I-Gadolinium zirconate(I-Gd₂Zr₂O₇), eyaziwa nangokuthi i-zirconate gadolinium, i-ceramic ye-oxide eyivelakancane eyaziswa kakhulu ngenxa ye-thermal conductivity ephansi kakhulu kanye nokuzinza okungavamile kokushisa. Ngamagama alula, “iyi-super-insulator” emazingeni okushisa aphezulu – ukushisa akudluli kuwo kalula. Lesi sakhiwo siyenza ifaneleke kuma-thermal barrier coatings (TBCs), avikela izingxenye zenjini ne-turbine ekushiseni okukhulu. Njengoba umhlaba uphushela emandleni ahlanzekile, asebenza kahle kakhulu, izinto ezifana ne-gadolinium zirconate ziyathola ukunakwa: zisiza izinjini zishise kakhulu nangempumelelo kakhudlwana, zishise uphethiloli omncane futhi zinqande ukungcola.
Iyini i-Gadolinium Zirconate?
Ngokwekhemikhali, i-gadolinium zirconate iyi-ceramic eyakhiwe nge-pyrochlore: iqukethe i-gadolinium (Gd) kanye ne-zirconium (Zr) cations ehlelwe nge-lattice enezinhlangothi ezintathu ezinomoya-mpilo. Ifomula yayo ivame ukubhalwa ngokuthi Gd₂Zr₂O₇ (noma ngesinye isikhathi Gd₂O₃·ZrO₂). Le crystal e-odiwe (pyrochlore) ingashintsha ibe isakhiwo se-fluorite esiphazamisekile kakhulu emazingeni okushisa aphezulu kakhulu (~1530 °C). Okubalulekile, iyunithi yefomula ngayinye inesikhala somoya-mpilo - i-athomu yomoya-mpilo engekho - esakaza kakhulu amaphononi aphethe ukushisa. Leyo quirk yesakhiwo ingesinye sezizathu i-gadolinium zirconate iqhuba ukushisa ngendlela engasebenzi kahle kakhulu kunezitsha zobumba ezivamile.
I-Epomaterial nabanye abahlinzeki benza i-high-purity Gd₂Zr₂O₇ powder (ngokuvamile i-99.9% ehlanzekile, i-CAS 11073-79-3) ikakhulukazi izicelo ze-TBC. Isibonelo, ikhasi lomkhiqizo we-Epomaterial ligqamisa ukuthi “I-Gadolinium Zirconate iyi-ceramic esekwe ku-oxide ene-thermal conductivity ephansi” esetshenziswa kuma-TBC we-plasma-spray. Izincazelo ezinjalo zigcizelela ukuthi isici sayo esiphansi-k siyisisekelo sokubaluleka kwayo. (Impela, uhlu lwe-Epomaterial lwe-“Zirconate Gadolinium (GZO)” impushana luyibonisa njengento emhlophe, esekelwe ku-oxide.
Kungani Kubaluleke Kakhulu Ukusebenza Okuphansi Kwe-Thermal?
I-Thermal conductivity (κ) ikala ukuthi ukushisa kugeleza kanjani kalula ezintweni. I-Gadolinium zirconate's κ iphansi ngokumangalisayo ku-ceramic, ikakhulukazi emazingeni okushisa afana nenjini. Ucwaningo lubika amanani ngohlelo luka-1–2 W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹ cishe ngo-1000 °C. Ngomongo, i-yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) evamile - indinganiso ye-TBC yamashumi eminyaka ubudala - icishe ibe ngu-2–3 W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹ emazingeni okushisa afanayo. Kolunye ucwaningo, uWu et al. ithole ukuthi ukusebenza kwe-Gd₂Zr₂O₇ kungu-~1.6 W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹ kokuthi 700 °C, kuqhathaniswa no-~2.3 ku-YSZ ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo. Omunye umbiko uphawula ububanzi obungu-1.0–1.8 W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹ ku-1000 °C ku-gadolinium zirconate, “ngaphansi kune-YSZ”. Ngamafuphi, lokhu kusho ukuthi ungqimba lwe-GdZr₂O₇ luzovumela ukushisa okuncane kakhulu kunongqimba olulinganayo lwe-YSZ ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu - inzuzo enkulu yokugqumisa.
Izinzuzo Eziyinhloko ze-Gadolinium Zirconate (Gd₂Zr₂O₇):
I-ultra-low-thermal conductivity: ~1–2 W/m·K ku-700–1000 °C, ngaphansi kakhulu kwe-YSZ.
Ukuzinza kwesigaba esiphezulu: Ihlala izinzile kufika ku-~1500 °C, ngaphezu komkhawulo we-YSZ's ~1200 °C.
