Europium, uphawu ngu-Eu, kanti inombolo ye-Atomic ingu-63. Njengelungu elivamile le-Lanthanide, i-europium ivamise ukuba ne-+3 valence, kodwa i-oxygen+2 valence nayo ivamile. Kukhona izinhlanganisela ezimbalwa ze-europium ezinesimo se-valence esingu+2. Uma iqhathaniswa nezinye izinsimbi ezisindayo, i-europium ayinayo imiphumela ebalulekile yezinto eziphilayo futhi ayinabo ubuthi. Iningi lezicelo ze-europium zisebenzisa umphumela we-phosphorescence we-Europium compounds. I-Europium ingesinye sezici ezincane kakhulu endaweni yonke; Kukhona cishe ama-5 endaweni yonke × i-10-8% yento i-europium.
I-Europium ikhona ku-monazite
Ukutholwa kwe-Europium
Indaba iqala ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19: ngaleso sikhathi, ososayensi abahle kakhulu baqala ukugcwalisa ngokuhlelekile izikhala ezisele kuthebula le-periodic likaMendeleev ngokuhlaziya i-spectrum ye-Atomic emission. Ngokombono wanamuhla, lo msebenzi awunzima, futhi umfundi owenza iziqu angawuqeda; Kodwa ngaleso sikhathi, ososayensi babenamathuluzi anokunemba okuphansi kuphela namasampuli okwakunzima ukuwahlanza. Ngakho-ke, kuwo wonke umlando wokutholwa kweLanthanide, bonke abavundulula "i-quasi" baqhubeka benza izimangalo ezingamanga futhi bephikisana bodwa.
Ngo-1885, uSir William Crookes wathola isignali yokuqala kodwa engacacile kahle yesici 63: wabona umugqa othile obomvu we-spectral (609 nm) kusampula ye-samarium. Phakathi kuka-1892 no-1893, umtholi we-gallium, samarium, ne-dysprosium, u-Paul é mile LeCoq de Boisbaudran, waqinisekisa leli qembu futhi wathola elinye ibhendi eluhlaza (535 nm).
Okulandelayo, ngo-1896, u-Eug è ne Anatole Demar ç ay ngesineke wahlukanisa i-samarium oxide futhi waqinisekisa ukutholakala kwento entsha engavamile yomhlaba etholakala phakathi kwe-samarium ne-gadolinium. Wahlukanisa ngempumelelo lesi sici ngo-1901, ephawula ukuphela kohambo lokutholwa: "Ngithemba ukuqamba lesi sici esisha i-Europium, ngophawu u-Eu kanye nenqwaba ye-Atomic cishe engu-151."
Ukucushwa kwe-electron
Ukucushwa kwe-electron:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p66s2 4f7
Nakuba i-europium ngokuvamile i-trivalent, ithambekele ekwenzeni ama-divalent compounds. Lesi simo sihlukile ekwakhekeni kwe-+3 valence compounds ngama-Lanthanide amaningi. I-Divalent europium inokucushwa kwe-elekthronikhi kwe-4f7, njengoba igobolondo eligcwele ingxenye ye-f linikeza ukuzinza okwengeziwe, futhi i-europium (II) ne-barium (II) ziyefana. I-Divalent europium iyi-ejenti yokunciphisa kancane eyenza i-oxidize emoyeni ukuze yakhe inhlanganisela ye-europium (III). Ngaphansi kwezimo ze-anaerobic, ikakhulukazi izimo zokushisa, i-divalent europium izinzile ngokwanele futhi ijwayele ukufakwa ku-calcium namanye amaminerali omhlaba ane-alkaline. Le nqubo yokushintshanisa i-ion iyisisekelo se-"negative europium anomaly", okungukuthi, uma kuqhathaniswa nobuningi be-Chondrite, amaminerali amaningi e-lanthanide afana ne-monazite anokuqukethwe okuphansi kwe-europium. Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-monazite, i-bastnaesite ivamise ukukhombisa okumbalwa okungalungile kwe-europium, ngakho-ke i-bastnaesite nayo ingumthombo oyinhloko we-europium.
