Muva nje, i-Apple imemezele ukuthi izosebenza isetshenziswe kabusha izinto zomhlaba ezingavamileemikhiqizweni yayo futhi usethe uhlelo oluthile: ngo-2025, inkampani izofinyelela ukusetshenziswa kwe-cobalt engu-100% evuselelwe kabusha kuwo wonke amabhethri aklanywe yi-Apple; Ozibuthe basezintweni zomkhiqizo bazophinde benziwe ngokuphelele ngezinto ezisetshenziswa kabusha zomhlaba ezingavamile.
Njengempahla yomhlaba eyivelakancane esetshenziswa kakhulu imikhiqizo ye-Apple, i-NdFeB inomkhiqizo wamandla kazibuthe aphezulu (okungukuthi, umthamo omncane ungagcina amandla amakhulu), ongahlangabezana nokuphishekela ukwenziwa kwe-miniaturization kanye ne-lightweight yama-electronics abathengi. Izinhlelo zokusebenza kumaselula zibonakala ikakhulukazi ezingxenyeni ezimbili: amamotho wokudlidliza omakhalekhukhwini kanye nezingxenye ze-micro electro acoustic. I-smartphone ngayinye idinga cishe u-2.5g we-neodymium iron boron material.
Abangaphakathi embonini bathi u-25% kuya ku-30% kadoti onqenqemeni okhiqizwa ohlelweni lokukhiqiza i-neodymium iron boron magnetic materials, kanye nokumosha izingxenye kazibuthe ezifana nama-electronics abathengi namamotho, kuyimithombo ebalulekile yokuvuselelwa kabusha komhlaba. Uma kuqhathaniswa nokukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo efanayo evela ku-ore eluhlaza, ukugaywa kabusha kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemfucuza yomhlaba engavamile kunezinzuzo eziningi, njengezinqubo ezifushanisiwe, izindleko ezincishisiwe, ukunciphisa ukungcoliswa kwemvelo, nokuvikelwa okusebenzayo kwemithombo yomhlaba engavamile. Futhi ithani ngalinye le-praseodymium neodymium oxide elitholiwe lilingana nokumba amathani angu-10000 we-ioni yomhlaba engavamile noma amathani angu-5 e-ore engavamile yomhlaba.
Ukugaywa kabusha kanye nokuphinda kusetshenziswe izinto zomhlaba ezingavamile sekuba usekelo olubalulekile lwempahla yokusetshenziswa yomhlaba eyivelakancane. Ngenxa yokuthi izinsiza zomhlaba eziyivelakancane ziwuhlobo olukhethekile lwesisetshenziswa, ukugaywa kabusha kanye nokuphinda kusetshenziswe izinto zomhlaba ezingavamile kuyindlela ephumelelayo yokonga izinsiza nokuvimbela ukungcola. Kuyisidingo esiphuthumayo nesinqumo esingenakugwenywa sokuthuthukiswa komphakathi. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, i-China ibilokhu iqinisa ukuphathwa kwayo yonke iketango lemboni embonini yomhlaba eyivelakancane, ngenkathi ikhuthaza amabhizinisi asemhlabeni ayivelakancane ukuthi asebenzise kabusha izinsiza zesibili eziqukethe izinto zomhlaba ezingavamile.
NgoNhlangulana wezi-2012, iHhovisi Lolwazi LoMkhandlu Wombuso lakhipha “Iphepha Elimhlophe Ngesimo Nezinqubomgomo Zemihlaba Engavamile E-China”, elasho ngokucacile ukuthi umbuso ukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwezinqubo ezikhethekile, ubuchwepheshe, kanye nemishini yokuqoqwa, ukwelashwa, ukuhlukaniswa. , kanye nokuhlanzwa kwemfucuza yomhlaba engavamile. Ucwaningo lugxile ekusetshenzisweni kukasawoti oncibilikisiwe we-pyrometallurgical oncibilikisiwe womhlaba, i-slag, imfucumfucu kazibuthe yomhlaba engavamile, kanye nezinjini zikazibuthe ezimoshayo, amabhethri e-nickel hydrogen amoshayo, ukumosha izibani ze-fluorescent eziyivelakancane, kanye nezinto ezibangela umhlaba ezingavamile. izinsiza ezifana nemfucuza engandile yokupholisha impushana kanye nezinye izakhi zemfucuza eziqukethe izakhi zomhlaba eziyivelakancane.
