Indlu yokuhlala yokungenayogugu, uphawu yi-EU, futhi inombolo ye-athomu ingu-63. Njengoba ilungu elijwayelekile laseLanthanide, i-Europium livame ukuba no-3, kepha umoya-mpilo + uqine + uValence uvamile. Kunamakhompiyutha ambalwa e-Europium ene-Valence State ka + 2. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinsimbi ezisindayo, i-Europium ayinamiphumela ebalulekile yemvelo futhi ayinangozi. Izicelo eziningi ze-Europaum zisebenzisa umphumela we-phosphorescence we-Europium Compainds. I-Europuum ingenye yezinto eziningi eziningi endaweni yonke; Kukhona cishe ama-5 endaweni yonke × 10-8% yento yi-Europoium.
I-Europuum ikhona eMonashite
Ukutholwa kwe-Europium
Le ndaba iqala ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19: Ngaleso sikhathi, ososayensi abahle baqala ukugcwalisa ngokuhlelekile amakhala asele etafuleni elisele laseMendeleev ngokuhlaziya i-athomu ekhipha i-atomic emission. Ekubukeni kwanamuhla, lo msebenzi awunzima, futhi umfundi weziqu ongaphansi weziqu angawuqedela; Kepha ngaleso sikhathi, ososayensi banamathuluzi kuphela abanokunemba okuphansi namasampula okwakunzima ukuhlanza. Ngakho-ke, kuwo wonke umlando wokutholwa kweLanthanide, bonke abathola abakwa-Quasi "baqhubeka benza izimangalo zamanga futhi baphikisana.
Ngo-1885, uSir William Crookees uthole isibonakaliso sokuqala kodwa esicacile kakhulu se-element 63: wabona umugqa othile obomvu obomvu (609 nm) kwisampula yeSamariyamu. Phakathi kuka-1892 no-1893, ukutholwa kwe-Gallium, iSamariyu, ne-Dysprosium, uPaul É Mile Lecoq de boisbaudran, kuqinisekisile le qembu futhi wathola elinye iqembu eliluhlaza (535 nm).
Okulandelayo, ngo-1896, eug è ne anatole demar Ç Enarium oxide ngesineke futhi waqinisekisa ukutholakala kwento entsha yomhlaba engandile etholakala phakathi kweSambariyu neGadinium. Uhlukanise ngempumelelo le nto ngo-1901, umaka ukuphela kohambo lokutholwa: "Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngizoqamba le nto entsha i-Elemel Europuum, ne-Atomic Eu kanye ne-athomu ye-athomu cishe ngo-151."
Ukucushwa kwe-elektroni
Ukucushwa kwe-elektroni:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3D10 4p6 5S2 4D10 5p66S2 4F7
Yize i-Europium imvamisa i-trivangent, ithambekele ekwakheni amakhompiyutha ahlukile. Le nto yehlukile ekwakhekeni kwe- + 3 amakhompiyutha nge-lanthanide iningi. I-Divalent Europium ihlelwe ngogesi we-4F7, njengoba i-semi egcwaliswe i-F Shell inikeza ukuqina okuthe xaxa, ne-europuum (II) ne-barium (II) kufana. I-Divalent Europium i-ejenti emnene enciphisa i-oxidizes emoyeni ukwenza i-auropuium (iii). Ngaphansi kwezimo ze-anaerobic, ikakhulukazi izimo zokushisa, i-e-Europium e-Verlayium zizinzile ngokwanele futhi zithambekele ekufakweni kwi-calcium namanye amaminerali omhlaba we-alkaline. Le nqubo yokushintshaniswa kwe-ION isisekelo se- "Eurourium Ahomaly" ebi-negative, okungukuthi, uma kuqhathaniswa nobuningi be-chondrite, amaminerali amaningi e-lanthanide anjengeMonazite anokuqukethwe okuphansi kwe -gulium. Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-Monazite, i-bastnaesite ivame ukubonisa ama-europuum analomali ambalwa, ngakho-ke i-bastnaesite nayo ingumthombo omkhulu we-Eurobhium.