Ukunwetshwa kwe-thermal ephezulu: Kunweba kakhulu ekushiseni kune-YSZ, okunganciphisa izingcindezi kuma-coatings.
Ukumelana ne-oxidation nokugqwala: Kwakha izigaba ze-oxide ezinzile; imelana namadiphozithi e-CMAS ancibilikisiwe kangcono kune-YSZ (ama-zirconate angandile emhlabeni avame ukusabela ngediphozithi ye-silicate futhi akhe amakristalu okuvikela).
I-Eco-impact: Ngokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwenjini/i-turbine, isiza ekunciphiseni ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli kanye nentuthu.
Ngayinye yalezi zici ixhumene nokusebenza kahle kwamandla kanye nokusimama. Ngenxa yokuthi i-GdZr₂O₇ ivikela kangcono, izinjini zidinga ukupholisa okuncane futhi zingasebenza ngokushisa kakhulu, zihumusheka ngokuqondile ekusebenzeni kahle okuphezulu nokusebenzisa uphethiloli okuphansi. Njengoba ucwaningo lweNyuvesi yaseVirginia luphawula, ukusebenza kahle kwe-TBC okungcono kusho ukushisa “uphethiloli omncane ukuze kukhiqizwe inani elifanayo lamandla, okuholela… Ngamafuphi, i-gadolinium zirconate ingasiza imishini ukuthi isebenze ngokuhlanzekile.
I-Thermal Conductivity ngemininingwane
Ukuze uphendule umbuzo oyinhloko othi “Iyini i-thermal conductivity ye-gadolinium zirconate?”: Iphansi kakhulu ku-ceramic, cishe u-1–2 W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹ ebangeni elingu-700–1000 °C. Lokhu kuqinisekiswe izifundo eziningi. Wu et al. kubika ≈1.6 W/m·K kokuthi 700 °C ku-Gd₂Zr₂O₇, kuyilapho i-YSZ ilinganisela u-≈2.3 ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo. Shen et al. inothi “1.0–1.8 W/m·K ku-1000 °C”. Ngokuphambene, ukusebenza kwe-YSZ kokuthi 1000 °C kuvamise ukuthi kube ngu-2–3 W/m·K. Ngokwemibandela yansuku zonke, cabanga ngamathayili amabili okufakwa esitofini esishisayo: lena ene-GdZr₂O₇ igcina ingemuva lipholile kunethayela le-YSZ eliwugqinsi olufanayo.
Kungani i-Gd₂Zr₂O₇ iphansi kakhulu? Ukwakheka kwayo kwekristalu ngokwemvelo kuvimbela ukugeleza kokushisa. Izikhala zokwenza umoya-mpilo kuyunithi ngayinye yeseli zisakaza amaphononi (izithwali zokushisa), kanye nesisindo se-athomu esindayo se-gadolinium siqhubeka nokumanzisa ukundindizela kwe-lattice. Njengoba omunye umthombo uchaza, "isikhala se-oxygen sandisa ukuhlakazeka kwe-phonon futhi kunciphisa ukuqhutshwa kwe-thermal". Abakhiqizi baxhaphaza lesi sakhiwo: Amanothi ekhathalogi ye-Epomaterial ethi GdZr₂O₇ isetshenziswa embotsheni yokuvimbela okushisayo okufafazwe nge-plasma ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuncipha kwayo κ. Empeleni, i-microstructure yayo ibamba ukushisa ngaphakathi, ivikela insimbi engaphansi.
I-Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs) kanye Nezicelo
I-thermal barrier coatingsizingqimba ze-ceramic ezisetshenziswa ezingxenyeni zensimbi ezibhekene namagesi ashisayo (njengama-turbine blades). Ngokubonisa kanye nokugqumisa ekushiseni, ama-TBC avumela izinjini nezinjini zomoya ukuthi zisebenze emazingeni okushisa aphezulu ngaphandle kokuncibilika. I-Gadolinium zirconate ivele njengeizinto ze-TBC zesizukulwane esilandelayo, ehambisanayo noma efaka esikhundleni se-YSZ ezimeni ezimbi kakhulu. Izizathu eziyinhloko zihlanganisa ukuzinza nokufakwa kwayo:
Ukusebenza kwezinga lokushisa eliphakeme kakhulu:Ushintsho lwesigaba se-Gd₂Zr₂O₇ se-pyrochlore-to-fluorite senzeka eduze1530 °C, ngaphezu kwe-YSZ's ~1200 °C. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izimbobo ze-GdZr₂O₇ zihlala zinjalo emazingeni okushisa ashisayo ezingxenyeni ezishisayo ze-turbine yesimanje.
