1. Incazelo Yezinto Zenuzi
Ngomqondo obanzi, impahla ye-nuclear yigama elijwayelekile lezinto ezisetshenziswa kuphela embonini yenuzi kanye nocwaningo lwesayensi yenuzi, okuhlanganisa uphethiloli wenuzi nezinto zobunjiniyela benuzi, okungukuthi izinto ezingezona zenuzi.
Izinto ezivame ukubizwa ngazo ezintweni zenuzi ikakhulukazi zibhekisela ezintweni ezisetshenziswa ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene ze-reactor, ezaziwa nangokuthi izinto ze-reactor.Izinto ezisetshenziswayo zereactor zihlanganisa uphethiloli wenuzi othola i-nuclear fission ngaphansi kwe-neutron bombardment, izinto zokuvala zezingxenye zikaphethiloli wenuzi, okokupholisa, amamoderetha enutroni (amamoderetha), izinto zokulawula izinduku ezimunca kakhulu ama-neutron, nezinto ezibonakalayo ezivimbela ukuvuza kwe-nutroni ngaphandle kwe-reactor.
2, Ubudlelwano obuhlobene phakathi kwezinsiza zomhlaba ezingavamile kanye nemithombo yenuzi
I-Monazite, ebizwa nangokuthi i-phosphocerite ne-phosphocerite, iyi-mineral accessory evamile ku-intermediate acid igneous rock kanye nedwala le-metamorphic.I-Monazite ingenye yamaminerali ayinhloko ensimbi yensimbi engavamile yomhlaba, futhi ikhona kwelinye idwala le-sedimentary.Okubomvu okunsundu, okuphuzi, kwesinye isikhathi okuphuzi okunsundu, nokucwebezela okunamafutha, ukuqhekeka okuphelele, ubulukhuni be-Mohs obungu-5-5.5, kanye namandla adonsela phansi athile angu-4.9-5.5.
Iminerali yensimbi eyinhloko yohlobo oluthile lwe-placer oluyivelakancane lomhlaba oluyidiphozithi e-China i-monazite, ikakhulukazi etholakala e-Tongcheng, e-Hubei, e-Yueyang, e-Hunan, e-Shangrao, e-Jiangxi, e-Menghai, e-Yunnan, nase-He County, e-Guangxi.Nokho, ukukhishwa kohlobo lwe-placer izinsiza zomhlaba ezingavamile ngokuvamile akunakho ukubaluleka kwezomnotho.Amatshe angawodwa ngokuvamile aqukethe izakhi ze-thorium eziguqukayo futhi angumthombo oyinhloko we-plutonium yokuhweba.
3. Uhlolojikelele lokusetshenziswa komhlaba okungavamile ekuhlanganisweni kwe-nuclear kanye ne-nuclear fission esekelwe ekuhlaziyweni kwe-patent panoramic
Ngemva kokuthi amagama angukhiye ezakhi zosesho lomhlaba ezingavamile esenwetshiwe ngokugcwele, ahlanganiswa nokhiye bokunweba nezinombolo zokuhlukaniswa kwe-nuclear fission kanye ne-nuclear fusion, futhi aseshwa kusizindalwazi se-Incopt.Idethi yokusesha ingomhla zingama-24 ku-Agasti, 2020. Amalungelo obunikazi angu-4837 atholwe ngemva kokuhlanganiswa komndeni okulula, futhi amalungelo obunikazi angu-4673 atholwa ngemva kokunciphisa umsindo wokwenziwa.
Izicelo zelungelo lobunikazi lomhlaba ezingavamile emkhakheni we-nuclear fission noma i-nuclear fusion zisatshalaliswa emazweni/ezifundeni ezingu-56 , ikakhulukazi e-Japan, e-China, e-United States, eJalimane nase-Russia, njll. Inani elikhulu lamalungelo obunikazi asetshenziswa ngendlela ye-PCT. , lapho izicelo zobuchwepheshe be-patent yamaShayina ziye zanda, ikakhulukazi kusukela ngo-2009, zingena esigabeni sokukhula ngokushesha, futhi iJapane, i-United States neRussia ziye zaqhubeka nokuhlela kulo mkhakha iminyaka eminingi (Umfanekiso 1).
