Emhlabeni wemilingo yamakhemikhali,itheyiliibilokhu idonsela ukunaka kososayensi nge-charm yayo eyingqayizivele nohlelo olubanzi. Yize le nto yensimbi ye-silvery-emhlophe-i-ale nto ingenamakhaza njengegolide noma isiliva, idlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu emikhakheni eminingi. Kusuka kumathuluzi okunemba ekwenziweni kocwaningo lwesayensi kuya ezintweni ezibalulekile eziluhlaza ekukhiqizweni kwezimboni ukuze uthole ama-reagents wezokwelapha endle yezokwelapha, i-barium isibhale inganekwane yamakhemikhali nezakhiwo zayo ezihlukile nemisebenzi.
Ngokuqala njengo-1602, uCassio Lauro, uShoemaker edolobheni lase-Italiya lasePorra, ugobe umugqa oqukethe i-barium sulfate enento evuthayo esivivinyweni futhi wamangala ukuthola ukuthi kungakhanya ebumnyameni. Lokhu kutholwa kwavusa isithakazelo esikhulu phakathi kwezazi ngaleso sikhathi, futhi itshe laqanjwa ngamatshe kaPorra futhi laba ukugxila kocwaningo lwaseYurophu.
Kodwa-ke, kwakuyi-Scheele yamakhemikhali yaseSweden eyakuqinisekisa ngempela ukuthi i-barium yayiyinto entsha. Wathola i-barium oxide ngonyaka we-1774 futhi wayibiza ngokuthi "uBaryta" (umhlaba osindayo). Wafunda le nto ekujuleni futhi akholelwa ukuthi yakhiwa umhlaba omusha (oxide) ehlanganiswe ne-sulfuric acid. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, wayishisa ngempumelelo i-nitrate yale nhlabathi entsha futhi yathola i-oxide emsulwa.
Kodwa-ke, yize uScheel athola i-oximi ye-barium, kwakungekho kuze kube ngu-1808 lapho uDavide wamakhemikhali waseBrithani akhiqize ngempumelelo nge-barium nge-electrolyzing e-electrolyte eyenziwe ngesifunda. Lokhu kutholwa kumake ukuqinisekiswa okusemthethweni kwe-barium njengento yensimbi, futhi kwavula nohambo lokusetshenziswa kwe-barium emasimini ahlukahlukene.
Kusukela lapho, izidalwa zabantu ziye zajula ngokuqhubekayo ukuqonda kwazo i-barium. Ososayensi bahlole izimfihlakalo zemvelo futhi bakhuthaza inqubekela phambili yesayensi nobuchwepheshe ngokutadisha izakhiwo nokuziphatha kwe-barium. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Barium ocwaningweni lweSayensi, embonini, nasezindabeni zezokwelapha nakho sekukhudlwana, okuletha lula kanye nenduduzo empilweni yomuntu. Kepha ubuhle be-barium abafaki kuphela ngokusebenza kwalo, kodwa futhi nasezimfihlakalo zesayensi ngemuva kwayo. Ososayensi baye bahlola ngokuqhubekayo izimfihlakalo zemvelo futhi bagqugquzela inqubekela phambili yesayensi nobuchwepheshe ngokutadisha izakhiwo nokuziphatha kwe-barium. Ngasikhathi sinye, i-barium nayo idlala buthule idlala indima ezimpilweni zethu zansuku zonke, iletha lula nenduduzo ezimpilweni zethu.
Ake siqale lolu hambo lomlingo lokuhlola i-barium, yembula iveli yalo eliyimfihlo, futhi sazise i-charm yayo eyingqayizivele. Esihlokweni esilandelayo, sizokwethula ngokuphelele izakhiwo nokusetshenziswa kwe-barium, kanye nendima yayo ebalulekile ocwaningweni lwesayensi, embonini nakwezokwelapha. Ngikholwa ukuthi ngokufunda le ndatshana, uzoba nokuqonda okujulile nolwazi lwe-barium.
