Umthombo: Imayini ye-Azo

Yini izinto zomhlaba ezingandile futhi zitholakala kuphi?

Izinto zomhlaba ezingavamile (ama-Rees) zihlanganisa izinto eziyi-17 zensimbi, ezenziwe ngama-lanthanides ayi-15 etafuleni lesikhathi:

Uhlobo linthanum

Umrintshi

I-PraseOdDODYIUM

Needymium

Ummemezo

ISamurium

Indlu yokuhlala yokungenayogugu

Igadiki

I-terbium

Dysprosium

IHolmium

Umphetho

Thululium

Yterterbium

Utetium

Ikhentiyamu

Ytttrium

Iningi lazo alivamile njengoba igama leqembu libonisa kepha laqanjwa ngekhulu le-18 nele-19, uma liqhathaniswa nezinye izinto ezivame kakhulu 'zoMhlaba' njenge-MAGNESSIA.

I-Cerrium yi-ree evame kakhulu futhi ende kakhulu kune-zethusi noma ukuhola.

Kodwa-ke, kumagama wezwe le-geological, ama-Rees aqabukela atholakala kuma-deposits agxilisiwe njengama-seams amalahle, ngokwesibonelo, abenze babe nzima ngokomnotho.

Esikhundleni salokho batholwa ezinhlotsheni ezine ezingejwayelekile zedwala; Ama-carobonatites, angajwayelekile amadwala ama-Igneous asuselwa ku-marmas-rich marmas, ama-alkali ezinye izilungiselelo zezilungiselelo, amadiphozithi wobumba be-ion-amuncy, kanye nama-monazite-xenotime-bearpers plulars.

I-China Imayini 95% yezinto zomhlaba ezingandile ukwenelisa isidingo sempilo ye-hi-tech kanye namandla avuselelekayo

Kusukela ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1990s, iChina ibuse ukukhiqizwa kwe-REE, isebenzisa imali yayo yobumba yama-ion-amuncy

Kungokomnotho ukuthi iChina ukwenza ngoba amadiphozithi wobumba alula ukukhipha izindunduma kusuka ekusebenziseni ama-acid abuthakathaka.

Izinto zomhlaba ezingandile zisetshenziselwa zonke izinhlobo zemishini ye-hi-tech, kufaka phakathi amakhompyutha, abadlali be-DVD, amaselula, amakhamera we-fiber, ama-anti-misfems, ama-satellite, kanye nokuvikela ama-anti-miss.

Inhloso yesivumelwano sezulu se-Paris sezulu sika-2015 ukunciphisa umkhawulo wokushisa komhlaba wonke ngaphansi kwe-2 ˚c, mhlawumbe okungcono 1.5 ˚c, amazinga we-Pre-Industrial. Lokhu kukhuphule isidingo samandla avuselelekayo nezimoto zikagesi, ezidinga futhi izizonke zisebenze.

Ngo-2010, iChina imemezele ukuthi izonciphisa i-Ree Exports ukufeza ukwanda kwayo ngokufunwa, kodwa futhi kugcina isikhundla sayo esivelele sokuhlinzeka ngemishini ye-Hi-Tech kuwo wonke umhlaba.

I-China futhi isesimweni esiqinile sezomnotho sokulawula ukuhlinzekwa kwama-Rees adingekayo kumandla avuselelekayo anjengamaphaneli elanga, umoya, kanye nezindlela zogesi zikagesi.

I-Phosphogypsum Umanyolo Womanyolo Ongavuleki Emhlabeni Elements Enterments

I-PhosPhogyPsum ingumkhiqizo womanyolo futhi iqukethe izinto ezihamba phambili ngokwemvelo ezifana ne-uranium ne-thorium. Ngalesi sizathu, kugcinwe unomphela, ngezingozi ezihambisana nokungcolisa inhlabathi, umoya namanzi.

Ngakho-ke, abacwaningi ePenn State University, basebenzise indlela obuningi besebenzisa ama-peptides e-Engineered, imicu emifushane yama-amino acid angakhomba ngokunembile futhi ahlukanise ama-Rees asebenzisa ulwelwesi olunembile.