Umfanekiso 1 Umkhuba wokufaka isicelo samalungelo obunikazi obuchwepheshe obuhlobene nokusetshenziswa komhlaba okungajwayelekile ekuqhekekeni kwe-nuclear kanye nokuhlangana kwe-nuclear emazweni/ezifundeni.
Kungabonakala ekuhlaziyweni kwezindikimba zobuchwepheshe ukuthi ukusetshenziswa komhlaba ongavamile ekuhlanganisweni kwe-nuclear kanye ne-nuclear fission kugxile ezintweni ezithinta uphethiloli, ama-scintillator, izitholi zemisebe, ama-actinides, ama-plasma, ama-reactors enuzi, izinto zokuvikela, ukumuncwa kwe-neutron nezinye izikhombisi-ndlela zobuchwepheshe.
4, Izicelo Eziqondile kanye Nocwaningo Lwelungelo Lobunikazi Oluyinhloko Lwezinto Ezingavamile Zomhlaba Ezintweni Zenuzi
Phakathi kwazo, ukuhlangana kwezikhali zenuzi kanye nokuhlukana kwezikhali zenuzi kunamandla, futhi izidingo zezinto zokwakha ziqinile.Njengamanje, iziphehli zikagesi ngokuyinhloko ziyiziphehlisi ze-nuclear fission, futhi ama-fusion reactor angase adume ngezinga elikhulu ngemva kweminyaka engu-50.Ukusetshenziswa kweumhlaba ongavamileizakhi ezintweni zesakhiwo se-reactor;Ezindaweni ezithile zamakhemikhali enuzi, izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile zisetshenziswa kakhulu ezindongeni zokulawula;Ngaphezu kwalokho,scandiumiye yasetshenziswa nasembonini ye-radiochemistry kanye ne-nuclear.
(1) Njengophoyizeni ovuthayo noma induku yokulawula ukulungisa izinga lenutroni kanye nesimo esibucayi sereactor yenuzi
Kuma-reactors kagesi, ukuphinda kusebenze kokuqala okuyinsalela kwama-cores amasha ngokuvamile kuphezulu uma kuqhathaniswa.Ikakhulukazi ezigabeni zokuqala zomjikelezo wokuqala wokugcwalisa, lapho wonke uphethiloli we-nuclear kumongo umusha, ukusebenza kabusha okusele kuphezulu kakhulu.Kuleli qophelo, ukuthembela kuphela ekwandiseni izinti zokulawula ukuze kunxeshezelwe ukusebenza kabusha kwensalela kuzokwethula izinduku zokulawula ezengeziwe.Induku yokulawula ngayinye (noma inqwaba yezinduku) ihambisana nokwethulwa kwendlela yokushayela eyinkimbinkimbi.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lokhu kwandisa izindleko, futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuvula izimbobo ekhanda lomkhumbi wokucindezela kungaholela ekunciphiseni kwamandla esakhiwo.Akukhona nje ukuthi akunamnotho, kodwa futhi akuvunyelwe ukuba nenani elithile le-porosity namandla esakhiwo ekhanda lesitsha sokucindezela.Kodwa-ke, ngaphandle kokwandisa izinduku zokulawula, kuyadingeka ukwandisa ukugxila kwamakhemikhali anxephezela ubuthi (njenge-boric acid) ukuze kunxeshezelwe ukusebenza kabusha okusele.Kulesi simo, kulula ukuthi ukugxila kwe-boron kudlule umkhawulo, futhi izinga lokushisa lomongameli lizoba lihle.
Ukuze ugweme izinkinga ezishiwo ngenhla, inhlanganisela yobuthi obuvuthayo, izinduku zokulawula, nokulawula isinxephezelo samakhemikhali ngokuvamile kungasetshenziswa ukulawula.
(2) Njenge-dopant yokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwezisetshenziswa zesakhiwo sereactor
Ama-reactors adinga izingxenye zesakhiwo nezinto zikaphethiloli ukuthi zibe nezinga elithile lamandla, ukumelana nokugqwala, kanye nokuzinza okuphezulu kwe-thermal, kuyilapho futhi kuvimbela imikhiqizo yokuqhekeka kwe-fission ukuthi ingangeni kwinto epholile.
