Muva nje, i-Apple imemezele ukuthi izosebenza isetshenziswe kabusha izinto zomhlaba ezingavamileemikhiqizweni yayo futhi usethe uhlelo oluthile: ngo-2025, inkampani izofinyelela ukusetshenziswa kwe-cobalt engu-100% evuselelwe kabusha kuwo wonke amabhethri aklanywe yi-Apple; Ozibuthe basezintweni zomkhiqizo bazophinde benziwe ngokuphelele ngezinto ezisetshenziswa kabusha zomhlaba ezingavamile.
Njengempahla yomhlaba eyivelakancane esetshenziswa kakhulu imikhiqizo ye-Apple, i-NdFeB inomkhiqizo wamandla kazibuthe aphezulu (okungukuthi, umthamo omncane ungagcina amandla amakhulu), ongahlangabezana nokuphishekela ukwenziwa kwe-miniaturization kanye ne-lightweight yama-electronics abathengi. Izinhlelo zokusebenza kumaselula zibonakala ikakhulukazi ezingxenyeni ezimbili: amamotho wokudlidliza omakhalekhukhwini kanye nezingxenye ze-micro electro acoustic. I-smartphone ngayinye idinga cishe u-2.5g we-neodymium iron boron material.
Abangaphakathi embonini bathi u-25% kuya ku-30% kadoti onqenqemeni okhiqizwa ohlelweni lokukhiqiza i-neodymium iron boron magnetic materials, kanye nokumosha izingxenye kazibuthe ezifana nama-electronics abathengi namamotho, kuyimithombo ebalulekile yokuvuselelwa kabusha komhlaba. Uma kuqhathaniswa nokukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo efanayo evela ku-ore eluhlaza, ukugaywa kabusha kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemfucuza yomhlaba engavamile kunezinzuzo eziningi, njengezinqubo ezifushanisiwe, izindleko ezincishisiwe, ukunciphisa ukungcoliswa kwemvelo, nokuvikelwa okusebenzayo kwemithombo yomhlaba engavamile. Futhi ithani ngalinye le-praseodymium neodymium oxide elitholiwe lilingana nokumba amathani angu-10000 we-ioni yomhlaba engavamile noma amathani angu-5 e-ore engavamile yomhlaba.
Ukugaywa kabusha kanye nokuphinda kusetshenziswe izinto zomhlaba ezingavamile sekuba usekelo olubalulekile lwempahla yokusetshenziswa yomhlaba eyivelakancane. Ngenxa yokuthi izinsiza zomhlaba eziyivelakancane ziwuhlobo olukhethekile lwesisetshenziswa, ukugaywa kabusha kanye nokuphinda kusetshenziswe izinto zomhlaba ezingavamile kuyindlela ephumelelayo yokonga izinsiza nokuvimbela ukungcola. Kuyisidingo esiphuthumayo nesinqumo esingenakugwenywa sokuthuthukiswa komphakathi. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, i-China ibilokhu iqinisa ukuphathwa kwayo yonke iketango lemboni embonini yomhlaba eyivelakancane, ngenkathi ikhuthaza amabhizinisi asemhlabeni ayivelakancane ukuthi asebenzise kabusha izinsiza zesibili eziqukethe izinto zomhlaba ezingavamile.
NgoNhlangulana wezi-2012, iHhovisi Lolwazi LoMkhandlu Wombuso lakhipha “Iphepha Elimhlophe Ngesimo Nezinqubomgomo Zemihlaba Eyivelakancane eShayina”, elasho ngokucacile ukuthi umbuso ukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwezinqubo ezikhethekile, ubuchwepheshe, kanye nemishini yokuqoqa, ukwelashwa, ukuhlukaniswa, kanye nokuhlanzwa kwemfucuza engavamile yomhlaba. Ucwaningo lugxile ekusetshenzisweni kukasawoti oncibilikisiwe we-pyrometallurgical oncibilikisiwe womhlaba, i-slag, imfucumfucu kazibuthe yomhlaba engajwayelekile, kanye nezinjini zikazibuthe ezimoshayo, ukumosha amabhethri e-nickel hydrogen, ukumosha izibani ezikhanyayo zomhlaba ezingajwayelekile, kanye nezisusa zomhlaba eziyivelakancane.
Ngokuthuthuka okunamandla kwemboni yomhlaba yaseShayina eyivelakancane, inani elikhulu lezinto zomhlaba ezingavamile kanye nokucubungula imfucuza kunenani elikhulu lokugaywa kabusha. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iminyango efanele yenza ucwaningo ngentshiseko mayelana nezimakethe zomhlaba ezingavamile zasekhaya nezangaphandle, ihlaziya imakethe yempahla engavamile yomhlaba kusukela ekuhlinzekweni kwemithombo yomhlaba eyivelakancane eShayina kanye nokugaywa kabusha nokusetshenziswa kwemithombo yomhlaba eyivelakancane engavamile ekhaya naphesheya, futhi yakhe izindlela ezihambisanayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amabhizinisi omhlaba ayivelakancane aqinise ucwaningo nentuthuko yawo kwezobuchwepheshe, azuza ukuqonda okuningiliziwe kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zobuchwepheshe obungajwayelekile bomhlaba wesibili wokugaywa kabusha kwezinsizakusebenza, ahlola futhi akhuthaza ubuchwepheshe obufanele bokuvikela umnotho nemvelo, futhi athuthukise imikhiqizo esezingeni eliphezulu ukuze igaywe kabusha futhi iphinde isetshenziswe umhlaba ongavamile.
Ngo-2022, ingxenye yokugaywa kabushai-praseodymium neodymiumukukhiqizwa eChina sekufinyelele ku-42% womthombo we-praseodymium neodymium metal. Ngokwezibalo ezifanele, ukukhiqizwa kwemfucuza ye-iron boron ye-neodymium e-China kwafinyelela amathani angama-53000 ngonyaka odlule, okuwukukhula konyaka nonyaka okungaba ngu-10%. Uma kuqhathaniswa nokukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo efanayo evela ezitsheni ezingavuthiwe, ukugaywa kabusha kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemfucumfucu yomhlaba engavamile kunezinzuzo eziningi: izinqubo ezifinyeziwe, izindleko ezincishisiwe, ukunciphisa “imfucumfucu emithathu”, ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza ngendlela efanele, ukunciphisa ukungcoliswa kwemvelo, nokuvikelwa okuphumelelayo kwemithombo yomhlaba eyivelakancane yezwe.
Ngokumelene nesizinda sokulawula kukazwelonke phezu kokukhiqizwa komhlaba ongavamile kanye nokwanda kwesidingo esiphansi somfula ongavamile, imakethe izodala isidingo esikhulu sokugaywa kabusha komhlaba okungavamile. Kodwa-ke, okwamanje, asekhona amabhizinisi amancane okukhiqiza e-China asebenzisa kabusha futhi asebenzise kabusha izinto zomhlaba ezingavamile, ukucubungula okukodwa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa, imikhiqizo esezingeni eliphansi, nokusekelwa kwenqubomgomo okungathuthukiswa. Njengamanje, kuyaphuthuma ukuthi izwe likwenze ngamandla ukugaywa kabusha kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemithombo yomhlaba eyivelakancane ngaphansi kokuqondisa kokuphepha kwemithombo yomhlaba eyivelakancane kanye nomgomo “wekhabhoni ekabili”, ukusetshenziswa kahle nangendlela elinganiselayo kwemithombo yomhlaba engavamile, futhi kubambe iqhaza eliyingqayizivele ekuthuthukisweni kwekhwalithi ephezulu yomnotho waseShayina.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: May-06-2023