Njengoba izindlela zokuhlukaniswa kwendabuko zinganele, iphrojekthi ihlose ukweqa amasu amasha wokuhlukanisa, izinto zokwakha nezinqubo.

Lo mklamo uholwa yimodeli ye-computational, ethuthukiswe nguRachel Getman, umseshi oyisisekelo kanye noprofesa we-Assolecar wobunjiniyela be-Christine Duval noJulie Renner, ethuthukisa ama-molecule azothambisa ezinhlamvu ezithile.

I-Greenlee izobheka ukuthi baziphatha kanjani emanzini futhi bazohlola umthelela wezemvelo kanye namakhono ahlukile kwezomnotho ngaphansi kwezimo eziguqukayo nezimo ezisebenzayo.

I-Chemical Engineering Profesa uLauren Greenlee, ithi: "Namuhla, amathani alinganiselwa ku-200,000 wezinto zomhlaba ezingandile zomhlaba abhajwe ekungcoleni kwe-phosphogsum engafakwanga eFlorida kuphela."

Iqembu liveza ukuthi ukululama kwendabuko kuhlotshaniswa nezithiyo zemvelo nakwezomnotho, lapho zitholakala khona njengamanje ezintweni ezihlanganisiwe, ezidinga ukushiswa kwamafutha okugcwala futhi kuyasebenza kanzima

Iphrojekthi entsha izogxila ekutholeni kabusha ngendlela eqhubekayo futhi ingahle idluliselwe esikalini esikhudlwana ngezinzuzo zezemvelo nezomnotho.

Uma iphrojekthi impumelelo, kunganciphisa futhi ukuncika kwe-USA eChina ngokuhlinzeka ngezinto zomhlaba ezingandile.

Imali kazwelonke ye-Projentation Project

Iphrojekthi yePenn State Ree ixhaswe yisibonelelo seminyaka emine engama- $ 571,658, ifinyelela ama- $ 1.7 million, futhi ngokubambisana neCase Western Reserve Universety naseClemson University.

Izindlela ezihlukile zokuthola kabusha izinto zomhlaba ezingandile

Ukubuyiselwa kwe-RRE kuvame ukwenziwa kusetshenziswa ukusebenza kwezinga elincane, okuvame ukuhlanganisa kanye nokukhishwa kwe-solvent.

Yize inqubo elula, i-leaching idinga inani eliphakeme lamakhemikhali anobungozi amakhemikhali, ngakho-ke ayinto engathandeki kwezentengiso.

I-Solvent Extraction iyindlela esebenzayo kepha ayisebenzi kahle ngoba iyasebenza futhi idla isikhathi.

Enye indlela evamile yama-Rees izotholwa ngokuzilolonga, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-e-mining, okubandakanya ukuthutha imfucuza kagesi, njengamakhompiyutha amadala, izingcingo kanye nethelevishini ezivela emazweni ahlukahlukene ukuya eChina ukuze akhishwe iChina.

Ngokusho kohlelo lwemvelo ye-UN, kwakhiqizwa amathani angaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-53 e-e-fotte ngonyaka ka-2019, ngezinto ezizungeze ama- $ 57 billion impahla equkethe izinduna kanye nezinsimbi.

Yize kuvame ukuthathwa njengendlela eqhubekayo yezinto zokusebenzisa kabusha, akunazo izindlela zayo zezinkinga ezisadinga ukunqotshwa.

I-Agromining idinga isikhala esiningi sesitoreji, izitshalo zokuphinda zisebenze kabusha, imfucuza ye-landfill ngemuva kokubuyiselwa emuva, futhi ifaka izindleko zokuhamba, ezidinga ukushiswa kwamafutha okushisa.

Iphrojekthi yePenn State University inamandla okunqoba ezinye zezinkinga ezihambisana nezindlela zokubuyisa zendabuko uma kunganelisa izinhloso zayo zezemvelo nezomnotho.

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Isikhathi sePosi: Jul-04-2022