1. Izinkambu zohlelo lokusebenza zeBarium
I-Barium yinto ejwayelekile yamakhemikhali. Kuyinsimbi emhlophe ye-silvery ekhona ngesimo samaminerali ahlukahlukene emvelweni. Okulandelayo ukusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke kwe-barium
Ukushisa nokukhanya: I-Barium iyinsimbi esebenzayo kakhulu ekhiqiza ilangabi elikhanyayo uma lihlangana ne-ammonia noma umoya-mpilo. Lokhu kwenza ukuthi i-barium isetshenziswe kabanzi ezimbonini ezinjengokukhiqiza izicishamlilo, ama-flare, kanye nokukhiqiza kwe-phosphor.
Imboni yezokwelapha: Amakhompiyutha e-Barium nawo asetshenziswa kabanzi embonini yezokwelapha. Ukudla kwe-barium (okufana namathebulethi we-barium) kusetshenziswa ezivivinyweni ze-X-ray ze-gastrointestinal ukusiza odokotela ukuba bakubone ukusebenza kohlelo lokugaya ukudla. Amakhompiyutha we-Barium asetshenziswa nakwezokwelapha ezithile zomsakazo, njenge-Iodine enemisebe yokwelashwa kwezifo ze-thyroid.
Ingilazi kanye ne-ceramics: Amakhompiyutha we-barium ajwayele ukusetshenziswa eglass kanye ne-ceramic ekhiqizwa ngenxa yephuzu labo lokuncibilika nokuqina kokugqwala. Amakhompiyutha we-Barium angakhulisa ubunzima namandla ama-ceramics futhi anganikeza ezinye izakhiwo ezikhethekile zama-ceramics, njengokufakwa kukagesi kanye nenkomba evulekayo ephakeme.
I-Metal Alloys: I-barium ingadala ama-alloys nezinye izinto zensimbi, futhi lezi ze-alloys zinezakhiwo ezithile ezihlukile. Isibonelo, ama-alloys we-barium angakhuphula indawo yokuncibilika ye-aluminium ne-magnesium alloys, okwenza kube lula ukucubungula futhi baphonsele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-alloys we-barium anezindawo eziningi asetshenziselwa ukwenza amapuleti ebhethri nezintokazi.
I-Barium yinto yamakhemikhali enophawu lwamakhemikhali lwe-BA ne-Atomic Inombolo 56. I-Barium iyinsimbi yomhlaba ye-Alkaline Eseqenjini 6 yetafula lesikhathi, izinto eziphambili zeqembu.
2. Izakhiwo ezibonakalayo zeBarium
Barium (BA)yinto yensimbi yomhlaba ye-alkaline yomhlaba. 1
2 Kungenye yezinsimbi ezinzima emhlabeni.
3. Amaphuzu ancibilikayo futhi abilayo: Iphoyinti lokuncibilika le-barium licishe libe ngu-727 ° C kanti iphuzu elibilayo liseduze kuka-1897 ° C.
I-4. Ubulukhuni: I-Barium iyinsimbi ethambile enobulukhuni be-mohts ecishe ibe ngu-1,25 ku-20 degrees Celsius.
5
6.
7. UMSEBENZI WE-CHEMAME: I-Barium ayiphendukeli ngokuqinile nabaningi abangahlengeli kanye nezinsimbi eziningi emazingeni okushisa asekamelweni, kepha akha ama-oxides emazingeni okushisa aphezulu nasemoyeni. Kungakha amakhompiyutha anezinto eziningi ezingezona ezingezinhle, ezinjenge-oxides, ama-sulfides, njll.
8. Izinhlobo zokuba khona: amaminerali aqukethe i-barium ekuqothulweni komhlaba, njengeBarite (i-barium sulfate), njll. Barium angaba khona ngendlela yama-hydrate, oxides, amakhabhoni, njll. Ngokwemvelo.
9. Umsakazo
10. ISICELO: Amakhompiyutha e-Barium asetshenziswa kabanzi embonini, njengengilazi, irabha, amakhemikhali ama-catalysts, i-tulfate yayo evame ukusetshenziswa njengento ehlukile ekuhlolweni kwezokwelapha.
3. Izici zamakhemikhali ze-barium
I-Metallic Properties: I-Barium iqinile yensimbi ngokubukeka okumhlophe okumhlophe nokuvuselelwa okuhle kukagesi.
