Ezweni elimangalisayo lamakhemikhali,i-bariumibilokhu idonsela ukunaka kososayensi ngokukhanga kwayo okuyingqayizivele nokusebenza okubanzi. Nakuba lesi sakhi sensimbi esimhlophe esisasiliva singakhanyi njengegolide noma isiliva, sidlala indima ebalulekile emikhakheni eminingi. Kusukela kumathuluzi anembayo kumalabhorethri ocwaningo lwesayensi kuya ezintweni zokusetshenziswa ezibalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwezimboni kuya kuma-reagents okuxilonga emkhakheni wezokwelapha, i-barium ibhale inganekwane yekhemistri ngezici zayo nemisebenzi ehlukile.
Emuva ngo-1602, uCassio Lauro, umkhandi wezicathulo edolobheni lase-Italy iPorra, wosa i-barite ene-barium sulfate ngento evuthayo lapho kwenziwa ucwaningo futhi wamangala lapho ethola ukuthi ingakhanya ebumnyameni. Lokhu kutholakala kwavusa isithakazelo esikhulu phakathi kwezazi ngaleso sikhathi, futhi leli tshe laqanjwa ngokuthi i-Porra itshe futhi laba ingqikithi yocwaningo losokhemisi baseYurophu.
Kodwa-ke, kwakungusokhemisi waseSweden uScheele owaqinisekisa ngempela ukuthi i-barium yayiyinto entsha. Wathola i-barium oxide ngo-1774 futhi wayibiza ngokuthi “Baryta” (umhlaba osindayo). Wafunda le nto ngokujula futhi wakholelwa ukuthi yakhiwe umhlaba omusha (i-oxide) ehlanganiswe ne-sulfuric acid. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, washisisa ngempumelelo i-nitrate yale nhlabathi entsha futhi wathola i-oxide ehlanzekile.
Nokho, nakuba uScheele athola i-oxide ye-barium, kwaze kwaba ngo-1808 lapho usokhemisi waseBrithani uDavy ekhiqiza insimbi ye-barium ngokuphumelelayo ngokufaka ugesi i-electrolyte eyenziwe nge-barite. Lokhu kutholakala kwaphawula ukuqinisekiswa okusemthethweni kwe-barium njengento eyinsimbi, futhi kwavula uhambo lokusetshenziswa kwe-barium emikhakheni ehlukahlukene.
Kusukela lapho, abantu baye baqhubeka bejulisa ukuqonda kwabo nge-barium. Ososayensi baye bahlola izimfihlakalo zemvelo futhi bakhuthaza inqubekelaphambili yesayensi nobuchwepheshe ngokutadisha izakhiwo nokuziphatha kwe-barium. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-barium ocwaningweni lwesayensi, izimboni, kanye nemikhakha yezokwelapha nakho sekuye kwanda kakhulu, okuletha ukuphila komuntu kube lula nokunethezeka.I-charm ye-barium ayikona nje ukusebenza kwayo kuphela, kodwa futhi imfihlakalo yesayensi ngemuva kwayo. Ososayensi baye bahlola ngokuqhubekayo izimfihlakalo zemvelo futhi bakhuthaza inqubekelaphambili yesayensi nobuchwepheshe ngokutadisha izakhiwo nokuziphatha kwe-barium. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-barium nayo idlala indima ngokuthula ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke, ukuletha ukukhululeka nokududuza ezimpilweni zethu.
Masiqale lolu hambo oluyimilingo lokuhlola i-barium, sembule umgubuzelo wayo ongaqondakali, futhi sazise ubuhle bayo obuyingqayizivele. Esihlokweni esilandelayo, sizokwethula ngokuphelele izici nezindlela ezisetshenziswa ngayo i-barium, kanye nendima yayo ebalulekile ocwaningweni lwesayensi, ezimbonini nasezokwelapha. Ngikholelwa ukuthi ngokufunda lesi sihloko, uzoba nokuqonda okujulile nolwazi lwe-barium.
1. Izinkambu zokufaka isicelo ze-barium
I-Barium iyisici samakhemikhali esivamile. Kuyinsimbi esiliva-emhlophe ekhona ngesimo samaminerali ahlukahlukene emvelweni. Okulandelayo okunye ukusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke kwe-barium
Ukuvutha kanye ne-luminescence: I-Barium iyinsimbi esebenza kakhulu ekhiqiza ilangabi elikhanyayo lapho lihlangana ne-ammonia noma umoya-mpilo. Lokhu kwenza i-barium isetshenziswe kakhulu ezimbonini ezifana nokukhiqiza iziqhumane, ama-flares, kanye nokukhiqiza i-phosphor.
