Izinto zomhlaba ezingavamile ze-Nanometer, amandla amasha enguqukweni yezimboni

Izinto zomhlaba ezingavamile ze-Nanometer, amandla amasha enguqukweni yezimboni

I-Nanotechnology iwumkhakha omusha wezinhlaka ezahlukene othuthukiswe kancane kancane ngasekupheleni kwawo-1980 nasekuqaleni kwawo-1990. Ngenxa yokuthi inamandla amakhulu okudala izinqubo ezintsha zokukhiqiza, izinto ezintsha kanye nemikhiqizo emisha, izosungula uguquko olusha lwezimboni ekhulwini elisha leminyaka.Izinga lamanje lokuthuthukiswa kwe-nanoscience kanye ne-nanotechnology lifana nelobuchwepheshe bekhompiyutha kanye nolwazi ngo-1950s. Ososayensi abaningi abazibophezele kulo mkhakha babikezela ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kwe-nanotechnology kuzoba nomthelela omkhulu futhi ofinyelela kude ezicini eziningi zobuchwepheshe. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi inezakhiwo eziyinqaba nokusebenza okuyingqayizivele,Imiphumela eyinhloko yokuvalelwa eholela ezintweni eziyinqaba ze-nano ezingavamile zomhlaba umphumela othize ongaphezulu, umphumela wosayizi omncane, umphumela obonakalayo, umphumela osobala, umphumela we-tunnel kanye nomphumela we-macroscopic quantum. Le miphumela yenza izici ezibonakalayo zesistimu ye-nano zihluke kulezo zezinto ezivamile ekukhanyeni, ugesi, ukushisa kanye nozibuthe, futhi zethule izici eziningi zamanoveli.Esikhathini esizayo, kunezinkomba ezintathu eziyinhloko zososayensi ukuze bacwaninge futhi bathuthukise i-nanotechnology: ukulungiswa nokusetshenziswa kwama-nanomaterials ngokusebenza okuhle kakhulu; Dizayina futhi ulungiselele amadivaysi e-nano ahlukahlukene kanye nemishini; Ukuthola nokuhlaziya izakhiwo ze-nano-regions. Okwamanje, i-nano engavamile yomhlaba inezikhombisi-ndlela zohlelo lokusebenza ezilandelayo, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwayo kudinga ukuthuthukiswa ngokuzayo.

I-Nanometer lanthanum oxide (La2O3)

I-nanometer lanthanum oxide isetshenziswa ezintweni ze-piezoelectric, izinto zikagesi ezishisayo, izinto ezishisayo, i-magnetoresistance materials, izinto zokukhanya ze-luminescent (impushana eluhlaza), izinto zokugcina i-hydrogen, ingilazi yokubona, izinto ezisetshenziswayo ze-laser, izinto ezihlukahlukene ze-alloy, ama-catalysts ekulungiseni imikhiqizo yamakhemikhali e-organic, kanye nezinto ezibangela ukunethezeka kwe-automobile exhaust yezolimo, i-nanooxide yefilimu nayo isetshenziswa.

I-Nanometer cerium oxide (CeO2)

Ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kwe-nano cerium oxide kungokulandelayo: 1. Njengesengezo sengilazi, i-nano cerium oxide ingakwazi ukumunca imisebe ye-ultraviolet nemisebe ye-infrared, futhi isetshenziswe engilazini yemoto. Akukwazi nje ukuvimbela imisebe ye-ultraviolet, kodwa futhi yehlise izinga lokushisa ngaphakathi kwemoto, ngaleyo ndlela ilondoloze ugesi we-air conditioning. 2. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-nano cerium oxide ku-catalyst yokuhlanza imfucumfucu yemoto kungavimbela ngokuphumelelayo inani elikhulu legesi yokukhipha imoto ukuthi lingakhishelwa emoyeni.3. I-Nano-cerium oxide ingasetshenziswa ekwenzeni umbala ukufaka umbala kumapulasitiki, futhi ingasetshenziswa nasezimbonini zokumboza, ziyinki nezephepha. 4. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-nano cerium oxide ezintweni zokupholisha kuye kwaqashelwa kabanzi njengemfuneko yokunemba okuphezulu yokupholisha ama-wafers e-silicon kanye ne-sapphire single crystal substrates.5. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-nano cerium oxide ingaphinda isetshenziswe ezintweni zokugcina i-hydrogen, izinto ezisetshenziswayo ezishisayo, i-nano cerium oxide tungsten electrode, i-ceramic capacitor, i-piezoelectric ceramics, i-nano cerium oxide silicon carbide abrasives, izinto zokusetshenziswa zamangqamuzana kaphethiloli, ama-catalysts kaphethiloli, ezinye izinto ezibonakalayo kazibuthe ezingapheli, njll.

