Isingeniso Sokusetshenziswa Kwemihlaba Engavamile
Izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile zaziwa ngokuthi "amavithamini ezimbonini", ne Irreplaceable omuhle kazibuthe, optical kanye nezakhiwo zikagesi, ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza komkhiqizo, ukwandisa ezihlukahlukene umkhiqizo, ngcono ukukhiqiza ukusebenza kahle uye wadlala indima enkulu. Ngenxa yendima enkulu yomhlaba ongavamile, ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezincane, sekuyinto ebalulekile yokuthuthukisa isakhiwo somkhiqizo, ukuthuthukisa okuqukethwe kwesayensi nezobuchwepheshe, ukukhuthaza inqubekelaphambili yezobuchwepheshe embonini, sekusetshenziswe kabanzi kwezensimbi, ezempi, ze-petrochemical, i-glass ceramics, ezolimo kanye nezinto ezintsha kanye neminye imikhakha.
Imboni ye-Metallurgical
Amadodana nezindela zomhlaba ezingavamile ziye zasetshenziswa emkhakheni metallurgy iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30, futhi kwakheka ubuchwepheshe obuvuthiwe xaxa kanye nobuchwepheshe, imihlaba ezingavamile ngensimbi, izinsimbi non-ayoni, iyindawo enkulu, has amathemba abanzi. Izinsimbi zomhlaba ezingavamile noma i-fluoride, i-silicate eyengezwe ensimbi, ingadlala indima yokucwenga, i-desulfurization, indawo encibilikayo eyingozi ephakathi nendawo nephansi, futhi ingathuthukisa ukusebenza kokucubungula kwensimbi; Isetshenziswa kabanzi ku-automobile, ugandaganda, injini ye-diesel nakweminye imboni yokukhiqiza imishini, insimbi yomhlaba engavamile eyengezwe ku-magnesium, i-aluminium, ithusi, i-zinc, i-nickel namanye ama-alloys angenayo insimbi, ingathuthukisa izakhiwo ezingokomzimba namakhemikhali zama-alloys, futhi ithuthukise izinga lokushisa lekamelo kanye nokushisa okuphezulu kwezakhiwo zemishini yama-alloys.
Ngenxa yokuthi umhlaba ongavamile unezinto ezibonakalayo ezinhle kakhulu ezifana ne-optical kanye ne-electromagnetic, ungenza izinto ezintsha ezinezakhiwo ezahlukene kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinye izinto, ezingathuthukisa kakhulu izinga nokusebenza kweminye imikhiqizo. Ngakho-ke, kunegama elithi "igolide lezimboni". Okokuqala, ukwengeza umhlaba ongavamile kungathuthukisa kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwamathangi, izindiza, imicibisholo, insimbi, i-aluminium alloy, i-magnesium alloy, ukusebenza kwe-titanium alloy tactical. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umhlaba ongavamile ungasetshenziswa futhi njengama-electronics, ama-laser, imboni yenuzi, i-superconducting nezinye izinto zokuthambisa eziningi zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu. Ubuchwepheshe bomhlaba obungavamile, lapho buke busetshenziswa kwezempi, nakanjani buyoletha intuthuko kwezesayensi nobuchwepheshe bezempi. Ngomqondo othile, ukulawula okunamandla kwebutho lezempi laseMelika ezimpini zasendaweni zangemva kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi, kanye nekhono lalo lokubulala isitha ngendlela engalawuleki neyomphakathi, kungenxa yesigaba salo sobuchwepheshe bomhlaba obungavamile.
Amakhemikhali e-Petrochemicals
Umhlaba ongavamile ungasetshenziswa emkhakheni we-petrochemical ukwenza ama-catalysts we-molecular sieve, ngomsebenzi ophezulu, ukukhetha okuhle, ukumelana okuqinile nobuthi bensimbi esindayo kanye nezinye izinzuzo, ngaleyo ndlela esikhundleni se-aluminium silicate catalysts yenqubo yokuqhekeka kwe-petroleum catalytic; Ivolumu yayo yegesi yokwelapha iphindwe izikhathi ezingu-1.5 kune-catalyst ye-nickel aluminium, inqubo yokuhlanganiswa kwerabha ye-shunbutyl nerabha ye-isoprene, ukusetshenziswa kwe-cyclane acid eyivelakancane yomhlaba - i-catalyst ye-isobutyl aluminium emithathu, etholwe ukusebenza komkhiqizo kuhle, nge-glue encane yokulenga, ukusebenza okuzinzile, inqubo yesikhashana emva kokwelashwa; njalo njalo.