1) .Insimbi yomhlaba engavamile
I-reactor yenuzi inezimo zomzimba nezekhemikhali ezidlulele, futhi ingxenye ngayinye ye-reactor nayo inezidingo eziphezulu zensimbi ekhethekile esetshenzisiwe.Izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile zinemiphumela ekhethekile yokuguqulwa kunsimbi, ikakhulukazi okuhlanganisa ukuhlanzwa, i-metamorphism, i-microalloying, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokumelana nokugqwala.Umhlaba ongavamile oqukethe izinsimbi nawo usetshenziswa kabanzi kuma-reactors enuzi.
① Umphumela wokuhlanza: Ucwaningo olukhona lubonise ukuthi umhlaba ongavamile unomthelela omuhle wokuhlanza kunsimbi encibilikisiwe emazingeni okushisa aphezulu.Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi umhlaba ongavamile ungasabela ngezinto eziyingozi ezifana nomoya-mpilo nesibabule ensimbi encibilikisiwe ukuze kukhiqizwe izinhlanganisela ezisezingeni eliphezulu.Izinhlanganisela zokushisa okuphezulu zingancishiswa futhi zikhishwe ngendlela yokufaka ngaphambi kokuba insimbi encibilikisiwe ihlanganise, ngaleyo ndlela inciphise okuqukethwe kokungcola ensimbi encibilikisiwe.
② I-Metamorphism: ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-oxides, ama-sulfide noma ama-oxysulfide akhiqizwa ukusabela komhlaba ongavamile ensimbi encibilikisiwe enezinto eziyingozi ezifana nomoya-mpilo nesibabule zingagcinwa ingxenye yensimbi encibilikisiwe futhi zibe izinsimbi zensimbi ezinephuzu eliphezulu lokuncibilika. .Lezi zinto ezihlanganisiwe zingasetshenziswa njengezikhungo ze-nucleation ezihlukahlukene ngesikhathi sokuqiniswa kwensimbi encibilikisiwe, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswe ukuma nokwakheka kwensimbi.
③ I-Microalloying: uma ukungezwa komhlaba ongavamile kuyanda, umhlaba osele ongavamile uzoncibilika ensimbi ngemva kokuqedwa kokucwenga okungenhla kanye ne-metamorphism.Njengoba i-athomu ye-athomu yomhlaba engavamile inkulu kune-athomu yensimbi, umhlaba ongavamile unomsebenzi ophezulu ophezulu.Phakathi nenqubo yokuqiniswa kwensimbi encibilikisiwe, izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile ziyacetshiswa emngceleni wokusanhlamvu, ezinganciphisa kangcono ukuhlukaniswa kwezinto ezingcolile emngceleni wokusanhlamvu, ngaleyo ndlela kuqinise isisombululo esiqinile futhi kudlale indima ye-microalloying.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngenxa yezimpawu zokugcina i-hydrogen zomhlaba ezingavamile, zingakwazi ukumunca i-hydrogen ensimbi, ngaleyo ndlela zenze ngcono ukwenzeka kwe-hydrogen embrittlement yensimbi.
④ Ukuthuthukisa ukumelana nokugqwala: Ukwengezwa kwezinto ezingavamile zomhlaba nakho kungathuthukisa ukumelana nokugqwala kwensimbi.Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi umhlaba ongavamile unamandla aphezulu wokuzigqwala kunensimbi engagqwali.Ngakho-ke, ukungezwa kwemihlaba eyivelakancane kungakhuphula amandla okuzibola kwensimbi engagqwali, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswe ukuzinza kwensimbi emithonjeni yezindaba ebolayo.