Imboni yezokwelapha: Izinhlanganisela ze-barium nazo zisetshenziswa kabanzi embonini yezokwelapha. Ukudla kwe-barium (njengamaphilisi e-barium) kusetshenziswa ekuhlolweni kwe-X-ray yamathumbu ukusiza odokotela babone ukusebenza kwesimiso sokugaya ukudla. Ama-Barium compounds abuye asetshenziswe kwezinye izindlela zokwelapha ezikhipha imisebe, njenge-radioactive iodine yokwelapha isifo se-thyroid.
Ingilazi kanye Nezobumba: Izinhlanganisela ze-barium zivame ukusetshenziswa ekwenziweni kwengilazi nokwe-ceramic ngenxa yephuzu elihle lokuncibilika kanye nokumelana nokugqwala. Izinhlanganisela ze-barium zingathuthukisa ubulukhuni namandla wezitsha zobumba futhi zinganikeza izici ezithile ezikhethekile zezitsha zobumba, ezifana nokufaka ugesi kanye nenkomba ephezulu ye-refractive.
Ama-Metal Alloys: I-Barium ingakha ama-alloys nezinye izakhi zensimbi, futhi lezi zinhlayiya zinezakhiwo ezihlukile. Isibonelo, ama-alloys e-barium angakhuphula iphuzu lokuncibilika kwe-aluminium ne-magnesium alloys, okwenza kube lula ukucubungula nokuphonsa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-alloys e-barium anezakhiwo kazibuthe nawo asetshenziselwa ukwenza amapuleti ebhethri nezinto zikazibuthe.
I-Barium iyikhemikhali enophawu lwamakhemikhali u-Ba kanye nenombolo ye-athomu engu-56. I-Barium iyinsimbi yomhlaba ene-alkali eseqenjini lesi-6 lethebula le-periodic, izakhi zeqembu eziyinhloko.
2. Izakhiwo zomzimba ze-barium
I-Barium (Ba)iyingxenye yensimbi yomhlaba ene-alkali. 1. Ukubukeka: I-Barium iyinsimbi ethambile, esiliva-emhlophe ecwebezelayo ehlukile uma isikwa.
2. Ukuminyana: I-Barium inokuminyana okuphezulu okucishe kube ngu-3.5 g/cm³. Ingenye yezinsimbi eziminyene kakhulu emhlabeni.
3. Amaphuzu ancibilikayo nabilayo: Iphuzu lokuncibilika kwe-barium lingaba ngu-727°C kanti indawo yokubilisa ingaba ngu-1897°C.
4. Ukuqina: I-Barium iyinsimbi ethambile uma kuqhathaniswa enokuqina kwe-Mohs okungaba ngu-1.25 ku-20 degrees Celsius.
5. I-Conductivity: I-Barium iyi-conductor enhle kagesi ene-conductivity kagesi ephezulu.
6. I-Ductility: Nakuba i-barium iyinsimbi ethambile, inezinga elithile lokudumba futhi ingacutshungulwa ibe amashidi amancane noma izintambo.
7. Umsebenzi wamakhemikhali: I-Barium ayisebenzi ngokuqinile kuma-nonmetal amaningi kanye nezinsimbi eziningi ekamelweni lokushisa, kodwa yenza ama-oxide emazingeni okushisa aphezulu kanye nasemoyeni. Ingakha izinhlanganisela nezinto eziningi ezingezona ezensimbi, njengama-oxides, ama-sulfide, njll.
8. Izinhlobo zobukhona: Amaminerali aqukethe i-barium oqweqweni lomhlaba, njenge-barite (i-barium sulfate), njll. I-Barium ingaba khona futhi ngesimo sama-hydrates, ama-oxides, ama-carbonates, njll.
9. I-Radioactivity: I-Barium inezinhlobonhlobo zama-isotopi akhipha imisebe, phakathi kwawo i-barium-133 iyi-isotopu evamile ekhipha imisebe esetshenziswa ekucabangeni kwezokwelapha kanye nezicelo zemithi yenuzi.
10. Isicelo: I-Barium compounds isetshenziswa kakhulu embonini, njengengilazi, irabha, ama-catalysts embonini yamakhemikhali, amashubhu e-electron, njll. I-sulfate yayo ivame ukusetshenziswa njenge-agent ehlukile ekuhlolweni kwezokwelapha.I-Barium iyisici esibalulekile sensimbi, kanye nezakhiwo zayo. yenze isetshenziswe kabanzi emikhakheni eminingi.