I-ceramics yengilazi
Umthamo wokusetshenziswa komhlaba ongavamile embonini yengilazi kanye ne-ceramic yaseShayina ubulokhu ukhula ngesilinganiso esingama-25% kusukela ngo-1988, ufinyelela amathani angaba ngu-1600 ngo-1998, futhi izinto zobumba zengilazi zomhlaba ezingavamile azizona nje izinto eziyisisekelo eziyisisekelo zemboni nempilo, kodwa futhi amalungu ayinhloko omkhakha wobuchwepheshe obuphezulu. Ama-earth oxides angavamile noma okugxilwe emhlabeni okungavamile okucutshungulwe kungasetshenziswa njengezimpushana zokupholisha ezisetshenziswa kakhulu engilazini yokubona, amalensi okubuka, amashubhu ezithombe, ama-oscilloscopetubes, ingilazi eyisicaba, ipulasitiki kanye nensimbi yokucwebezelisa etafuleni; Ukuze kukhishwe umbala oluhlaza engilazini, ukungezwa kwama-oxide omhlaba angavamile kungaveza ukusetshenziswa okuhlukile kwengilazi yokubona nengilazi ekhethekile, okuhlanganisa ingilazi ye-infrared, i-uv-absorbing, i-asidi nengilazi engashi, ingilazi ye-X-ray-proof, njll., nge-ceramic kanye noqweqwe lwawo ukuze kwengezwe umhlaba ongavamile, kunganciphisa ukuqhekeka kweglaze, futhi kungenza imikhiqizo ecwebezelayo ibonise embonini ebanzi, i-ceramic ekhanyayo.
Ezolimo
Imiphumela ibonisa ukuthi izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile zingathuthukisa okuqukethwe kwe-chlorophyll ezitshalweni, zithuthukise i-photosynthesis, zithuthukise ukuthuthukiswa kwezimpande, futhi zandise ukumuncwa kwezakhi zesistimu yezimpande. Imihlaba eyivelakancane ingase futhi ikhuthaze ukuhluma kwembewu, yandise izinga lokuhluma kwembewu, futhi ikhuthaze ukukhula kwezithombo. Ngaphezu kwezindima ezinkulu ezingenhla, kodwa futhi unamandla okwenza izitshalo ezithile zokuthuthukisa ukumelana nezifo, amakhaza, ukumelana nesomiso. Inani elikhulu locwaningo liphinde labonisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kokugxilisa okufanelekile kwezakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile kungakhuthaza ukumuncwa, ukuguqulwa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezakhi ezitshalweni. Ukufafaza umhlaba ongavamile kungathuthukisa okuqukethwe kwe-Vc, inani likashukela eliphelele kanye nesilinganiso se-asidi kashukela we-apula nezithelo ezisawolintshi, futhi kukhuthaze umbala wezithelo kanye nokubala ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Ingavimbela amandla okuphefumula ngesikhathi sokugcina futhi inciphise izinga lokubola.
Izinto ezintsha
I-Rare Earth Ferrite boron umazibuthe wezinto ezihlala unomphela, ezinozibuthe ophezulu osalayo, amandla aphezulu wamathambo kanye nokuqoqwa kwamandla kazibuthe aphezulu nezinye izici, isetshenziswa kabanzi embonini ye-elekthronikhi kanye ne-aerospace kanye nokushayela izinjini zomoya (ifanele ikakhulukazi izitshalo zokuphehla amandla ogwini); - I-aluminium garnets nengilazi ye-niobium eyenziwe nge-zirconium ehlanzekile ingasetshenziswa njengezinto eziqinile ze-laser; ama-boroncans omhlaba angavamile angasetshenziswa ukwenza izinto ze-cathodic ezikhishwe nge-elekthronikhi; Insimbi ye-niobium nickel iyinto esanda kwakhiwa yokugcina i-hydrogen ngeminyaka yawo-1970; futhi i-chromic acid iwukushisa okuphezulu kwe-thermoelectric material Njengamanje, izinto zokwenziwa kwe-superconducting ezenziwe ngama-oxide asekelwe ku-niobium ngokuthuthukiswa kwezakhi ze-oksijini ezisekelwe ku-niobium emhlabeni zingathola ama-superconductors endaweni yokushisa ye-nitrogen ye-liquid, eyenza inqubekelaphambili ekuthuthukisweni kwezinto eziphezulu ze-superconducting. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umhlaba ongavamile nawo usetshenziswa kabanzi emithonjeni yokukhanya efana ne-phosphors, i-phosphors yesikrini ethuthukisiwe, i-phosphors yombala we-tri-color, ama-powder okukhanya okukopishiwe (kodwa ngenxa yezindleko eziphakeme zamanani omhlaba angavamile, ngakho-ke ukusetshenziswa kokukhanya kwehla kancane kancane), amaphilisi e-projection kamabonakude kanye neminye imikhiqizo kagesi; Ingakwazi ukwandisa umkhiqizo wayo ngo-5 kuya ku-10%, embonini yendwangu, i-chloride yomhlaba engavamile ibuye isetshenziswe kakhulu ekushiseni uboya, ukudaya uboya, ukudaya uboya kanye nokudaywa kwekhaphethi, kanti umhlaba ongavamile ungasetshenziswa ekuguquleni i-catalytic yezimoto ukunciphisa ukungcola okuyinhloko enjini ekhipha igesi ibe yizinhlanganisela ezingenabuthi.
Ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza
Izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile zibuye zisetshenziswe emikhiqizweni eyahlukene yedijithali okuhlanganisa okulalelwayo nokubonwayo, ukuthwebula izithombe, ukuxhumana nezinhlobonhlobo zemishini yedijithali, ukuhlangabezana nomkhiqizo omncane, osheshayo, olula, isikhathi eside wokusebenzisa, ukonga amandla nezinye izidingo eziningi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iphinde isetshenziswe emandleni aluhlaza, ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha, ukuhlanzwa kwamanzi, ezokuthutha kanye neminye imikhakha.