2).Isifundo Selungelo Lobunikazi Esibalulekile
Ilungelo lobunikazi elingukhiye: ukusungulwa kwelungelo lobunikazi lokuhlakazeka kwe-oxide kuqinise insimbi esebenza kancane kanye nendlela yayo yokulungiselela yi-Institute of Metals, Chinese Academy of Sciences
I-patent abstract: Kunikezwe ukuhlakazeka kwe-oxide okuqiniswe insimbi ephansi yokwenza kusebenze efaneleke ama-reactors ahlanganisiwe kanye nendlela yawo yokulungiselela, ebonakala ngokuthi iphesenti lezinto zengxubevange kusisindo esiphelele sensimbi ephansi yokwenza kusebenze yilena: i-matrix ingu-Fe, 0.08% ≤ C ≤ 0.15%, 8.0% ≤ Cr ≤ 10.0%, 1.1% ≤ W ≤ 1.55%, 0.1% ≤ V ≤ 0.3%, 0.03% ≤ Ta ≤ 0.2 ≤ 0.0 ≤%, 0.0 ≤%, 0.0 ≤ 2O3 ≤ 0.5% .
Inqubo yokukhiqiza: Ukuncibilikiswa kwengxube ye-Fe-Cr-WV-Ta-Mn kamama, i-atomization yempushana, ukugaya amabhola anamandla engxubevange yomama kanyeY2O3 nanoparticleimpushana exubile, isizinda semvilophi esiyimpuphu, ukubumba okuqiniswayo, ukugoqa okushisayo, nokwelashwa kokushisa.
Indlela yokwengeza umhlaba engavamile: Engeza i-nanoscaleY2O3izinhlayiya kwingxubevange yomzali impushana ye-athomu yokugaya ibhola elinamandla amakhulu, indawo yokugaya ibhola ingu-Φ 6 kanye no-Φ 10 amabhola ensimbi aqinile axubile, nomoya wokugaya ibhola ongu-99.99% wegesi ye-argon, isilinganiso se-ball material mass (8- 10): 1, isikhathi sokugaya ibhola amahora angama-40-70, kanye nesivinini sokujikeleza esingu-350-500 r/min.
3）.Isetshenziselwa ukwenza izinto zokuvikela imisebe ye-neutron
① Isimiso sokuvikela imisebe ye-neutron
I-Neutron iyingxenye ye-nuclei ye-athomu, enesisindo esingaguquki esingu-1.675 × 10-27kg, okuyizikhathi ezingu-1838 kunesisindo se-electronic.I-radius yayo icishe ibe ngu-0.8 × 10-15m, efana ngosayizi weproton, efana ne-γ Imisebe ayishajiwe ngokulinganayo.Lapho ama-neutron esebenzisana nodaba, ikakhulukazi asebenzisana namandla enuzi ngaphakathi kwe-nucleus, futhi awaxhumani nama-electron egobolondweni elingaphandle.
Ngokuthuthuka okusheshayo kwamandla enuzi kanye nobuchwepheshe be-nuclear reactor, kubhekwe nakakhulu ukuphepha emisebeni yenuzi kanye nokuvikelwa kwemisebe yenuzi.Ukuze kuqiniswe ukuvikeleka kwemisebe ku-opharetha asebenesikhathi eside belungisa imishini yokukhipha imisebe kanye nokuhlenga izingozi, kubaluleke kakhulu ngokwesayensi kanye nenani lezomnotho ukuthuthukisa izinhlanganisela zokuvikela ezingasindi zezingubo zokuzivikela.Imisebe ye-neutron iyingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yemisebe ye-nuclear reactor.Ngokujwayelekile, iningi lama-neutron axhumene ngqo nabantu ancishisiwe afinyelela kumaneutron angamandla aphansi ngemuva komphumela wokuvikela i-neutron wezinto zesakhiwo ngaphakathi kwereactor yenuzi.I-neutron yamandla aphansi izoshayisana ne-nuclei enenombolo ye-athomu ephansi ngokunwebeka futhi iqhubeke nokulinganiswa.Ama-neutron alinganisiwe ashisayo azomuncwa izinto ezinezingxenye eziphambano zokumuncwa kwe-neutron, futhi ekugcineni ukuvikela kwe-neutron kuzozuzwa.