I-Europuum iyinsimbi yensimbi yensimbi enendawo yokuncibilika ka-822 ° C, iphuzu elibilayo lika-1597 ° C, kanye nobude be-5.2434 g / cm ³; I-Europuum iyinsimbi esebenza kakhulu phakathi kwezinto zomhlaba ezingandile: emazingeni okushisa asekamelweni, ngokushesha ilahlekelwa yi-luster yensimbi yayo emoyeni futhi ixinwa ngokushesha ibe yimpuphu; Baphendule ngobudlova ngamanzi abandayo ukukhiqiza igesi ye-hydrogen; I-Europuum ingasabela ngeBoron, Carbon, isibabule, i-phosphorus, i-hydrogen, i-nitrogen, njll.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Europium
I-Europoum Sulfate Emits Red Floorescence Ngaphansi Kokukhanya Kwe-Ultraviolet
UGeorges Urbain, usomakhemisi osemusha ovelele, wazuza ifa lensimbi ye-demar Ç ay futhi wathola ukuthi i-Yttrium (III) isampula yohambo olude oluphuma ngo-1906.
I-phosphor ehlanganiswe nge-EU3 ebomvu +, eluhlaza i-TB3 +, neBlue EU2 + Embiitters, noma inhlanganisela yazo, ingaguqula ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet kube ukukhanya okubonakalayo. Lezi zinto zokwenziwa zidlala indima ebalulekile kumathuluzi ahlukahlukene emhlabeni jikelele: Ama-X-ray akhulisa izikrini, amashubhu we-cathode ray noma izikrini ze-plasma, kanye namalambu asanda kwenziwa amandla e-fluorescent kanye nama-diode alandela ukukhanya.
Umphumela we-fluorescence we-Trivallent Europium nawo ungazwakala ngama-molekyuli amnandi we-aromatic, futhi izakhiwo ezinjalo zingasetshenziswa ezimweni ezahlukahlukene ezidinga ukuzwela okuphezulu, njenge-inks elwa nokulwa ne-inks.
Kusukela ngawo-1980s, i-Europium ibilokhu idlala indima ehamba phambili ekuhlaziyweni kwe-biopharmaceutical ebucayi kakhulu kusetshenziswa isikhathi esibunjwe isikhathi esibandayo se-fluorescence. Ezibhedlela eziningi kanye nama-latoratories wezokwelapha, ukuhlaziya kungukujwayelekile. Ocwaningweni lwesayensi yempilo, kufaka phakathi ukucabanga kwemvelo, izingqubulo zemvelo ze-fluorepoorecent ezenziwe nge-Europoium nezinye i-lanthanide zinobuhlakani. Ngenhlanhla, ikhilogremu ye-Eurogram yase-Eurogram yanele ukusekela cishe ama-One Bilion ahlaziya - ngemuva kokuthi uhulumeni waseChina asanda kukhawulela umhlaba wonke, amazwe athuthukile aphethwe yi-Rare Elemento Elementor Destages SKROOVED akudingeki ukuthi akhathazeke ngokusongelwa okufanayo.
I-Europuum Oxide isetshenziswa njenge-Emission Phosphor evuselelekile eHolidi Lokuxilongwa Kwezokwelapha lwe-New X-ray. I-Europuum Oxide nayo ingasetshenziswa ukwenza ama-lens anemibala nezihlungi ze-optoelectronic, kumadivayisi wokulawula ama-bubble, futhi ezintweni zokulawula, izinto zokwakha, kanye nezinto zokwakha ama-athomu. Ngoba ama-athomu awo angadonsa ama-autrons amaningi kunanoma iyiphi enye into, ivame ukusetshenziswa njengento yokuthola ama-neutrons kuma-atomic reactors.
Emhlabeni wanamuhla okhula ngokushesha, uhlelo lokusebenza olusanda ukutholwa kwe-Eurobhium lungaba nemithelela enkulu kwezolimo. Ososayensi bathole ukuthi ama-plastics adonswa nge-uVallent Europium kanye nethusi elingenakuphikwa kungaguqula ngempumelelo ingxenye ye-ultraviolet yokukhanya kwelanga ibe ukukhanya kwelanga kube ukukhanya kwelanga. Le nqubo iluhlaza impela (yimibala ephelele yokubomvu). Usebenzisa lolu hlobo lweplastiki ukwakha abamba ukushisa kungavumela izitshalo ukuba zithole ukukhanya okubonakalayo nokukhulisa izivuno zezilimo cishe nge-10%.
I-Europuum nayo ingafakwa ku-Quantum Memory Chips, engagcina imininingwane ethembekile izinsuku eziningana ngasikhathi. Lokhu kungavumela idatha ye-quantum ebucayi ukuthi igcinwe kudivayisi efana ne-disk enzima futhi yathunyelwa ezweni lonke.
Isikhathi sePosi: Jun-27-2023