I-Density nePhoyinti Yokuncibilika: I-Barium yinto emnyama enobukhulu obuningi be-3.51 g / cm3. I-Barium inendawo ephansi yokuncibilika kwama-degrees angama-727 Celsius (1341 degrees Fahrenheit).
Ukuvuselelwa kabusha: I-Barium iphendula ngokushesha ngezinto eziningi ezingezona zensimbi, ikakhulukazi ngama-halogens (njenge-chlorine ne-bromine), kukhiqiza amakhompiyutha e-barium ahambisanayo. Isibonelo, uBarium uphendula nge-chlorine ukukhiqiza i-barium chloride.
Ama-oxidizizubility: I-barium ingafakwa oxidised ukwenza i-barium oxide. IBarium Oxide isetshenziswa kabanzi ezimbonini ezinjengokubhema kwensimbi kanye nokuhamba ngengilazi. Umsebenzi ophakeme: I-Barium inomsebenzi ophakeme wamakhemikhali futhi ibhekana kalula namanzi ukukhulula i-hydrogen futhi ikhiqize i-barium hydroxide.
4. Izakhiwo zebhayoloji ze-barium
Iqhaza nezakhiwo zebhayoloji zeitheyiliEzintweni eziphilayo aziqondakali ngokuphelele, kepha kwaziwa ukuthi i-barium inobuthi obuthile ezintweni eziphilayo.
Indlela yokudla: Abantu ikakhulu bangenise i-barium ye-barium ngokudla namanzi okuphuza. Okunye ukudla kungaqukatha amanani e-barium, njengezinhlamvu, inyama, nemikhiqizo yobisi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanzi aphansi komhlaba kwesinye isikhathi aqukethe ukugxila okuphezulu kwe-barium.
Ukutholwa kwebhayoloji kanye nemetabolism: I-Barium ingahle idonswe yizinto eziphilayo futhi isatshalaliswe emzimbeni ngokujikeleza kwegazi. I-Barium ikakhulukazi iqongelela izinso namathambo, ikakhulukazi ekugxilweni okuphezulu emathanjeni.
Umsebenzi webhayoloji: I-Barium atholakalanga ukuthi inemisebenzi ebalulekile yomzimba ezintweni eziphilayo. Ngakho-ke, umsebenzi webhayoloji we-barium uhlala empikiswano.
I-5. Izakhiwo zebhayoloji zeBarium
Ubuthi: Ukugxila okuphezulu kwama-barium ion noma amakhompiyutha e-barium anobuthi emzimbeni womuntu. Ukudla ngokweqile kwe-barium kungadala izimpawu zobuthi obukhulu ubuthi, kufaka phakathi ukugabha, isifo sohudo, ubuthakathaka bemisipha, njll. Ubuthi obukhulu bungadala ukulimala kohlelo lwezinzwa, ukulimala kwezinso nezinkinga zenhliziyo.
Ukuqongelelwa kwamathambo: I-barium inganqwabelana emathanjeni emzimbeni womuntu, ikakhulukazi kwasebekhulile. Ukuchayeka isikhathi eside ukugxila okuphezulu kwe-barium kungadala izifo zamathambo njenge-osteoporosis.
Imiphumela yenhliziyo: I-Barium, njenge-sodium, ingaphazamisa i-Ion esele kanye nomsebenzi kagesi, othinta umsebenzi wenhliziyo. Ukudla ngokweqile kwe-barium kungadala izigqi zenhliziyo ezingejwayelekile futhi kwandise ingozi yokuhlaselwa yinhliziyo.
I-Carcinogenicicity: Noma kusenempikiswano nge-carcinogenicity of Barium, ezinye izifundo zikhombisile ukuthi ukuvezwa kwesikhathi eside ukugxila okuphezulu kwe-barium kungakhulisa ubungozi bamakhanseli athile, njengomdlavuza wesisu kanye nomdlavuza wesisu kanye nomdlavuza we-esophageal. Ngenxa yobuthi nobungozi obungaba yingozi ye-barium, abantu kufanele baqaphele ukugwema ukuphakanyiswa ngokweqile noma ukubonakala kwesikhathi eside ukugxila okuphezulu kwe-barium. Ukugxila kweBarium ekuphuzeni kwamanzi okuphuza nokudla kufanele kubhekwe futhi kulawulwe ukuvikela impilo yabantu. Uma usola ubuthi noma unezimpawu ezihlobene, sicela ufune ukunakekelwa kwezokwelashwa ngokushesha.