Ukumelana ne-hot corrosion:Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi ama-zirconate angajwayelekile afana ne-GdZr₂O₇ asabela ngemfucumfucu yenjini encibilikisiwe (okuthiwa i-CMAS: i-calcium-magnesium-alumino-silicate) ukuze akhe ama-crystalline seal azinzile, avimbele ukungena okujulile. Lokhu kukhulu ezinjinini zejethi ezindiza emlotheni wentaba-mlilo noma esihlabathini.
Ama-layered coatings:Onjiniyela bavame ukubhanqa i-GdZr₂O₇ ne-YSZ kuzitaki zezendlalelo eziningi. Isibonelo, isendlalelo sangaphansi esincanyana se-YSZ singabhafa ukunwetshwa kokushisa, kuyilapho ungqimba olungaphezulu lwe-GdZr₂O₇ luhlinzeka ngokufakwa okuphakeme nokuzinza. Ama-TBC “ongqimba olukabili” anjalo angasebenzisa okuhle kakhulu kokubili.
Izicelo:Ngenxa yalezi zici, i-GdZr₂O₇ ilungele izinjini zesizukulwane esilandelayo kanye nezingxenye ze-aerospace. Abakhiqizi benjini ye-jet nabaklami be-rocket banesithakazelo kuyo, njengoba ukubekezelela izinga lokushisa eliphezulu kusho ukugxila okungcono nokusebenza kahle. Kumaturbine egesi ezitshalo zamandla (okuhlanganisa nalawo abhangqwe nemithombo yamandla avuselelekayo), ukusebenzisa okokunamathela kwe-GdZr₂O₇ kungakhama amandla engeziwe kuphethiloli ofanayo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-NASA iphawula ukuthi ukuze kufinyelelwe “emazingeni okushisa aphezulu adingekayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kwezinjini ze-turbine yegesi,” i-YSZ ayanele, futhi kufundwa izinto ezifana ne-gadolinium zirconate.
Nangaphezu kwama-turbines, noma iyiphi isistimu edinga ukuvikelwa kokushisa emazingeni okushisa aphakeme ingazuza. Lokhu kufaka phakathi izimoto zendiza ze-hypersonic, izinjini zezimoto ezisebenza kahle kakhulu, ngisho nezamukeli zamandla ashisayo elanga zokuhlola lapho ukukhanya kwelanga kugxile ekushiseni okukhulu. Esimweni ngasinye, umgomo uyafana:faka izingxenye ezishisayo ukuze uthuthukise ukusebenza kahle okuphelele. Ukwahlukanisa okungcono kusho ukupholisa okuncane okudingekayo, ama-radiator amancane, amadizayini alula, futhi ngokubaluleke kakhulu, ukushisa uphethiloli omncane noma ukusebenzisa amandla okufaka amancane.
Ukusimama kanye nokusebenza kahle kwamandla
Ukuthuthukiswa kwemveloi-gadolinium zirconateivela endimeni yayo kuukwenza ngcono ukusebenza kahle kanye nokunciphisa ukumosha. Ngokuvumela izinjini nezinjini zomoya ukuthi zisebenze ngokushisa futhi zizinze, okokunamathela kwe-GdZr₂O₇ kunomthelela ngokuqondile ekushiseni uphethiloli omncane wokukhipha okufanayo. Inyuvesi yaseVirginia igqamisa ukuthi ukwenza ngcono ama-TBC kuholela “ekushiseni uphethiloli omncane ukuze kukhiqizwe inani elifanayo lamandla, okuholela… Ngamagama alula, yonke ingxenye yephesenti yokusebenza kahle ezuziwe ingahumusheka ibe amathani e-CO₂ alondolozwe empilweni yomshini.
Cabanga ngendiza yendiza: uma izinjini zayo zomoya zisebenza kahle ngo-3–5%, ukonga kukaphethiloli (kanye nokuncipha kokukhipha umoya) ezinkulungwaneni zezindiza kukhulu kakhulu. Ngokunjalo, izikhungo zikagesi - ngisho nalezo ezishisa igesi yemvelo - ziyazuza ngoba zingakhiqiza ugesi owengeziwe ku-cubic meter ngayinye kaphethiloli. Lapho amagridi kagesi exuba okuvuselelekayo nesipele se-turbine, ukuba nezinjini zomoya ezisebenza kahle kakhulu kushelela ukufunwa okuphezulu ngophethiloli we-fossil owengezwe kancane.