Ngokuthuthuka okunamandla kwemboni yomhlaba yaseShayina eyivelakancane, inani elikhulu lezinto zomhlaba ezingavamile kanye nokucubungula imfucuza kunenani elikhulu lokugaywa kabusha. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iminyango efanele yenza ucwaningo ngentshiseko mayelana nezimakethe zomhlaba ezingavamile zasekhaya nezangaphandle, ihlaziye imakethe yempahla engavamile yomhlaba kusukela ekuhlinzekweni kwemithombo yomhlaba engavamile eShayina kanye nokusetshenziswa kabusha kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemithombo yomhlaba eyivelakancane engavamile ekhaya naphesheya, futhi yakhe izinyathelo ezihambisanayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amabhizinisi omhlaba ayivelakancane aqinise ucwaningo nentuthuko yawo kwezobuchwepheshe, azuza ukuqonda okuningiliziwe kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zobuchwepheshe obungajwayelekile bokuphinda agaywe kabusha kwezinsiza zomhlaba, ahlola futhi akhuthaza ubuchwepheshe obufanele bokuvikela umnotho nemvelo, futhi athuthukisa imikhiqizo ephezulu ukuze igaywe kabusha. nokusebenzisa kabusha umhlaba ongavamile.
Ngo-2022, ingxenye yokugaywa kabushai-praseodymium neodymiumukukhiqizwa eChina sekufinyelele ku-42% womthombo we-praseodymium neodymium metal. Ngokwezibalo ezifanele, ukukhiqizwa kwemfucuza ye-iron boron ye-neodymium e-China kwafinyelela amathani angama-53000 ngonyaka odlule, okuwukukhula konyaka nonyaka okungaba ngu-10%. Uma kuqhathaniswa nokukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo efanayo ngensimbi eluhlaza, ukugaywa kabusha kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemfucumfucu engavamile kunezinzuzo eziningi: izinqubo ezifinyeziwe, izindleko ezincishisiwe, ukunciphisa "imfucumfucu emithathu", ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza ngendlela efanele, ukunciphisa ukungcoliswa kwemvelo, nokuvikela ngempumelelo kwezwe. imithombo yomhlaba engavamile.
Ngokumelene nesizinda sokulawula kukazwelonke phezu kokukhiqizwa komhlaba ongavamile kanye nokwanda kwesidingo esiphansi somfula ongavamile, imakethe izodala isidingo esikhulu sokugaywa kabusha komhlaba okungavamile. Kodwa-ke, okwamanje, asekhona amabhizinisi amancane okukhiqiza e-China asebenzisa kabusha futhi asebenzise kabusha izinto zomhlaba ezingavamile, ukucubungula okukodwa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa, imikhiqizo esezingeni eliphansi, nokusekelwa kwenqubomgomo okungathuthukiswa. Okwamanje, kuyaphuthuma ukuthi izwe likwenze ngamandla ukugaywa kabusha kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemithombo yomhlaba eyivelakancane ngaphansi kokuqondisa kokuphepha kwemithombo yomhlaba eyivelakancane kanye nenhloso “yekhabhoni ekabili”, ukusetshenziswa ngempumelelo nangokulinganayo kwemithombo yomhlaba eyivelakancane, futhi kudlale umdlalo oyingqayizivele. iqhaza ekuthuthukisweni kwekhwalithi ephezulu yomnotho waseChina.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: May-06-2023