6. Barium ngokwemvelo
Amaminerali e-Barium: I-Barium ingaba khona ekuqothulweni komhlaba ngesimo samaminerali. Amanye amaminerali ajwayelekile ama-barium afaka uBite nase-Winerite. Lezi zi-ores zivame ukwenzeka namanye amaminerali, njengokuhola, i-zinc, nesiliva.
Ichithwe emanzini aphansi komhlaba namatshe: I-Barium ingaba khona emanzini aphansi nasemadwaleni esimweni esincibilikisiwe. Amanzi angaphansi komhlaba aqukethe amanani we-trace we-barium encibilikisiwe, futhi okuhlushwa kwawo kuncike ezimweni zezwe kanye nezakhiwo zamakhemikhali zomzimba wamanzi. Ama-barium usawoti: I-barium ingakha amasawoti ahlukile, njengeBarium Chloride, iBarium Nitrate kanye ne-barium Carbonate. Lezi zinhlaka zingaba khona emvelweni njengeminerali yemvelo.
Okuqukethwe enhlabathini:ItheyiliIngaba khona emhlabathini ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene, ezinye zazo zivela ekuchitheni izinhlayiya zamaminerali noma amadwala. Okuqukethwe yi-barium enhlabathini kuvame ukwehla, kepha kungahle kube nokugxila okuphezulu kwe-barium ezindaweni ezithile ezithile.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ifomu nokuqukethwe kwe-barium kungahluka ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zendawo kanye nezifunda, ngakho-ke izimo ezithile zendawo nezokuma komhlaba zidinga ukubhekwa lapho kuxoxwa nge-barium.
7. I-Barium Mining and Production
Inqubo yezokumbiwa kanye nokulungiselela i-barium imvamisa ifaka lezi zinyathelo ezilandelayo:
1. Imayini ye-barium ore: amaminerali aphambili weBarium Ore u-Barite, owaziwa nangokuthi uBarium Sulfate. Imvamisa kutholakala kuqweqwe lomhlaba futhi kusatshalaliswa kabanzi emadwaleni nasezimalini zamaminerali emhlabeni. Ukushona kwezimayini kuvame ukubandakanya izinqubo ezinjengokuqhuma, izimayini, ukuchotshozwa kanye nokufakwa kwama-ore ukuthola ama-ores aqukethe i-barium sulfate.
2. Ukulungiselela ukugxila: Ukukhishwa kwe-barium kusuka ku-barium ore kudinga ukwelashwa kokugxilisa i-Ore. Ukulungiselela ukugxilisa ngokuvamile kufaka phakathi ukukhethwa kwesandla kanye nezinyathelo zokuvutha ukususa ukungcola nokuthola i-ore kuqukethe ama-barium sulfate angaphezu kuka-96%.
3. Ukulungiselela i-barium sulfate: Ukugxila kufakwa ngaphansi kwezinyathelo ezifana ne-Iron and Silicon Ukususwa ekugcineni ukuthola i-barium sulfate (basso4).
4. Ukulungiselela i-barium sulfide: Ukuze ulungiselele i-barium kusuka ku-barium sulfate, iBarium sulfate idinga ukuguqulwa ibe yi-barium sulfide, eyaziwa nangokuthi umlotha omnyama. I-Barium sulfate Ore powder ngosayizi wezinhlayiyana ezingaphansi kwama-mesh angaphansi kwama-20 kuvame ukuxutshwa nge-coal noma petroleum coke powder kusilinganiso sesisindo esingu-4: 1. Le ngxube ibilisiwe ngo-1100 ℃ ngesithando somlilo esibukhali, futhi i-barium sulfate incishiswa yaba yi-barium sulfide.
I-5 Barium Sulfide: Isixazululo seBarium Sulfide yeBarium Sulfate singatholakala ngokushisa kwamanzi okushisayo.
I-6. Ukulungiselela i-barium oxide: Ukuze uguqule i-barium sulfide ibe ama-barium oxide, i-sodium carbonate noma i-carbon dioxide kuvame ukungezwa kwikhambi le-barium sulfide. Ngemuva kokuxuba i-barium carbonate ne-carbon powder, i-calconation engenhla kwe-800 ℃ ingakhiqiza i-barium oxide.