Ngasohlangothini lwabathengi, noma yini enweba impilo yenjini noma enciphisa ukulondolozwa kwayo nayo inomphumela wemvelo. Ama-TBC asebenza kahle kakhulu anganweba impilo yezingxenye ezishisayo, okusho ukushintshwa okumbalwa kanye nodoti omncane wezimboni. Futhi ngokombono wokusimama, i-GdZr₂O₇ ngokwayo izinzile ngokwekhemikhali (ngeke igxumeke kalula noma ikhiphe umhwamuko onobuthi), futhi izindlela zamanje zokukhiqiza zivumela ukugaywa kabusha kwezimpushana zobumba ezingasetshenzisiwe. (Yebo, i-gadolinium iwumhlaba oyivelakancane, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuhlonza nokugaywa kabusha okunesibopho. Kodwa lokhu kuyiqiniso kuzo zonke izinto zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, futhi izimboni eziningi zinezilawuli zokuthengwa kwempahla ezindaweni ezingavamile.)
Izicelo kuGreen Technologies
Isizukulwane Esilandelayo Izinjini Zendiza Nezindiza:Izinjini zejethi zesimanje nezesikhathi esizayo zihlose amazinga okushisa aphakeme njalo ukuze kuthuthukiswe izilinganiso ze-thrust-to-weight kanye nokonga kukaphethiloli. Ukuzinza okuphezulu kwe-GdZr₂O₇ nokuphansi κ kusekela lo mgomo ngokuqondile. Isibonelo, amajethi ezempi athuthukisiwe kanye nendiza ehlongozwayo yezentengiselwano ephakeme kakhulu ingabona izinzuzo zokusebenza ezivela kuma-GdZr₂O₇ TBCs.
Izimboni Nezimboni Zegesi Yamandla:Izinsiza zisebenzisa izinjini ezinkulu zegesi ukuze zibe namandla aphezulu kanye nezitshalo ezinomjikelezo ohlangene. Izimbobo ze-GdZr₂O₇ zivumela lawa ma turbines ukuthi akhiphe amandla engeziwe kokokufaka ngakunye kukaphethiloli, okusho ukuthi amamegawathi amaningi anophethiloli ofanayo noma ama-megawatt afanayo anophethiloli omncane. Lokhu kuphakamisa ukusebenza kahle kusiza ukunciphisa i-CO₂ nge-MWh ngayinye kagesi.
I-Aerospace (Izimoto Zemikhumbi-mkhathi kanye Nezokungena kabusha):Izithutha zasemkhathini namarokhethi ahlangabezana nokungena kabusha okushisayo futhi aqalise ukushisa. Nakuba i-GdZr₂O₇ ingasetshenziswa kuzo zonke lezi zindawo, ifundelwa ukusetshenziswa embotsheni yezimoto eziphakeme kakhulu kanye namabhomu enjini ezingxenyeni ezishisa kakhulu. Noma yikuphi ukuthuthukiswa kunganciphisa izidingo zokupholisa noma ukucindezeleka kwezinto ezibonakalayo.
Amasistimu Amandla Aluhlaza:Ezitshalweni zamandla ashisayo elanga, izibuko zigxilisa ukukhanya kwelanga kozamukeli abafinyelela ku-1000+ °C. Ukumboza lezi zamukeli ngamaceramics aphansi-k njenge-GdZr₂O₇ kungathuthukisa ukwahlukanisa, kwenze ukuguqulwa kwe-solar-to-electric kuphumelele kancane. Futhi, amajeneretha e-thermoelectric (aguqula ukushisa ngokuqondile kube ugesi) ayazuza uma uhlangothi lwawo olushisayo luhlala lushisa kakhulu.
Kuzo zonke lezi zimo, i-umthelela kwezemveloivela ekusebenziseni amandla amancane (uphethiloli noma amandla okufakwayo) emsebenzini ofanayo. Ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu njalo kusho ukushisa kwemfucuza okuphansi futhi ngaleyo ndlela kunciphe ukukhishwa okukhiphayo. Njengoba omunye usosayensi wezinto ezisetshenziswayo akubeka, izinto ezingcono ze-TBC ezifana ne-gadolinium zirconate ziwukhiye “wekusasa lamandla esimeme kakhudlwana” ngokwenza izinjini zomoya nezinjini zisebenze ngokupholile, zihlale isikhathi eside, futhi zisebenze ngokuphumelelayo.
Amaphuzu Avelele Ezobuchwepheshe
Inhlanganisela yezakhiwo ze-Gadolinium zirconate ihlukile. Ukufingqa amaqiniso athile avelele:
Iphansi κ, indawo ephezulu yokuncibilika:Iphuzu layo lokuncibilika lingu-~2570 °C, kodwa izinga lokushisa layo eliwusizo lilinganiselwe ukuzinza kwesigaba (~1500 °C). Ngisho nangaphansi kokuncibilika, ihlala iyisivikelo esihle kakhulu.