I-nanometer praseodymium oxide (Pr6O11)

Ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kwe-nanometer praseodymium oxide kanje: 1. Isetshenziswa kakhulu ekwakheni izitsha zobumba kanye nezitsha zobumba ezisetshenziswa nsuku zonke. Ingaxutshwa ne-ceramic glaze ukwenza i-glaze enemibala, futhi ingasetshenziswa njenge-pigment ye-underglaze yodwa. I-pigment elungisiwe iphuzi ngokukhanyayo nethoni ehlanzekile nenhle. 2. Isetshenziselwa ukwenza omagnethi baphakade futhi isetshenziswa kabanzi kumishini ehlukahlukene kagesi namamotho. 3. Isetshenziselwa i-petroleum catalytic cracking.Umsebenzi, ukukhetha nokuzinza kwe-catalysis kungathuthukiswa. 4. I-Nano-praseodymium oxide ingase isetshenziselwe ukupholisha abrasive. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwe-nanometer praseodymium oxide emkhakheni we-fiber optical kuyanda kakhulu. I-Nanometer neodymium oxide (Nd2O3) I-Nanometer neodymium oxide isiphenduke indawo eshisayo emakethe iminyaka eminingi ngenxa yesikhundla sayo esiyingqayizivele emkhakheni womhlaba ongavamile. I-Nano-neodymium oxide iphinde isetshenziswe ezintweni ezingezona ayoni.Ukwengeza u-1.5%~2.5% we-nano neodymium oxide ku-magnesium noma ingxubevange ye-aluminium kungathuthukisa ukusebenza okuphezulu kwezinga lokushisa, ukuqina komoya kanye nokungagqwali kwengxubevange, futhi isetshenziswa kabanzi njengempahla ye-aerospace yendiza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-nano yttrium aluminium garnet ehlanganiswe ne-nano neodymium oxide ikhiqiza i-laser beam ye-short-wave, esetshenziselwa kakhulu ukushisela nokusika izinto ezincane ezinogqinsi olungaphansi kuka-10mm embonini. Ohlangothini lwezokwelapha, i-Nano-YAG laser efakwe i-nano-Nd _ 2O _ 3 isetshenziselwa ukususa amanxeba okuhlinzwa noma ukubulala amagciwane amanxeba esikhundleni semimese yokuhlinza. I-Nanometer neodymium oxide isetshenziselwa ukufaka imibala kwengilazi nezinto zobumba, imikhiqizo yerabha kanye nezithasiselo.

I-Samarium oxide nanoparticles (Sm2O3)

Ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kwe-nano-size samarium oxide yilezi: i-samarium oxide enosayizi we-nano iphuzi ngokukhanyayo, esetshenziswa kuma-capacitor e-ceramic kanye nama-catalysts. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-nano-size samarium oxide inezinto zenuzi, futhi ingasetshenziswa njengezinto zokwakha, izinto ezivikelayo kanye nezinto zokulawula ze-athomu yamandla we-athomu, ukuze amandla amakhulu akhiqizwe yi-nuclear fission angasetshenziswa ngokuphepha. I-Europium oxide nanoparticles (Eu2O3) isetshenziswa kakhulu ku-phosphors.I-Eu3+ isetshenziswa njenge-activator ye-phosphor ebomvu, kanti i-Eu2+ isetshenziswa njenge-phosphor eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. I-Y0O3:I-Eu3+ iyi-phosphor engcono kakhulu ekusebenzeni kahle okukhanyayo, ukuzinza kwe-coating, izindleko zokutakula, njll., futhi isetshenziswa kabanzi ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa kokusebenza kahle okukhanyayo nokugqamayo. Muva nje, i-nano europium oxide nayo isetshenziswa njenge-phosphor evuselelwe yokukhishwa kwe-X-ray ohlelweni olusha lwe-X-ray yokuxilongwa kwezokwelapha.I-Nano-europium oxide ingase isetshenziselwe ukukhiqiza amalensi anemibala nezihlungi ze-optical, kumadivayisi wokugcinwa kwe-bubble magnetic, futhi ingabonisa amathalenta ayo ezintweni zokulawula, izinto zokuzivikela kanye nezinto zokwakha ze-athomu reactor. I-fine particle gadolinium europium oxide (Y2O3:Eu3+) i-phosphor ebomvu ilungiswe kusetshenziswa i-nano yttrium oxide (Y2O3) kanye ne-nano europium oxide (Eu2O3) njengezisetshenziswa zokusetshenziswa. Uma uyisebenzisela ukulungisa i-phosphor yomhlaba eyi-tricolor engavamile, kwatholakala ukuthi:(a) ingaba kahle futhi ihlanganiswe ngokulinganayo nempushana eluhlaza kanye nempushana eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka; (b) Ukusebenza kahle kwe-coating; (c) Ngenxa yokuthi usayizi wezinhlayiyana zempushana ebomvu mncane, indawo ethile engaphezulu iyanda futhi nenani lezinhlayiya ze-luminescent liyakhuphuka, inani lempushana ebomvu ku-earth tricolor phosphors engavamile lingancishiswa, okuholela ezindlekweni eziphansi.

I-Gadolinium oxide nanoparticles (Gd2O3)

Ukusetshenziswa kwayo okuyinhloko kungokulandelayo: 1. Inkimbinkimbi yayo ye-paramagnetic encibilikayo emanzini ingathuthukisa isignali yokucabanga ye-NMR yomzimba womuntu ekwelashweni kwezokwelapha. 2. Isisekelo se-sulphur oxide singasetshenziswa njengegridi ye-matrix yeshubhu ye-oscilloscope nesikrini se-X-ray esinokukhanya okukhethekile. 3. I-Nano-gadolinium oxide ku-nano-gadolinium gallium garnet iyindawo engaphansi eyodwa ekahle yenkumbulo yebhamuza kazibuthe. 4. Uma ungekho umkhawulo womjikelezo weCamot, Ingasetshenziswa njengendawo yokupholisa kazibuthe eqinile. 5. Isetshenziswa njengesivimbeli ukulawula izinga lokusabela kweketango lezitshalo zamandla enuzi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha kokusabela kwenuzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwe-nano-gadolinium oxide ne-nano-lanthanum oxide kuyasiza ukushintsha isifunda se-vitrification futhi kuthuthukise ukuzinza kokushisa kwengilazi. I-nano gadolinium oxide ingaphinde isetshenziselwe ukukhiqiza ama-capacitor kanye nezikrini eziqinisa i-X-ray. Okwamanje, umhlaba wenza imizamo emikhulu ukuthuthukisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-nano-gadolinium oxide kanye nama-alloys ayo kusiqandisi kazibuthe, futhi uye wenza inqubekelaphambili enkulu.

I-Terbium oxide nanoparticles (Tb4O7)