7 Ukuze ugweme ukukhiqizwa kwe-barium peroxide, umkhiqizo oqokiwe udinga ukuphonswa noma ukucishwa ngaphansi kokuvikelwa kwegesi ye-inert.
Lokhu okungenhla kuyinqubo yokulungiselela izimayini kanye nokulungiselela into ye-barium element. Lezi zinqubo zingahluka ngokuya ngenqubo yezimboni kanye nemishini, kepha izimiso eziphelele zihlala zinjalo. I-Barium iyinsimbi ebalulekile yezimboni esetshenziselwa izinhlelo ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi imboni yamakhemikhali, umuthi, ama-elekthronikhi kanye nezinye izinkambu.
8. Izindlela ezijwayelekile zokutholwa kwento ye-barium
ItheyiliInto ejwayelekile evame ukusetshenziswa ezisekelweni ezahlukahlukene zezimboni nezesayensi. Kumakhemikhali wokuhlaziya, izindlela zokuthola ama-barium zivame ukufaka ukuhlaziywa kokulingana kanye nokuhlaziywa kwezilinganiso. Lokhu okulandelayo ukwethulwa okuningiliziwe kwezindlela zokutholwa ezisetshenziswayo ze-barium element:
1. I-Flame atomic anlorption spectrometry (Faas): Le yindlela yokuhlaziya ejwayelekile esetshenziswa kakhulu efanelekile amasampula anokugxila okuphezulu. Isixazululo sesampula sifafazwe ilangabi, futhi ama-athomu e-barium amunca ukukhanya kwe-wavelength ethile. Ukuqina kokukhanya okufakiwe kulinganiswa futhi kulingana nokuhlushwa kwe-barium.
2. I-Flame Atomic Emission Spectrometry (I-WAES): Le ndlela ithola i-barium ngokufafaza isixazululo sesampula ku-flame, okuthokozisayo ama-athomu ama-barium ukuze athole ukukhanya kwe-wavelength ethile. Uma kuqhathaniswa nama-faas, amabi ngokuvamile asetshenziselwa ukuthola ukugxila okuphansi kwe-barium.
3. I-Atomic Fleorescence Spectrometry (AAS): Le ndlela iyafana neFaas, kepha isebenzisa i-fluorescence spectrometer ukuthola ubukhona be-barium. Ingasetshenziswa ukukala amanani we-barium.
I-4. Ion Chromatography: Le ndlela ilungele ukuhlaziywa kwe-barium kumasampula wamanzi. I-Barium Ion ihlukaniswe futhi yatholakala nge-Ion Chromatography. Ingasetshenziswa ukukala ukugcwala kwe-barium kumasampula wamanzi.
5 Ngemuva kokuthi isampula lijabule ngama-X-ray, ama-athomu ama-barium akhipha i-fluorescence ethile, futhi okuqukethwe kwe-barium kunqunywa ngokulinganisa ubukhulu be-fluorescence.
I-6. I-Mass Spectrometry: I-Mass Spectrometry ingasetshenziswa ukuthola ukwakheka kwe-iSotopic ye-barium futhi inqume okuqukethwe yi-barium. Le ndlela ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukuhlaziya okuphezulu kokuzwela futhi ingathola ukugxila okuphansi kakhulu kwe-barium. Ngenhla ziyizindlela ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zokuthola i-barium. Indlela ethile yokukhetha incike ngohlobo lwesampula, uhla lokuhlushwa lwe-barium, kanye nenhloso yokuhlaziywa. Uma udinga eminye imininingwane noma uneminye imibuzo, sicela ukhululeke ukungazisa. Lezi zindlela zisetshenziswa kabanzi kwizicelo zelebhu kanye nezimboni ukuze zilinganise ngokunembile nangokuthembekile futhi zibone ubukhona kanye nokuhlushwa kwe-barium. Indlela ethile yokusebenzisa incike kuhlobo lwesampula oludinga ukulinganiswa, uhla lokuqukethwe kwe-barium, nenhloso ethile yokuhlaziywa.
Isikhathi Sokuthumela: Dec-09-2024