② Ucwaningo Lwelungelo Lobunikazi Oluyinhloko
Izici ze-porous kanye ne-organic-inorganic hybrid yeisici somhlaba esingavamilei-gadoliniumizinto ezisekelwe ensimbi eziphilayo zamathambo zandisa ukuhambisana kwazo ne-polyethylene, zikhuthaza izinto ezihlanganisiwe eziyinhlanganisela ukuze zibe nokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-gadolinium nokuhlakazeka kwe-gadolinium.Okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-gadolinium nokuhlakazwa kuzothinta ngqo ukusebenza kokuvikela kwe-neutron kwezinto eziyinhlanganisela.
Ilungelo lobunikazi elingukhiye: I-Hefei Institute of Material Science, i-Chinese Academy of Sciences, i-patent yokusungulwa kwe-gadolinium esekelwe kuhlaka lwe-organic composite shielding material kanye nendlela yayo yokulungiselela
I-Patent Abstract: I-Gadolinium based metal organic skeleton composite shielding material yinto eyinhlanganisela eyakhiwe ngokuxuba.i-gadoliniumisisekelo sensimbi ye-organic skeleton material ne-polyethylene ngesilinganiso sesisindo esingu-2:1:10 futhi isenza ngokuhwamuka kwe-solvent noma ngokucindezela okushisayo.I-Gadolinium based metal organic skeleton composite shielding materials inokusimama okushisayo okuphezulu kanye nekhono lokuvikela i-neutron elishisayo.
Inqubo yokukhiqiza: ukukhetha okuhlukileinsimbi ye-gadoliniumama-salts nama-organic ligands ukuze alungiselele futhi ahlanganise izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-gadolinium based metal organic skeleton materials, ukuwageza ngama-molecule amancane e-methanol, ethanol, noma amanzi nge-centrifugation, futhi uwavule ekushiseni okuphezulu ngaphansi kwezimo ze-vacuum ukuze asuse ngokuphelele izinto zokusetshenziswa ezisele ezingaphenduliwe. kuma-pores we-gadolinium esekelwe metal organic skeleton materials;I-gadolinium esekelwe i-organometallic skeleton material elungiselelwe isinyathelo ishukunyiswa nge-polyethylene lotion ngesivinini esikhulu, noma i-ultrasonically, noma i-gadolinium based organometallic skeleton material elungiselelwe isinyathelo iyancibilika ehlanganiswe ne-ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene ekushiseni okuphezulu kuze kuhlanganiswe ngokugcwele;Beka ingxube ye-gadolinium esekelwe ngokulinganayo esekelwe ensimbi ye-organic skeleton material/polyethylene esikhunjeni, futhi uthole i-gadolinium based based metal organic skeleton composite impahla yokuvikela ngokomisa ukuze ukhuthaze ukuhwamuka kwe-solvent noma ukucindezela okushisayo;I-gadolinium esekelwe ensimbi ye-organic skeleton composite shielding material ithuthukise kakhulu ukumelana nokushisa, izakhiwo zemishini, kanye nekhono eliphakeme lokuvikela i-neutron elishisayo uma liqhathaniswa nezinto ezihlanzekile ze-polyethylene.
Imodi yokwengeza umhlaba engavamile: Gd2 (BHC) (H2O) 6, Gd (BTC) (H2O) 4 noma i-Gd (BDC) 1.5 (H2O) 2 i-porous crystalline coordination polymer equkethe i-gadolinium, etholakala ngokuhlanganisa i-polymerizationI-Gd (NO3) 3 • 6H2O noma i-GdCl3 • 6H2Okanye ne-organic carboxylate ligand;Usayizi we-gadolinium esekelwe ensimbi ye-organic skeleton material ngu-50nm-2 μ m; Izinto ze-Gadolinium ezisekelwe ensimbi ye-organic skeleton zine-morphologies ehlukene, okuhlanganisa i-granular, i-shaped-shaped-shaped, noma umumo wenaliti.
(4) Ukusetshenziswa kweI-Scandiumembonini ye-Radiochemistry kanye ne-nuclear
I-Scandium metal inokuqina okuhle kokushisa nokusebenza okuqinile kokumuncwa kwe-fluorine, okuyenza ibe yinto ebaluleke kakhulu embonini yamandla e-athomu.
