbela ukubola kwempilo yayo, i-Japanese patent JP2004127549 yethula ukuthi i-cathode yebhethri ingakhiwa nge-are earth magnesium nickel based based hydrogen storage alloy.
△ Izimoto zamandla amasha
III
Ama-Catalyst kuma-ternary catalytic converters
Njengoba kwaziwa, akuzona zonke izimoto zamandla amasha ezingafinyelela ukukhishwa kweqanda, njengezimoto zikagesi eziyingxube nezimoto zikagesi ezihlelekayo, ezikhulula inani elithile lezinto ezinobuthi ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa.Ukuze kuncishiswe ukukhishwa kwegesi yezimoto zazo, ezinye izimoto ziphoqeleka ukuthi zifake ama-catalytic converters ezindlela ezintathu lapho ziphuma efektri.Lapho i-exhaust yemoto enezinga lokushisa eliphezulu idlula, iziguquli zezindlela ezintathu ze-catalytic zizothuthukisa umsebenzi we-CO, HC kanye ne-NOx ku-Go ngokusebenzisa i-ejenti yokuhlanza eyakhelwe ngaphakathi, ukuze bakwazi ukuqedela i-Redox futhi bakhiqize amagesi angenangozi, afanelekile. ekuvikelweni kwemvelo.
Ingxenye eyinhloko ye-ternary catalyst izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile, ezidlala indima ebalulekile ekugcineni izinto ezisetshenziswayo, esikhundleni samanye ama-catalyst amakhulu, futhi zisebenza njengezinsizakusebenza.Umhlaba ongavamile osetshenziswa ku-catalyst yokuhlanza igesi yomsila ngokuyinhloko uyingxube ye-cerium oxide, i-praseodymium oxide ne-Lanthanum oxide, ecebile ngamaminerali omhlaba ayivelakancane e-China.
IV
I-Ceramic Materials ku-Oxygen Sensors
Izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile zinemisebenzi eyingqayizivele yokugcina umoya-mpilo ngenxa yesakhiwo sazo se-elekthronikhi esiyingqayizivele, futhi zivame ukusetshenziswa ekulungiseni izinto zobumba zezinzwa zomoya-mpilo ezinhlelweni zokujova uphethiloli we-elekthronikhi, okuholela ekusebenzeni okungcono kwe-catalytic.Uhlelo lomjovo kaphethiloli we-elekthronikhi luyidivayisi ethuthukisiwe yomjovo kaphethiloli eyamukelwa izinjini zikaphethiloli ngaphandle kwama-carburetors, ikakhulukazi akhiwa izingxenye ezintathu ezinkulu: uhlelo lomoya, uhlelo lukaphethiloli, nohlelo lokulawula.
Ngaphezu kwalokhu, izakhi zomhlaba eziyivelakancane nazo zinezinhlobonhlobo zokusetshenziswa ezingxenyeni ezinjengamagiya, amathayi, nensimbi yomzimba.Kungashiwo ukuthi umhlaba ongavamile uyingxenye ebalulekile emkhakheni wezimoto ezintsha zamandla.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jul-14-2023