I-Europium iyinsimbi empunga yensimbi enephuzu lokuncibilika elingu-822 ° C, iphoyinti elibilayo elingu-1597 ° C, kanye nokuminyana okungu-5.2434 g/cm ³; Iyingxenye encane kakhulu, ethambile, futhi eguquguqukayo kakhulu phakathi kwezakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile. I-Europium iyinsimbi esebenza kakhulu phakathi kwezakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile: ekamelweni lokushisa, ngokushesha ilahlekelwa ukukhanya kwayo kwensimbi emoyeni futhi i-oxidized ngokushesha ibe yimpushana; Sabelani ngobudlova emanzini abandayo ukuze sikhiqize igesi ye-hydrogen; I-Europium ingasabela nge-boron, i-carbon, isulfure, i-phosphorus, i-hydrogen, i-nitrogen, njll.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Europium
I-Europium sulfate ikhipha i-fluorescence ebomvu ngaphansi kokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet
UGeorges Urbain, usokhemisi osemncane ovelele, wazuza njengefa ithuluzi le-Spectroscopy lika-Demar ç ay futhi wathola ukuthi isampula ye-Yttrium(III) oxide ehlanganiswe ne-europium yakhipha ukukhanya okubomvu okugqamile kakhulu ngo-1906. Lesi yisiqalo sohambo olude lwezinto ezisetshenziswa europium phosphorescent - ayisetshenziselwa ukukhipha ukukhanya okubomvu kuphela, kodwa nokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ngoba i-spectrum yokukhishwa kwe-Eu2+ iwela ngaphakathi kwalolu hlu.
I-phosphor eyakhiwe nge-Eu3+ ebomvu, i-Tb3+ eluhlaza, ne-Eu2+emitters eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, noma inhlanganisela yakho, ingaguqula ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet kube ukukhanya okubonakalayo. Lezi zinto zidlala indima ebalulekile kumathuluzi ahlukahlukene emhlabeni jikelele: izikrini eziqinisa i-X-ray, amashubhu e-cathode ray noma izikrini ze-plasma, kanye nezibani ze-fluorescent zakamuva ezonga amandla nama-diode akhipha ukukhanya.
Umphumela we-fluorescence we-trivalent europium ungase futhi uzwe ama-molecule amnandi aphilayo, futhi lezi zakhiwo zingasetshenziswa ezimweni ezihlukahlukene ezidinga ukuzwela okuphezulu, njengama-inki aphikisana nokukhohlisa kanye namabhakhodi.
Kusukela ngawo-1980s, i-europium ibidlala indima ehamba phambili ekuhlaziyweni kwe-biopharmaceutical ebucayi kakhulu isebenzisa indlela ebandayo ye-fluorescence exazululwe isikhathi. Ezibhedlela eziningi nasezilabhorethri zezokwelapha, ukuhlaziya okunjalo sekuyinsakavukela. Ocwaningweni lwesayensi yempilo, okuhlanganisa ne-biological imaging, ama-fluorescent biological probes enziwe nge-europium nenye i-Lanthanide atholakala yonke indawo. Ngenhlanhla, ikhilogremu eyodwa ye-europium yanele ukusekela ukuhlaziya okucishe kube yizigidi eziyinkulungwane - ngemuva kokuthi uhulumeni waseShayina esanda kukhawula ukuthengiswa komhlaba okungavamile, amazwe athuthukile ashaqekile ngenxa yokushoda kwendawo yokugcina izinto ezingavamile akudingekile ukuba akhathazeke ngezinsongo ezifanayo kuzicelo ezinjalo.
I-Europium oxide isetshenziswa njenge-Stimulated emission phosphor ohlelweni olusha lwe-X-ray lokuxilongwa kwezokwelapha. I-Europium oxide ingaphinda isetshenziselwe ukwenza amalensi anemibala nezihlungi ze-optoelectronic, kumadivayisi wokugcinwa kwebhamuza kazibuthe, nasekulawuleni izinto zokwakha, izinto ezivikelayo, nezinto zokwakha zama-athomu asabelayo. Ngenxa yokuthi ama-athomu ayo angakwazi ukumunca ama-neutron amaningi kunanoma iyiphi enye i-elementi, ngokuvamile asetshenziswa njengento yokumunca ama-neutron kuma-reactors e-athomu.
Ezweni lanamuhla elikhula ngokushesha, ukusetshenziswa okusanda kutholwa kwe-europium kungase kube nomthelela omkhulu kwezolimo. Ososayensi bathole ukuthi amapulasitiki ane-divalent europium kanye nethusi elingajwayelekile angaguqula ngokuphumelelayo ingxenye ye-ultraviolet yokukhanya kwelanga ibe ukukhanya okubonakalayo. Le nqubo iluhlaza impela (yimibala ehambisanayo yokubomvu). Ukusebenzisa lolu hlobo lwepulasitiki ukwakha i-greenhouse kungenza izitshalo zikwazi ukumunca ukukhanya okubonakalayo futhi kwandise isivuno sezitshalo cishe ngo-10%.
I-Europium ingasetshenziswa futhi kuma-quantum memory chips, angagcina ngokuthembekile ulwazi izinsuku ezimbalwa ngesikhathi. Lokhu kungavumela idatha ye-quantum ebucayi ukuthi igcinwe kudivayisi efana ne-hard disk futhi ithunyelwe ezweni lonke.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jun-27-2023