Izinkambu zesicelo eziyinhloko zimi kanje: 1. Ama-Phosphors asetshenziswa njengezicishazi zempushana eluhlaza ku-phosphors ye-tricolor, njenge-phosphate matrix ecushwe yi-nano terbium oxide, i-silicate matrix ecushwe yi-nano terbium oxide kanye ne-nano cerium oxide magnesium aluminate matrix ecushwe yi-nano terbium ecited ukukhanya kuyo yonke i-excited state oxide. 2. Izinto zokugcina zikaMagneto-optical, Eminyakeni yamuva nje, izinto zokwakha ze-nano-terbium oxide magneto-optical ziye zacwaningwa futhi zathuthukiswa. I-magneto-optical disk eyenziwe ngefilimu ye-amorphous ye-Tb-Fe isetshenziswa njengento yokugcina ikhompuyutha, futhi umthamo wokugcina ungandiswa izikhathi ezingu-10 ~ 15. 3. Ingilazi ye-Magneto-optical, i-Faraday ingilazi esebenza kahle equkethe i-nanometer terbium oxide, iyimpahla eyinhloko yokwenza ama-rotator, ama-isolator, ama-annulators futhi isetshenziswa kabanzi kubuchwepheshe be-laser.I-Nanometer terbium oxide nanometer i-dysprosium oxide isetshenziswa kakhulu ku-sonar, futhi iye yasetshenziswa kabanzi emikhakheni eminingi, i-liquid activation, i-valve yokulawula umjovo, i-valve yokulawula uphethiloli isilawuli sephiko lesibonakude sendawo yendiza. Ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kwe-Dy2O3 nano dysprosium oxide yilezi:1. I-Nano-dysprosium oxide isetshenziswa njenge-activator ye-phosphor, futhi i-trivalent nano-dysprosium oxide iyi-ion ethembisayo esebenzayo yezinto ze-tricolor luminescent ezinesikhungo esisodwa se-luminescent. Ikakhulukazi iqukethe amabhendi amabili e-emission, eyodwa i-yellow light emission, enye i-blue light emission, kanye nezinto ezikhanyayo ezifakwe i-nano-dysprosium oxide zingasetshenziswa njenge-tricolor phosphors.2. I-Nanometer i-dysprosium oxide iyinsimbi edingekayo yezinto zokusetshenziswa zokulungiselela ingxubevange ye-Terfenol ene-magnetostrictive alloy oxide nano-terbium oxide ne-nano-dysprosium oxide, engakwazi ukubona imisebenzi ethile enembile yokunyakaza komshini. 3. I-Nanometer dysprosium oxide metal ingasetshenziswa njengento yokugcina i-magneto-optical enejubane eliphezulu lokurekhoda nokuzwela kokufunda. 4. Isetshenziselwa ukulungiswa kwesibani se-nanometer dysprosium oxide.Into esebenzayo esetshenziselwa isibani se-nano dysprosium oxide yi-nano dysprosium oxide, enezinzuzo zokukhanya okuphezulu, umbala omuhle, izinga lokushisa lombala ophezulu, usayizi omncane kanye ne-arc ezinzile, futhi isetshenziswe njengomthombo wokukhanyisa ifilimu nokunyathelisa. 5. I-nanometer i-dysprosium oxide isetshenziselwa ukukala i-neutron energy spectrum noma njengesimunyisi se-neutron embonini yamandla e-athomu ngenxa yendawo enkulu ye-neutron yokubamba enqamula ingxenye.

Ho _ 2O _ 3 Nanometer

Ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kwe-nano-holmium oxide kungokulandelayo: 1. Njengesengezo sesibani se-halogen sensimbi, isibani se-halogen sensimbi siwuhlobo lwesibani sokukhipha igesi, esakhiwe ngesisekelo sesibani se-mercury esiphezulu sokucindezela, futhi isici saso ukuthi isibani sigcwele ama-halide ahlukahlukene angavamile emhlabeni. Njengamanje, iodide yomhlaba engavamile isetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko, ekhipha imigqa ye-spectral ehlukene lapho igesi iphuma.Into esebenzayo esetshenziswa isibani se-nano-holmium oxide yi-nano-holmium oxide iodide, engathola ukugxila kwe-athomu yensimbi ephakeme endaweni ye-arc, ngaleyo ndlela ithuthukise kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kwemisebe. 2. I-Nanometer holmium oxide ingasetshenziswa njengesengezo se-yttrium iron noma i-yttrium aluminium garnet; 3. I-Nano-holmium oxide ingasetshenziswa njenge-yttrium iron aluminium garnet (Ho:YAG), engakhipha i-laser engu-2μm, futhi izinga lokumuncwa kwezicubu zomuntu ku-laser engu-2μm liphezulu.Cishe lingama-oda amathathu obukhulu ngaphezu kwe-Hd:YAG0. Ngakho-ke, uma usebenzisa i-Ho: YAG laser ekusebenzeni kwezokwelapha, ayikwazi nje ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle nokunemba, kodwa futhi yehlise indawo yomonakalo oshisayo ibe usayizi omncane. I-beam yamahhala ekhiqizwa i-nano holmium oxide crystal ingaqeda amafutha ngaphandle kokukhiqiza ukushisa okukhulu, ngaleyo ndlela inciphise umonakalo oshisayo obangelwa izicubu ezinempilo.Kubikwa ukuthi ukwelashwa kwe-glaucoma nge-nanometer holmium oxide laser e-United States kunganciphisa ubuhlungu bokuhlinzwa. 4. Ku-magnetostrictive alloy Terfenol-D, inani elincane le-nano-size holmium oxide lingangezwa futhi ukuze kuncishiswe inkambu yangaphandle edingekayo ukuze kugcwaliswe i-saturation ye-alloy.5. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-optical fibre ene-nano-holmium oxide ingasetshenziswa ukwenza izinto zokuxhumana ezibonakalayo njengama-laser optical fibre, ama-amplifiers efiber optical, izinzwa zefiber optical, njll. Izodlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuxhumaneni kwanamuhla okusheshayo kwe-fiber optical.