Isakhiwo sekristalu:Ine-ai-pyrochlorei-lattice (iqembu lesikhala Fd3m) ebai-fluorite engalungileezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu. Lolu shintsho oluyalelwe ukuya-luhlakazekile alwehlisi ukusebenza kuze kube ngaphezu kuka-~1200–1500 °C.
Ukunwetshwa kwe-thermal:I-GdZr₂O₇ ine-coefficient yokwandisa ukushisa okuphezulu kune-YSZ. Lokhu kungaba inzuzo ngokufanisa kangcono ama-substrates ensimbi kanye nokunciphisa ingozi yokuqhekeka ekushiseni.
Izakhiwo zemishini:Njenge-ceramic ephukayo, ayiqinile ikakhulukazi - ngakho okokunamathela kuvamise ukukusebenzisa ngokuhlangana (isb. GdZr₂O₇ ungqimba oluphezulu oluncane ngaphezu kwesisekelo esiqinile).
Ukukhiqiza:I-GdZr₂O₇ TBCs ingasetshenziswa ngezindlela ezijwayelekile (isifutho seplasma somkhathi, isifutho se-plasma esimisiwe, i-EB-PVD). Abahlinzeki abafana ne-Epomaterial banikela nge-GdZr₂O₇ powder eklanyelwe ngokukhethekile isifutho se-plasma.
Le mininingwane yobuchwepheshe ilinganiswa ngokufinyeleleka: kuyilapho i-gadolinium ne-zirconium kuyizinto "ezingavamile-ze-earth", i-oxide ewumphumela ayisebenzi ngamakhemikhali futhi iphephile ukuthi ingaphathwa ekusetshenzisweni kwezimboni okuvamile. (Kuhlale kuthathwa ukunakekelwa ukuze kugwenywe ukuhogela izimpushana ezinhle, kodwa i-Gd₂Zr₂O₇ ayiyona ingozi kunezinye izitsha zobumba ze-oxide.)
Isiphetho
I-Zirconate gadolinium(I-Gd₂Zr₂O₇) i-ceramic material ephuma phambili ehlanganayoizinga lokushisa eliphezulu ukuqinangei-thermal conductivity ephansi kakhulu. Lezi zimfanelo ziyenza ilungele ukumbozwa kwesithiyo esishisayo esithuthukisiwe ku-aerospace, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla, nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezishisa kakhulu. Ngokunika amandla amazinga okushisa aphezulu okusebenza kanye nokusebenza kahle kwenjini okuthuthukisiwe, i-gadolinium zirconate inikela ngokuqondile ekongeni amandla nasekuncishisweni kokukhipha umoya - imigomo enhliziyweni yobuchwepheshe obuqhubekayo. Emkhankasweni wokuthola izinjini nama-turbines aluhlaza, izinto ezifana ne-GdZr₂O₇ zidlala indima ebalulekile: zisivumela ukuthi sifinyelele imikhawulo yokusebenza ngenkathi siphungula indawo yethu yemvelo.
Konjiniyela nososayensi bezinto ezibonakalayo, i-gadolinium zirconate ifanele ukubhekwa. I-thermal conductivity (cishe ku-1–2 W/m·K ku-~1000 °C) iphakathi kweziphansi kakhulu kunoma iyiphi i-ceramic, nokho ingamelana nezinga lokushisa elidlulele lamaturbine esizukulwane esilandelayo. Abahlinzeki (kufaka phakathi i-Epomaterial'si-zirconate gadolinium (GZO) 99.9%product) sezivele zihlinzeka ngale nto ukuze kufakwe izifutho ezishisayo, okukhombisa ukukhula kokusetshenziswa kwezimboni. Njengoba kukhula isidingo sokuhlanzeka kwezindiza kanye nezinhlelo zamandla, ibhalansi eyingqayizivele ye-gadolinium zirconate yezakhiwo - ukuvikela ukushisa kuyilapho ukubekezelela - yilokho kanye okudingekayo.
Imithombo:Izifundo ezibuyekezwe ngontanga kanye nokushicilelwe komkhakha kuma-pyrochlores e-rare-earth nama-TBC. (Ukufakwa kuhlu komkhiqizo we-Epomaterial ye-Gd₂Zr₂O₇ kunikeza imininingwane ebalulekile.) Lokhu kuqinisekisa amanani aphansi we-thermal conductivity futhi kugqamisa izinzuzo zokusimama kwezinto ezithuthukisiwe ze-TBC.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jun-04-2025