3. Izakhiwo zamakhemikhali ze-barium
Izakhiwo ze-Metallic: I-Barium iyinsimbi eqinile ebukeka njengesiliva-mhlophe kanye nokuhamba kahle kukagesi.
Ukuminyana nendawo yokuncibilika: I-Barium iyisici esiminyene ngokuqhathaniswa esinokuminyana okungu-3.51 g/cm3. I-Barium inezinga eliphansi lokuncibilika elingaba ngu-727 degrees Celsius (1341 degrees Fahrenheit).
Ukuphinda kusebenze: I-Barium isabela ngokushesha nezinto eziningi ezingezona ezensimbi, ikakhulukazi ngama-halogen (njenge-chlorine ne-bromine), ikhiqiza izinhlanganisela ze-barium ezihambisanayo. Isibonelo, i-barium ihlangana ne-chlorine ukukhiqiza i-barium chloride.
I-Oxidizability: I-Barium ingafakwa i-oxyd ukuze yakhe i-barium oxide. I-Barium oxide isetshenziswa kakhulu ezimbonini ezifana nokuncibilikisa insimbi nokwenza ingilazi. Umsebenzi ophezulu: I-Barium inomsebenzi wamakhemikhali aphezulu futhi isabela kalula emanzini ukuze ikhiphe i-hydrogen futhi ikhiqize i-barium hydroxide.
4. Izakhiwo zezinto eziphilayo ze-barium
Iqhaza kanye nezakhiwo zebhayoloji zei-bariumezinto eziphilayo aziqondi ngokugcwele, kodwa kuyaziwa ukuthi i-barium inobuthi obuthile ezinto eziphilayo.
Indlela yokungenisa: Abantu badla i-barium ngokudla namanzi okuphuza. Okunye ukudla kungase kube nenani elincane le-barium, njengezinhlamvu, inyama, nemikhiqizo yobisi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanzi angaphansi komhlaba ngezinye izikhathi aqukethe ukugxila okuphezulu kwe-barium.
Ukumuncwa kwebhayoloji kanye nemetabolism: I-barium ingamuncwa izinto eziphilayo futhi isatshalaliswe emzimbeni ngokujikeleza kwegazi. I-barium ikakhulukazi inqwabelana ezinso nasemathanjeni, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni eziphakeme emathanjeni.
Umsebenzi webhayoloji: I-Barium ayikatholakali inemisebenzi ebalulekile yomzimba ephilayo. Ngakho-ke, umsebenzi wezinto eziphilayo we-barium uhlala uphikisana.
5. Izakhiwo zezinto eziphilayo ze-barium
Ubuthi: Ukugxila okuphezulu kwe-barium ion noma izinhlanganisela ze-barium kunobuthi emzimbeni womuntu. Ukuphuza kakhulu i-barium kungabangela izimpawu ezinobuthi obunamandla, okuhlanganisa ukuhlanza, isifo sohudo, ubuthakathaka bemisipha, i-arrhythmia, njll. Ubuthi obunzima bungabangela ukulimala kwesimiso sezinzwa, ukulimala kwezinso kanye nezinkinga zenhliziyo.
Ukuqoqwa kwamathambo: I-barium inganqwabelana emathanjeni emzimbeni womuntu, ikakhulukazi kubantu asebekhulile. Ukuchayeka isikhathi eside ekugxilweni okuphezulu kwe-barium kungase kubangele izifo zamathambo ezifana ne-osteoporosis.
Imiphumela yenhliziyo: I-Barium, njenge-sodium, ingaphazamisa ibhalansi ye-ion nomsebenzi kagesi, kuthinte ukusebenza kwenhliziyo. Ukudla i-barium ngokweqile kungase kubangele isigqi senhliziyo esingavamile futhi kwandise ingozi yokuhlaselwa yinhliziyo.
I-Carcinogenicity: Nakuba kusekhona impikiswano mayelana ne-carcinogenicity ye-barium, ezinye izifundo zibonise ukuthi ukuchayeka isikhathi eside ekugxilweni okuphezulu kwe-barium kungase kwandise ingozi yezinhlobo ezithile zomdlavuza, njengomdlavuza wesisu kanye nomdlavuza we-esophageal. Ngenxa yobuthi nengozi engaba khona ye-barium, abantu kufanele baqaphele ukugwema ukudla ngokweqile noma ukuchayeka isikhathi eside ekugxilweni okuphezulu kwe-barium. Ukugxila kwe-barium emanzini okuphuza nokudla kufanele kuqashelwe futhi kulawulwe ukuze kuvikelwe impilo yabantu. Uma usola ukuthi unobuthi noma unezimpawu ezihlobene nalokhu, sicela ufune usizo lwezokwelapha ngokushesha.