I-Nanometer yttrium oxide (Y2O3)

Ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kwe-nano yttrium oxide kungokulandelayo: 1. Izithako zensimbi nama-alloys angenayo i-ferrous. Ingxubevange ye-FeCr ngokuvamile iqukethe u-0.5% ~ 4% we-nano yttrium oxide, engathuthukisa ukumelana ne-oxidation kanye ne-ductility yalezi zinsimbi ezingenasici Ngemva kokwengeza inani elifanele lomhlaba oxubile ongavamile ocebile nge-nanometer yttrium oxide ku-MB26 ingxubevange, izici eziphelele ze-alloy ziye zathuthukiswa ngokusobala izolo, Ingakwazi ukufaka esikhundleni se-aluminiyam eqinile; Ukwengeza inani elincane le-nano yttrium oxide umhlaba ongavamile ku-Al-Zr alloy kungathuthukisa ukuqhutshwa kwe-alloy; Ingxubevange yamukelwe amafekthri amaningi ezintambo eChina. I-Nano-yttrium oxide yengezwe ku-alloy yethusi ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle namandla okusebenza. 2. I-silicon nitride ceramic impahla equkethe u-6% nano yttrium oxide kanye no-2% we-aluminium.Ingasetshenziswa ukuthuthukisa izingxenye zenjini. 3. Ukumba, ukusika, ukushisela nokunye ukucutshungulwa kwemishini kwenziwa ezingxenyeni ezinkulu ngokusebenzisa i-nano neodymium oxide aluminium garnet laser beam enamandla angama-watts angu-400. 4. Isikrini se-electron microscope esakhiwe ngekristalu eyodwa ye-Y-Al garnet sinokukhanya okuphezulu kwe-fluorescence, ukumuncwa okuphansi kokukhanya okuhlakazekile, nokumelana okuhle kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu nokumelana nokugqoka komshini.5. Ingxubevange yesakhiwo se-nano yttrium oxide ephezulu equkethe u-90% we-nano gadolinium oxide ingasetshenziswa endizeni nakwezinye izikhathi ezidinga ukuminyana okuphansi nendawo yokuncibilika ephezulu. 6. Izinto zokushisa eziphakeme zeproton eziqukethe u-90% we-nano yttrium oxide zibaluleke kakhulu ekukhiqizweni kwamaseli kaphethiloli, amaseli e-electrolytic nezinzwa zegesi ezidinga ukunyibilika okuphezulu kwe-hydrogen. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Nano-yttrium oxide iphinde isetshenziswe njengezinto ezimelana nezinga lokushisa eliphezulu, i-diluent kaphethiloli we-atomic reactor, isengezo sezinto zikazibuthe ezihlala unomphela kanye ne-getter embonini ye-elekthronikhi.

