I-Erbium, inombolo ye-athomu engu-68, itholakala kumjikelezo we-6 wethebula le-chemical periodic, i-lanthanide (iqembu le-IIIB) inombolo engu-11, isisindo se-athomu 167.26, futhi igama lesici livela endaweni yokutholwa komhlaba we-yttrium.
I-Erbiuminokuqukethwe okungu-0.000247% kuqweqwe futhi itholakala kweziningiumhlaba ongavamileamaminerali. Itholakala emadwaleni avuthayo futhi ingatholwa nge-electrolysis nokuncibilika kwe-ErCl3. Ihlala kanye nezinye izici zomhlaba ezingavamile zokuminyana okuphezulu ku-yttrium phosphate kanye nomnyamaumhlaba ongavamileamadiphozithi egolide.
Ionicumhlaba ongavamileamaminerali: Jiangxi, Guangdong, Fujian, Hunan, Guangxi, njll e-China. I-Phosphorus yttrium ore: Malaysia, Guangxi, Guangdong, China. I-Monazite: Izindawo ezisogwini zase-Australia, izindawo ezisogwini lwaseNdiya, i-Guangdong, i-China kanye nezindawo ezisogwini zase-Taiwan.
Ukuthola Umlando
Kutholwe ngo-1843
Inqubo yokutholwa: Itholwe ngu-CG Mosander ngo-1843. Ekuqaleni waqamba i-oxide ye-erbium terbium oxide, ngakho ezincwadini zakuqala,i-terbium oxidefuthii-erbium oxidezaxutshwa. Kwaze kwaba ngemva kuka-1860 lapho kudingeka khona ukulungiswa.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo nokutholakala kwei-lanthanum, u-Mossander wahlaziya futhi wahlola i-yttrium eyatholwa ekuqaleni, futhi washicilela umbiko ngo-1842, ecacisa ukuthi umhlaba we-yttrium owatholwa ekuqaleni wawungeyona i-elemental oxide eyodwa, kodwa i-oxide yezinto ezintathu. Waseqamba omunye wabo ngokuthi yi-yttrium umhlaba, futhi omunye wabo u-erbia (i-erbiumumhlaba). Uphawu lwe-elementi luqokwe njengo-Er. Ukutholakala kwe-erbium nezinye izakhi ezimbili,i-lanthanumfuthii-terbium, wavula umnyango wesibili wokutholwa kukaumhlaba ongavamileizici, eziphawula isigaba sesibili sokutholwa kwazo. Ukutholwa kwabo kwaba ukutholwa kwabathathuumhlaba ongavamileizakhi ngemva kwezakhi ezimbilii-ceriumfuthii-yttrium.
Ukucushwa kwe-electron
Isakhiwo se-elekthronikhi:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f12
Amandla okuqala e-ionization angama-volts angu-6.10 electron. Izakhiwo zamakhemikhali nezomzimba zicishe zifane nalezo ze-holmium ne-dysprosium.
Ama-isotopes e-erbium ahlanganisa: 162Er, 164Er, 166Er, 167Er, 168Er, 170Er.
Insimbi
I-Erbiumiyinsimbi emhlophe eyisiliva, ethambile ekuthunjweni, ayincibiliki emanzini futhi encibilika kuma-asidi. Usawoti nama-oxide anombala opinki kuya kobomvu. Iphuzu elincibilikayo lingu-1529 ° C, iphoyinti elibilayo lingu-2863 ° C, ukuminyana 9.006 g/cm ³.
I-Erbiumiyi-antiferromagnetic emazingeni okushisa aphansi, i-ferromagnetic enamandla eduze kwe-absolute zero, futhi iyi-superconductor.
I-Erbiumkancane kancane ifakwa i-oxid emoyeni namanzi ezingeni lokushisa lasekamelweni, okuholela kumbala obomvu o-rose.
Isicelo:
I-oxide yayoEr2O3umbala obomvu we-rose osetshenziselwa ukwenza izitsha zobumba ezicwebezelisiwe.I-Erbium oxideisetshenziswa embonini ye-ceramic ukukhiqiza i-pink enamel.
I-Erbiumfuthi inezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza embonini yenuzi futhi ingasetshenziswa njengengxenye yealloy kwezinye izinsimbi. Isibonelo, i-dopingi-erbiumku-vanadium ingathuthukisa i-ductility yayo.
Okwamanje, ukusetshenziswa evelele kakhului-erbiumisekukhiqizweni kwei-erbiumama-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs). I-bait doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) yasungulwa okokuqala yiNyuvesi yaseSouthampton ngo-1985. Ingenye yezinto ezisunguliwe ezinkulu kakhulu ekuxhumaneni kwe-fiber optic futhi kungashiwo "igalaji likaphethiloli" lomgwaqo omkhulu wanamuhla wolwazi olude.I-Erbiumi-doped fiber iwumgogodla we-amplifier ngokudopha inani elincane le-erbium element yomhlaba engavamile (Er3+) ibe yi-quartz fiber. I-Doping amashumi kuya kumakhulu ppm we-erbium kuma-optical fibers anganxephezela ukulahlekelwa kokubona ezinhlelweni zokuxhumana.I-Erbiumama-amplifiers ane-doped fiber afana "nesiteshi sokumpompa" sokukhanya, esivumela amasignali okukhanya ukuthi adluliselwe ngaphandle kokuncishiswa ukusuka esiteshini kuya esiteshini, ngaleyo ndlela avule ngokushelelayo isiteshi sobuchwepheshe sokuxhumana kwamanje okukude, okunamandla, kanye nesivinini esikhulu se-fiber optic. .
Enye i-hotspot yohlelo lokusebenza yei-erbiumi-laser, ikakhulukazi njengempahla ye-laser yezokwelapha.I-ErbiumI-laser iyi-solid-state pulse laser enobude obungamaza obungama-2940nm, engamuncwa ngokuqinile ama-molecule wamanzi ezicutshini zomuntu, izuze imiphumela ebalulekile ngamandla amancane. Ingakwazi ukusika kahle, igaye futhi ikhiphe izicubu ezithambile. I-Erbium YAG laser nayo isetshenziselwa ukukhipha ulwelwesi lwama-cataract.I-Erbiumimishini yokwelapha nge-laser ivula izinkambu ezisetshenziswayo ezikhulayo zokuhlinzwa nge-laser.
I-Erbiumingasetshenziswa futhi njenge-ion esebenzayo yezinto ezingavamile zokuguqula umhlaba.I-ErbiumI-laser upconversion materials ingahlukaniswa izigaba ezimbili: icrystal eyodwa (i-fluoride, usawoti oqukethe umoya-mpilo) kanye nengilazi (fiber), njenge-erbium-doped yttrium aluminate (YAP: Er3+) kanye ne-Er3+doped ZBLAN fluoride (ZrF4-BaF2- I-LaF3-AlF3-NaF) imicu yengilazi, manje eseyasebenza. I-BaYF5: I-Yb3+, i-Er3+ ingaguqula ukukhanya kwe-infrared kube ukukhanya okubonakalayo, futhi le nto ye-multiphoton upconversion luminescent isetshenziswe ngempumelelo kumadivayisi okubona ebusuku.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Oct-25-2023