6. I-Barium Emvelweni
I-Barium Minerals: I-Barium ingaba khona kuqweqwe lomhlaba ngendlela yamaminerali. Amanye amaminerali ajwayelekile e-barium ahlanganisa i-barite ne-witherite. Lezi zinsimbi zivame ukuvela namanye amaminerali, njengomthofu, i-zinc, nesiliva.
Incibilikisiwe Emanzini Angaphansi Namadwala: I-Barium ingaba khona emanzini angaphansi komhlaba nasemadwaleni esimweni sokuncibilika. Amanzi angaphansi komhlaba aqukethe amanani amancane e-barium encibilikile, futhi ukugxila kwawo kuncike ezimweni ze-geological kanye nezakhiwo zamakhemikhali zomzimba wamanzi. Usawoti we-Barium: I-Barium ingakha usawoti ohlukile, njenge-barium chloride, i-barium nitrate ne-barium carbonate. Lezi zinhlanganisela zingaba khona emvelweni njengamaminerali emvelo.
Okuqukethwe enhlabathini:I-Bariumingaba khona enhlabathini ngezindlela ezahlukene, ezinye zazo ezivela ekuhlakazweni kwezinhlayiya zemvelo zamaminerali noma amadwala. Okuqukethwe kwe-barium emhlabathini ngokuvamile kuphansi, kodwa kungase kube nokugxila okuphezulu kwe-barium ezindaweni ezithile ezithile.
Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ifomu nokuqukethwe kwe-barium kungase kuhluke ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene ze-geological kanye nezifunda, ngakho-ke izimo ezithile zendawo nezendawo kufanele zicatshangelwe lapho kuxoxwa nge-barium.
7. Imayini ye-barium nokukhiqiza
Inqubo yezimayini nokulungiswa kwe-barium ngokuvamile ihlanganisa lezi zinyathelo ezilandelayo:
1. Ukumbiwa kwe-barium ore: Iminerali eyinhloko ye-barium ore i-barite, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-barium sulfate. Ngokuvamile itholakala oqweqweni lomhlaba futhi isakazwa kabanzi emadwaleni nasezindaweni zamaminerali emhlabeni. Ukumba izimayini kuvame ukubandakanya izinqubo ezifana nokuqhunyiswa, ukumba, ukuchotshozwa kanye nokuhlelwa kwensimbi ukuze kutholwe insimbi equkethe i-barium sulfate.
2. Ukulungiswa kokugxilisa ingqondo: Ukukhipha i-barium ku-barium ore kudinga ukwelashwa okugxilile kwe-ore. Ukulungiselela ukugxilisa ingqondo ngokuvamile kuhlanganisa ukukhetha kwezandla kanye nezinyathelo zokuntanta ukuze kususwe ukungcola kanye nokuthola insimbi equkethe ngaphezu kuka-96% i-barium sulfate.
3. Ukulungiswa kwe-barium sulfate: I-concentrate ingaphansi kwezinyathelo ezifana nokususwa kwe-iron ne-silicon ukuze ekugcineni ithole i-barium sulfate (BaSO4).
4. Ukulungiswa kwe-barium sulfide: Ukuze kulungiswe i-barium kusuka ku-barium sulfate, i-barium sulfate idinga ukuguqulwa ibe i-barium sulfide, eyaziwa nangokuthi umlotha omnyama. I-Barium sulfate ore powder enosayizi wezinhlayiyana ezingaphansi kwama-20 mesh ngokuvamile ixutshwa namalahle noma i-petroleum coke powder ngesilinganiso sesisindo esingu-4:1. Ingxube yosiwe ku-1100℃ esithandweni somlilo, futhi i-barium sulfate yehliselwa ku-barium sulfide.
5. Ukuqedwa kwe-barium sulfide: Isixazululo se-barium sulfide se-barium sulfate singatholakala ngokukhipha amanzi ashisayo.