Ngaphezu kwalokhu okungenhla, i-nano rare earth oxides ingasetshenziswa nasezimpahleni zokugqoka zokunakekelwa kwempilo yabantu nokuvikelwa kwemvelo. Kusukela kumayunithi amanje ocwaningo, wonke anezikhombisi-ndlela ezithile: imisebe elwa ne-ultraviolet; Ukungcoliswa komoya nemisebe ye-ultraviolet kuthambekele ezifweni zesikhumba nomdlavuza wesikhumba; Ukuvimbela ukungcola kwenza kube nzima ukuthi ukungcola kunamathele ezingutsheni; Kubuye kufundwe lapho kugcinwa khona ukufudumala.Ngenxa yokuthi isikhumba siqinile futhi kulula ukuguga, sijwayele ukukhunta ezinsukwini zemvula. Isikhumba singathanjiswa nge-bleaching nge-nano rare earth cerium oxide, okungelula ukuguga kanye nesikhutha, futhi kukhululekile ukugqoka. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, izinto zokugqoka i-nano nazo zigxile ocwaningweni lwe-nano-materials, futhi ucwaningo oluyinhloko lugxile ekugqokeni okusebenzayo. I-Y2O3 ene-80nm e-United States ingasetshenziswa njenge-infrared shielding coating.Ukusebenza kahle kokubonisa ukushisa kuphezulu kakhulu. I-CeO2 inenkomba ye-refractive ephezulu kanye nokuzinza okuphezulu. Lapho i-nano engavamile yomhlaba i-yttrium oxide, i-nano lanthanum oxide kanye ne-nano cerium oxide powder yengezwa embotsheni, udonga lwangaphandle lungakwazi ukumelana nokuguga, ngoba udonga lwangaphandle luguga kalula futhi luwa ngoba upende ubhekene nokukhanya kwelanga nemisebe ye-ultraviolet isikhathi eside, futhi ingamelana nemisebe ye-ultraviolet ngemva kokwengeza i-cettrium oxide, i-particle encane kanye ne-oxide ye-Moyttover encane kakhulu. I-nano cerium oxide isetshenziswa njenge-absorber ultraviolet, okulindeleke ukuthi isetshenziselwe ukuvimbela ukuguga kwemikhiqizo yepulasitiki ngenxa yemisebe ye-ultraviolet, amathangi, izimoto, imikhumbi, amathangi okugcina uwoyela, njll., okungavikela kangcono amabhodi amakhulu angaphandle futhi kuvimbele isikhutha, umswakama kanye nokungcola kwezingubo zangaphakathi zodonga. Ngenxa yobukhulu bayo bezinhlayiyana, uthuli akulula ukunamathela odongeni.Futhi lungakhuhlwa ngamanzi. Kusenokuningi ukusetshenziswa kwe-nano rare earth oxides okusazocwaningwa futhi kuthuthukiswe, futhi sithemba ngobuqotho ukuthi kuzoba nekusasa eliqhakaze kakhudlwana.

Izinto zomhlaba ezingavamile ze-Nanometer, amandla amasha enguqukweni yezimboni

I-Nanotechnology iwumkhakha omusha wezinhlaka ezahlukene othuthukiswe kancane kancane ngasekupheleni kwawo-1980 nasekuqaleni kwawo-1990. Ngenxa yokuthi inamandla amakhulu okudala izinqubo ezintsha zokukhiqiza, izinto ezintsha kanye nemikhiqizo emisha, izosungula uguquko olusha lwezimboni ekhulwini elisha leminyaka.Izinga lamanje lokuthuthukiswa kwe-nanoscience kanye ne-nanotechnology lifana nelobuchwepheshe bekhompiyutha kanye nolwazi ngo-1950s. Ososayensi abaningi abazibophezele kulo mkhakha babikezela ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kwe-nanotechnology kuzoba nomthelela omkhulu futhi ofinyelela kude ezicini eziningi zobuchwepheshe. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi inezakhiwo eziyinqaba nokusebenza okuyingqayizivele,Imiphumela eyinhloko yokuvalelwa eholela ezintweni eziyinqaba ze-nano ezingavamile zomhlaba umphumela othize ongaphezulu, umphumela wosayizi omncane, umphumela obonakalayo, umphumela osobala, umphumela we-tunnel kanye nomphumela we-macroscopic quantum. Le miphumela yenza izici ezibonakalayo zesistimu ye-nano zihluke kulezo zezinto ezivamile ekukhanyeni, ugesi, ukushisa kanye nozibuthe, futhi zethule izici eziningi zamanoveli.Esikhathini esizayo, kunezinkomba ezintathu eziyinhloko zososayensi ukuze bacwaninge futhi bathuthukise i-nanotechnology: ukulungiswa nokusetshenziswa kwama-nanomaterials ngokusebenza okuhle kakhulu; Dizayina futhi ulungiselele amadivaysi e-nano ahlukahlukene kanye nemishini; Ukuthola nokuhlaziya izakhiwo ze-nano-regions. Okwamanje, i-nano engavamile yomhlaba inezikhombisi-ndlela zohlelo lokusebenza ezilandelayo, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwayo kudinga ukuthuthukiswa ngokuzayo.

