Iyini i-holmium element?

1. Ukutholwa kwe-holmium Elements
Ngemva kokuba uMosander ehlukenei-erbiumfuthii-terbiumkusukai-yttriumngo-1842, osokhemisi abaningi basebenzisa ukuhlaziywa kwe-spectral ukuze babone futhi banqume ukuthi kwakungewona ama-oxide ahlanzekile we-elementi, okwakhuthaza osokhemisi ukuthi baqhubeke nokuwahlukanisa. Ngemva kokuhlukanai-ytterbium oxidefuthii-scandium oxidekusukela ku-ytterbium oxide, uCliff wahlukanisa ama-oxide amabili amasha ezakhi ngo-1879. Enye yawo yaqanjwa ngokuthi i-holmium ukuze kukhunjulwe indawo azalelwa kuyo uCliff, igama lesiLatini lasendulo laseStockholm, inhloko-dolobha yaseSweden, iHolmia, kanye nophawu lwesici elithi Ho. Kamuva, ngo-1886, uBoisbodran wahlukanisa enye into ne-holmium, kodwa igama le-holmium lagcinwa. Ngokutholakala kwe-holmium nezinye izakhi zomhlaba eziyivelakancane, enye ingxenye yesigaba sesithathu sokutholwa kwezakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile yaqedwa.

2. Izici zomzimba ze-holmium
I-Holmium iyinsimbi emhlophe esiliva, ethambile futhi eyi-ductile; iphoyinti elincibilikayo 1474°C, iphoyinti abilayo 2695°C, ukuminyana 8.7947g/cm³. I-Holmium izinzile emoyeni owomile futhi i-oxidizes ngokushesha emazingeni okushisa aphezulu;i-holmium oxideiyinto enamandla kunazo zonke eyaziwa nge-paramagnetic. Izinhlanganisela ze-Holmium zingasetshenziswa njengezithasiselo zezinto ezintsha ze-ferromagnetic;iodide ye-holmiumisetshenziselwa ukwenza izibani zensimbi ze-halide - izibani ze-holmium. Izinzile emoyeni owomile ekamelweni lokushisa futhi i-oxidized kalula emoyeni onomswakama kanye namazinga okushisa aphezulu. Gwema ukuthintana nomoya, ama-oxide, ama-asidi, ama-halogen, namanzi anomswakama. Ikhipha amagesi avuthayo lapho ihlangana namanzi; iyancibilika kuma-asidi angaphili. Iyazinza emoyeni owomile ekamelweni lokushisa, kodwa i-oxidizes ngokushesha emoyeni oswakeme nangaphezu kwezinga lokushisa lekamelo. Inezici zamakhemikhali ezisebenzayo. Ibola amanzi kancane kancane. Ingahlangana cishe nazo zonke izakhi ezingezona ezensimbi. Itholakala ku-yttrium silicate, monazite nakwamanye amaminerali angavamile emhlabeni. Isetshenziselwa ukwenza i-magnetic alloy materials.