6. Ukulungiswa kwe-barium oxide: Ukuze kuguqulwe i-barium sulfide ibe i-barium oxide, i-sodium carbonate noma i-carbon dioxide ngokuvamile ifakwa esixazululo se-barium sulfide. Ngemva kokuxuba i-barium carbonate ne-carbon powder, ukubala ngaphezu kuka-800 ℃ kungakhiqiza i-barium oxide.
7. Ukupholisa nokucutshungulwa: Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-barium oxide ifakwe i-oxidized ukuze yakhe i-barium peroxide ku-500-700℃, futhi i-barium peroxide ingabola ukuze yakhe i-barium oxide ku-700-800℃. Ukuze ugweme ukukhiqizwa kwe-barium peroxide, umkhiqizo we-calcined udinga ukupholisa noma ucinywe ngaphansi kokuvikelwa kwegesi ye-inert.
Okungenhla kuyinqubo evamile yezimayini kanye nokulungiswa kwesici se-barium. Lezi zinqubo zingahluka kuye ngenqubo yezimboni kanye nemishini, kodwa imigomo iyonke ihlala ifana. I-Barium iyinsimbi ebalulekile yezimboni esetshenziswa emisebenzini ehlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa imboni yamakhemikhali, imithi, i-electronics kanye neminye imikhakha.
8. Izindlela ezijwayelekile zokubona ze-barium element
I-Bariumkuyinto evamile evame ukusetshenziswa ezimbonini ezahlukene kanye nesayensi izicelo. Kumakhemikhali okuhlaziya, izindlela zokuthola i-barium ngokuvamile zihlanganisa ukuhlaziywa kwekhwalithi kanye nokuhlaziywa komthamo. Okulandelayo yisingeniso esiningiliziwe sezindlela ezivame ukutholwa ze-barium element:
1. I-Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS): Lena indlela yokuhlaziya yobuningi evame ukusetshenziswa elungele amasampuli anokugxila okuphezulu. Isixazululo sesampula sifafazwa elangabini, futhi ama-athomu e-barium amunca ukukhanya kobude obuthile begagasi. Amandla okukhanya okumuncekile ayalinganiswa futhi alingana nokuhlushwa kwe-barium.
2. I-Flame Atomic Emission Spectrometry (FAES): Le ndlela ithola i-barium ngokufafaza isisombululo sesampula elangeni, okujabulisa ama-athomu e-barium ukuze akhiphe ukukhanya kobude obuthile begagasi. Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-FAAS, i-FAES ngokuvamile isetshenziselwa ukuthola ukugxila okuphansi kwe-barium.
3. I-Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry (AAS): Le ndlela ifana ne-FAAS, kodwa isebenzisa i-spectrometer ye-fluorescence ukuze ithole ubukhona be-barium. Ingasetshenziselwa ukukala amanani omkhondo we-barium.
4. Ion Chromatography: Le ndlela ifaneleka ekuhlaziyweni kwe-barium kumasampuli amanzi. I-Barium ion ihlukaniswa futhi itholwe nge-ion chromatography. Ingasetshenziselwa ukukala ukugcwala kwe-barium kumasampula amanzi.
5. I-X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF): Lena indlela yokuhlaziya engabhubhisi efanele ukutholwa kwe-barium kumasampuli aqinile. Ngemuva kokuthi isampula ijatshuliswe yi-X-ray, ama-athomu e-barium akhipha i-fluorescence ethile, futhi okuqukethwe kwe-barium kunqunywa ngokulinganisa amandla e-fluorescence.
6. I-Mass Spectrometry: I-mass spectrometry ingasetshenziswa ukucacisa ukwakheka kwe-isotopic ye-barium nokunquma okuqukethwe kwe-barium. Le ndlela ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukuhlaziya ukuzwela okukhulu futhi ingathola ukugxila okuphansi kakhulu kwe-barium. Ngenhla kunezindlela ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zokuthola i-barium. Indlela eqondile yokukhetha incike kumvelo yesampula, uhla lokuhlushwa lwe-barium, kanye nenjongo yokuhlaziya. Uma udinga ulwazi olwengeziwe noma uneminye imibuzo, ngicela ungazise. Lezi zindlela zisetshenziswa kabanzi kuzicelo zaselabhorethri nezimboni ukuze kukale ngokunembile nangokwethembeka futhi kuhlonzwe ubukhona kanye nokuhlushwa kwe-barium. Indlela ethile ezosetshenziswa incike ohlotsheni lwesampula elidinga ukulinganiswa, ububanzi bokuqukethwe kwe-barium, kanye nenjongo ethile yokuhlaziya.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Dec-09-2024