I-Nanometer lanthanum oxide (La2O3)

I-nanometer lanthanum oxide isetshenziswa ezintweni ze-piezoelectric, izinto zikagesi ezishisayo, izinto ezishisayo, i-magnetoresistance materials, izinto zokukhanya ze-luminescent (impushana eluhlaza), izinto zokugcina i-hydrogen, ingilazi yokubona, izinto ezisetshenziswayo ze-laser, izinto ezihlukahlukene ze-alloy, ama-catalysts ekulungiseni imikhiqizo yamakhemikhali e-organic, kanye nezinto ezibangela ukunethezeka kwe-automobile exhaust yezolimo, i-nanooxide yefilimu nayo isetshenziswa.

I-Nanometer cerium oxide (CeO2)

Ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kwe-nano cerium oxide kungokulandelayo: 1. Njengesengezo sengilazi, i-nano cerium oxide ingakwazi ukumunca imisebe ye-ultraviolet nemisebe ye-infrared, futhi isetshenziswe engilazini yemoto. Akukwazi nje ukuvimbela imisebe ye-ultraviolet, kodwa futhi yehlise izinga lokushisa ngaphakathi kwemoto, ngaleyo ndlela ilondoloze ugesi we-air conditioning. 2. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-nano cerium oxide ku-catalyst yokuhlanza imfucumfucu yemoto kungavimbela ngokuphumelelayo inani elikhulu legesi yokukhipha imoto ukuthi lingakhishelwa emoyeni.3. I-Nano-cerium oxide ingasetshenziswa ekwenzeni umbala ukufaka umbala kumapulasitiki, futhi ingasetshenziswa nasezimbonini zokumboza, ziyinki nezephepha. 4. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-nano cerium oxide ezintweni zokupholisha kuye kwaqashelwa kabanzi njengemfuneko yokunemba okuphezulu yokupholisha ama-wafers e-silicon kanye ne-sapphire single crystal substrates.5. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-nano cerium oxide ingaphinda isetshenziswe ezintweni zokugcina i-hydrogen, izinto ezisetshenziswayo ezishisayo, i-nano cerium oxide tungsten electrode, i-ceramic capacitor, i-piezoelectric ceramics, i-nano cerium oxide silicon carbide abrasives, izinto zokusetshenziswa zamangqamuzana kaphethiloli, ama-catalysts kaphethiloli, ezinye izinto ezibonakalayo kazibuthe ezingapheli, njll.

I-nanometer praseodymium oxide (Pr6O11)

Ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kwe-nanometer praseodymium oxide kanje: 1. Isetshenziswa kakhulu ekwakheni izitsha zobumba kanye nezitsha zobumba ezisetshenziswa nsuku zonke. Ingaxutshwa ne-ceramic glaze ukwenza i-glaze enemibala, futhi ingasetshenziswa njenge-pigment ye-underglaze yodwa. I-pigment elungisiwe iphuzi ngokukhanyayo nethoni ehlanzekile nenhle. 2. Isetshenziselwa ukwenza omagnethi baphakade futhi isetshenziswa kabanzi kumishini ehlukahlukene kagesi namamotho. 3. Isetshenziselwa i-petroleum catalytic cracking.Umsebenzi, ukukhetha nokuzinza kwe-catalysis kungathuthukiswa. 4. I-Nano-praseodymium oxide ingase isetshenziselwe ukupholisha abrasive. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwe-nanometer praseodymium oxide emkhakheni we-fiber optical kuyanda kakhulu. I-Nanometer neodymium oxide (Nd2O3) I-Nanometer neodymium oxide isiphenduke indawo eshisayo emakethe iminyaka eminingi ngenxa yesikhundla sayo esiyingqayizivele emkhakheni womhlaba ongavamile. I-Nano-neodymium oxide iphinde isetshenziswe ezintweni ezingezona ayoni.Ukwengeza u-1.5%~2.5% we-nano neodymium oxide ku-magnesium noma ingxubevange ye-aluminium kungathuthukisa ukusebenza okuphezulu kwezinga lokushisa, ukuqina komoya kanye nokungagqwali kwengxubevange, futhi isetshenziswa kabanzi njengempahla ye-aerospace yendiza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-nano yttrium aluminium garnet ehlanganiswe ne-nano neodymium oxide ikhiqiza i-laser beam ye-short-wave, esetshenziselwa kakhulu ukushisela nokusika izinto ezincane ezinogqinsi olungaphansi kuka-10mm embonini. Ohlangothini lwezokwelapha, i-Nano-YAG laser efakwe i-nano-Nd _ 2O _ 3 isetshenziselwa ukususa amanxeba okuhlinzwa noma ukubulala amagciwane amanxeba esikhundleni semimese yokuhlinza. I-Nanometer neodymium oxide isetshenziselwa ukufaka imibala kwengilazi nezinto zobumba, imikhiqizo yerabha kanye nezithasiselo.