3. Amakhemikhali e-holmium
Izinzile emoyeni owomile ekamelweni lokushisa, futhi i-oxidized kalula emoyeni onomswakama kanye namazinga okushisa aphezulu. Gwema ukuthintana nomoya, ama-oxide, ama-asidi, ama-halogen, namanzi anomswakama. Ikhipha amagesi avuthayo lapho ihlangana namanzi; iyancibilika kuma-asidi angaphili. Iyazinza emoyeni owomile ekamelweni lokushisa, kodwa i-oxidizes ngokushesha emoyeni oswakeme nangaphezu kwezinga lokushisa lekamelo. Inezici zamakhemikhali ezisebenzayo. Ibola kancane amanzi. Ingahlanganiswa cishe nazo zonke izakhi ezingezona ezensimbi. Itholakala ku-yttrium silicate, monazite nakwamanye amaminerali angavamile emhlabeni. Isetshenziselwa ukwenza i-magnetic alloy materials. Njenge-dysprosium, iyinsimbi ekwazi ukumunca ama-neutron akhiqizwa yi-nuclear fission. Kwi-reactor yenuzi, ivutha ngokuqhubekayo ngakolunye uhlangothi futhi ilawula isivinini sokusabela kweketango ngakolunye. Incazelo ye-elementi: Inokukhanya kwensimbi. Ingasabela kancane emanzini futhi incibilike ku-asidi encibilikayo. Usawoti uphuzi. I-oxide Ho2O2 iluhlaza ngokukhanyayo. Incibilika ku-mineral acid ukukhiqiza usawoti ophuzi we-ion we-trivalent. Umthombo we-elementi: Wenziwa ngokunciphisai-holmium fluorideI-HoF3·2H2O ene-calcium.
Izinhlanganisela
(1)I-Holmium oxideimhlophe futhi inezakhiwo ezimbili: i-cubic egxile emzimbeni kanye ne-monoclinic. I-Ho2O3 iyona kuphela i-oxide ezinzile. Izakhiwo zayo zamakhemikhali nezindlela zokulungiselela ziyafana nalezo ze-lanthanum oxide. Ingasetshenziselwa ukwenza izibani ze-holmium.
(2)I-Holmium nitrateIfomula yemolekyuli: Ho(NO3)3·5H2O; Isisindo se-molecule: 441.02; Ivamise ukuba yingozi kancane emizimbeni yamanzi. Ungavumeli inani elingaxutshiwe noma elikhulu lomkhiqizo ukuthi lihlangane namanzi angaphansi komhlaba, imigudu yamanzi noma amasistimu endle. Ungakhiphi okokusebenza endaweni ezungezile ngaphandle kwemvume kahulumeni.

4.Indlela yokwenziwa kwe-holmium
1. I-Holmium metalingatholakala ngokunciphisa i-anhydrousi-holmium trichloride or i-holmium trifluoridenge-metallic calcium
2. Ngemuva kokuthi i-holmium ihlukaniswe nezinye izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile ngokushintshaniswa kwe-ion noma ubuchwepheshe bokukhipha i-solvent, i-holmium yensimbi ingalungiswa ngokunciphisa ukushisa kwensimbi. Ukwehliswa kwe-lithium okushisayo kwe-chloride yomhlaba engavamile kwehlukile ekuncishisweni kokushisa kwe-calcium kwe-chloride yomhlaba engavamile. Inqubo yokunciphisa yangaphambili yenziwa esigabeni segesi. I-lithium yokunciphisa ukushisa okushisayo ihlukaniswe ezindaweni ezimbili zokushisa, futhi izinqubo zokunciphisa kanye ne-distillation zenziwa kumishini efanayo. I-anhydrousi-holmium chlorideibekwe endaweni engaphezulu ye-titanium reactor crucible (kanye ne-HoCl3 chamber yokugaya), futhi i-ejenti yokunciphisa i-metallic lithium ifakwa ku-crucible engezansi. Bese ithangi lokuphendula lensimbi engenasici likhishwa liye ku-7Pa bese liyashisisa. Lapho izinga lokushisa lifinyelela ku-1000 ℃, liyagcinwa isikhathi esithile ukuze kuvunyelweI-HoCl3umhwamuko kanye nomhwamuko we-lithium ukuze kusabele ngokugcwele, futhi izinhlayiya eziqinile zensimbi ezincishisiwe ze-holmium ziwela ku-crucible ephansi. Ngemuva kokuthi ukusabela kokunciphisa kuqediwe, i-crucible ephansi kuphela eshiswayo ukuze kufakwe i-LiCl ku-crucible ephezulu. Inqubo yokusabela yokunciphisa ngokuvamile ithatha cishe amahora angu-10. Ukuze kukhiqizwe i-holmium ye-metallic ehlanzekile, i-ejenti yokunciphisa i-metallic lithium kufanele ibe yi-lithium ehlanzekile engu-99.97% futhi kufanele kusetshenziswe i-HoCl3 ene-anhydrous ephindwe kabili.