Ilungelo lobunikazi elibalulekile: I-China Aerospace Development Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials, ilungelo lobunikazi lokusungulwa kwe-aluminium zinc magnesium scandium alloy kanye nendlela yayo yokulungiselela
I-Patent abstract: I-zinc ye-aluminiumi-magnesium scandium alloykanye nendlela yayo yokulungiselela.Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kanye nephesenti lesisindo se-aluminium zinc magnesium scandium alloy yilezi: Mg 1.0% -2.4%, Zn 3.5% -5.5%, Sc 0.04% -0.50%, Zr 0.04% -0.35%, ukungcola Cu ≤ 0.2%, Si ≤ 0.35%, Fe ≤ 0.4%, okunye ukungcola okukodwa ≤ 0.05%, okunye ukungcola okuphelele ≤ 0.15%, kanti inani elisele ngu-Al.I-microstructure yale aluminium zinc magnesium scandium alloy material iyafana futhi ukusebenza kwayo kuzinzile, inamandla okugcina aqinile angaphezu kuka-400MPa, amandla okukhiqiza angaphezu kuka-350MPa, namandla aqinile angaphezu kuka-370MPa wamalunga ashiselwe.Imikhiqizo yezinto ezibonakalayo ingasetshenziswa njengezakhi zesakhiwo ku-aerospace, imboni yenuzi, ezokuthutha, izimpahla zemidlalo, izikhali kanye neminye imikhakha.
Inqubo yokukhiqiza: Isinyathelo 1, isithako ngokusho kokwakheka kwe-alloy okungenhla;Isinyathelo sesi-2: Ncibilikisa esithandweni sokuncibilikisa ezingeni lokushisa elingu-700 ℃~780 ℃;Isinyathelo sesi-3: Cwenga uketshezi lwensimbi oluncibilike ngokuphelele, futhi ugcine izinga lokushisa lensimbi ngaphakathi kwebanga elingu-700 ℃~750 ℃ ngesikhathi sokucwenga;Isinyathelo sesi-4: Ngemva kokucwengwa, kufanele ivunyelwe ngokugcwele ukuthi ime;Isinyathelo sesi-5: Ngemva kokuma ngokugcwele, qala ukusakaza, gcina izinga lokushisa lomlilo ngaphakathi kwebanga elingu-690 ℃~730 ℃, futhi ijubane lokukhipha ngu-15-200mm/ngomzuzu;Isinyathelo sesi-6: Yenza ukwelashwa kwe-homogenization kwe-annealing ku-alloy ingot esithandweni sokushisisa, ngezinga lokushisa le-homogenization elingu-400 ℃~470 ℃;Isinyathelo sesi-7: Geza ingot ehlanganisiwe bese wenza i-extrusion eshisayo ukuze ukhiqize amaphrofayili anogqinsi olungaphezu kuka-2.0mm.Ngesikhathi senqubo ye-extrusion, i-billet kufanele igcinwe ekushiseni kuka-350 ℃ kuya ku-410 ℃;Isinyathelo sesi-8: Cindezela iphrofayili ukuze uthole ukwelashwa kokucisha isixazululo, ngokushisa kwesisombululo okungu-460-480 ℃;Isinyathelo sesi-9: Ngemva kwamahora angu-72 esisombululo esiqinile sokucisha, phoqelela ukuguga mathupha.Isistimu yokuguga yamandla okusebenza ithi: 90~110 ℃/24 amahora+170~180 ℃/5 amahora, noma 90~110 ℃/24 amahora+145~155 ℃/10 amahora.
5. Isifinyezo socwaningo
Sekukonke, umhlaba ongavamile usetshenziswa kakhulu ekuhlanganisweni kwenuzi kanye ne-nuclear fission, futhi inezakhiwo eziningi zelungelo lobunikazi eziqondisweni zobuchwepheshe ezifana ne-X-ray excitation, ukwakheka kwe-plasma, i-reactor yamanzi alula, i-transuranium, i-uranyl ne-oxide powder.Ngokuqondene nezinto ezisetshenziswayo eziphendulayo, umhlaba ongavamile ungasetshenziswa njengezinto zesakhiwo se-reactor kanye nezinto ezihlobene nokufakwa kwe-ceramic insulation, izinto zokulawula nezinto zokuvikela imisebe ye-neutron.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: May-26-2023