Umphetho, I-Atomic Number 68, itholakala kumjikelezo we-6 wethebula lesikhathi samakhemikhali, iLanthanide (IIB GROUP) Inombolo 11, isisindo se-athomu 167.26, negama element livela kwisiza se-yttrium emhlabeni.
Umphethoinokuqukethwe okungu-0.000247% ku-crust futhi kutholakala kwabaningiUmhlaba ongavamileamaminerali. Ikhona emadwaleni amahle futhi ingatholwa nge-electrolysis kanye nokuncibilika kwe-ECCLL3. Ihlala ihlala nezinye izinto ezinobuningi bomhlaba ezingandile ezindabeni ze-ytttrium phosphate futhi zimnyamaUmhlaba ongavamileIdiphozithi yegolide.
InganikiUmhlaba ongavamileAmaminerali: Jiangxi, Guangdong, Fujian, Huni, Guangxi, njll. EChina. Phosphorus yttrium ore: Malaysia, Guangxi, Guangdong, China. I-Monazite: izindawo ezisogwini zase-Australia, izindawo zase-India zaseNdiya, eGuangdong, eChina kanye nezindawo zaseTaiwan ezisogwini.
Ukuthola Umlando
Kutholwe ngo-1843
Inqubo yokuthola: Itholwe yi-CG Mobander ngo-1843. Ekuqaleni waqamba i-oxide ye-Erbium Terbium Oxide, kanjalo nasezincwadini zokuqala,terbium oxidena-I-Erbium Oxidezahlanganiswa. Kwakungekho ngemuva kwe-1860 ukuthi kwakudingeka lokho kulungiswa.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo nokutholwa kweuhlobo linthanum, Ama-mossander ahlaziywa futhi afundze athola i-ytttrium eqale, futhi ashicilele umbiko ngo-1842, ecacisa ukuthi i-YTTRIM GRECT etholakele ayiyona i-oxide yokuqala, kodwa i-oxide yezinto ezintathu. Wayesabiza omunye wabo yttrium umhlaba, futhi omunye wabo u-Erbia (umphethoumhlaba). Uphawu lwe-element luqokwe njengo-Er. Ukutholwa kwe-Erbium nezinye izinto ezimbili,uhlobo linthanumna-i-terbium, wavula umnyango wesibili ukuthola ukutholwa kweUmhlaba ongavamileizinto, zimaka isigaba sesibili sokutholwa kwazo. Ukutholwa kwabo bekungukutholwa kwabathathuUmhlaba ongavamileizinto ngemuva kwezinto ezimbiliumrintshina-ytttrium.
Ukucushwa kwe-elektroni
Isakhiwo se-elekthronikhi:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3P6 4s2 3D10 4p6 5S2 4D10 5p0 6S2 4F12
I-ionization Energy yokuqala ingu-6.10 Electron Volts. Izakhiwo zamakhemikhali nezingokomzimba zicishe zifane kulabo baseHolmium ne-Dysprosium.
I-isotopes ye-Erbium ifaka phakathi: 162er, 164er, 166er, 167er, 168er, 1700.
Insimbi yanama ini
UmphethoIngabe insimbi emhlophe yesiliva, ithambile ngokuthungwa, insoluble emanzini futhi incibilika kuma-acid. Usawoti no-oxides bapinki ngokubomvu ngombala. I-Hempling Point 1529 ° C, Photo ebilayo 2863 ° C, Density 9.006 g / cm ³.
UmphethoI-antiferromagnetic emazingeni okushisa aphansi, ngokuqinile i-ferromagnetic eduzane ne-zero ngokuphelele, futhi iyi-superconductor.
UmphethoI-oxid kancane kancane ngomoya namanzi ekushiseni kwegumbi, okuholela kombala obomvu we-rose.
Isicelo:
I-oxide yayoI-ER2O3umbala obomvu we-rose esetshenziselwa ukwenza ubumba olukhanyiselwe.I-Erbium Oxideisetshenziswa embonini ye-ceramic ukukhiqiza i-pollink koqweqwe lwawo.
UmphethoFuthi inezicelo ezithile embonini yenuluya futhi ingasetshenziswa njengengxenye ye-alloy kwezinye izinsimbi. Ngokwesibonelo, dopingumphethoku-vanadium kungathuthukisa i-actility yayo.
Okwamanje, ukusetshenziswa okuvelele kakhulu kweumphethoukukhiqizwa kweumphethoama-fiber amplifiers (edfas). I-bait doped fiber amplifier (Edfa) yaqala ukwakhiwa yi-University of Southampton ngonyaka we-1985. Kungenxa yokwenziwa okukhulu kakhulu ekukhulumeni kwe-fiber optic futhi kungashiwo ngisho ngokuthi "isiteshi segesi" solwazi lwanamuhla lwe-SuperHighway yanamuhla.UmphethoI-Doped Fibre ingumongo we-amplifier ngokudonsa inani elincane le-Rare Earth Element Element Element (ER3 +) kwifayibha ye-quartz. Ama-doping amashumi kumakhulu e-PPM we-Erbium emicu ye-Optical anganxephezela ukulahleka kwe-optical ezinhlelweni zokuxhumana.UmphethoAma-amplifiers we-fiber afana "nesiteshi sokumpompa" sokukhanya, okuvumela amasiginali we-optical ukuthi adluliselwe ngaphandle kwesiteshi esiteshini, ngakho-ke ukuvula kahle isiteshi sobuchwepheshe bebanga lesimanjemanje, umthamo omkhulu we-fiber optic.
Olunye uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-hotspot yeumphethoi-laser, ikakhulukazi njengezinto ze-laser zezokwelapha.UmphethoI-Laser iyi-laser yesifundazwe eqinile ene-wavelength ka-2940NM, engahle idonswe ngamandla ngama-molecule wamanzi ezicutshini zomuntu, ifinyelela imiphumela ebalulekile ngamandla amancane. Ingasika ngokunembile, igaye, futhi ijabulise izicubu ezithambile. I-Erbium Yag Laser nayo isetshenziselwa ukukhishwa kwe-cataract.UmphethoImishini ye-Laser Therapy ivula amasimu wohlelo lokusebenza abanzi abanzi wokuhlinzwa kwe-laser.
UmphethoIngasetshenziswa futhi njenge-ion evumayo ye-rare emhlabeniUmphethoIzinto zokwenziwa ze-laser ukhuphuka zingahlukaniswa izigaba ezimbili: i-crystal eyodwa (i-fluoride, usawoti oqukethe i-yttrium aliminate (yap (fiber), amakristalu e-ER3 + I-Bayf5: I-YB3: +, i-ER3 + ingaguqula ukukhanya kwe-infrared ibe ukukhanya okubonakalayo, futhi le miltiphoton ukhuphuka i-luminespent izinto ezisetshenziswe ngempumelelo kumadivayisi wombono wobusuku.
Isikhathi Sokuthumela: Oct-25-2023