I-Samarium oxide nanoparticles (Sm2O3)

Ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kwe-nano-size samarium oxide yilezi: i-samarium oxide enosayizi we-nano iphuzi ngokukhanyayo, esetshenziswa kuma-capacitor e-ceramic kanye nama-catalysts. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-nano-size samarium oxide inezinto zenuzi, futhi ingasetshenziswa njengezinto zokwakha, izinto ezivikelayo kanye nezinto zokulawula ze-athomu yamandla we-athomu, ukuze amandla amakhulu akhiqizwe yi-nuclear fission angasetshenziswa ngokuphepha. I-Europium oxide nanoparticles (Eu2O3) isetshenziswa kakhulu ku-phosphors.I-Eu3+ isetshenziswa njenge-activator ye-phosphor ebomvu, kanti i-Eu2+ isetshenziswa njenge-phosphor eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. I-Y0O3:I-Eu3+ iyi-phosphor engcono kakhulu ekusebenzeni kahle okukhanyayo, ukuzinza kwe-coating, izindleko zokutakula, njll., futhi isetshenziswa kabanzi ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa kokusebenza kahle okukhanyayo nokugqamayo. Muva nje, i-nano europium oxide nayo isetshenziswa njenge-phosphor evuselelwe yokukhishwa kwe-X-ray ohlelweni olusha lwe-X-ray yokuxilongwa kwezokwelapha.I-Nano-europium oxide ingase isetshenziselwe ukukhiqiza amalensi anemibala nezihlungi ze-optical, kumadivayisi wokugcinwa kwe-bubble magnetic, futhi ingabonisa amathalenta ayo ezintweni zokulawula, izinto zokuzivikela kanye nezinto zokwakha ze-athomu reactor. I-fine particle gadolinium europium oxide (Y2O3:Eu3+) i-phosphor ebomvu ilungiswe kusetshenziswa i-nano yttrium oxide (Y2O3) kanye ne-nano europium oxide (Eu2O3) njengezisetshenziswa zokusetshenziswa. Uma uyisebenzisela ukulungisa i-phosphor yomhlaba eyi-tricolor engavamile, kwatholakala ukuthi:(a) ingaba kahle futhi ihlanganiswe ngokulinganayo nempushana eluhlaza kanye nempushana eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka; (b) Ukusebenza kahle kwe-coating; (c) Ngenxa yokuthi usayizi wezinhlayiyana zempushana ebomvu mncane, indawo ethile engaphezulu iyanda futhi nenani lezinhlayiya ze-luminescent liyakhuphuka, inani lempushana ebomvu ku-earth tricolor phosphors engavamile lingancishiswa, okuholela ezindlekweni eziphansi.

I-Gadolinium oxide nanoparticles (Gd2O3)

Ukusetshenziswa kwayo okuyinhloko kungokulandelayo: 1. Inkimbinkimbi yayo ye-paramagnetic encibilikayo emanzini ingathuthukisa isignali yokucabanga ye-NMR yomzimba womuntu ekwelashweni kwezokwelapha. 2. Isisekelo se-sulphur oxide singasetshenziswa njengegridi ye-matrix yeshubhu ye-oscilloscope nesikrini se-X-ray esinokukhanya okukhethekile. 3. I-Nano-gadolinium oxide ku-nano-gadolinium gallium garnet iyindawo engaphansi eyodwa ekahle yenkumbulo yebhamuza kazibuthe. 4. Uma ungekho umkhawulo womjikelezo weCamot, Ingasetshenziswa njengendawo yokupholisa kazibuthe eqinile. 5. Isetshenziswa njengesivimbeli ukulawula izinga lokusabela kweketango lezitshalo zamandla enuzi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha kokusabela kwenuzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwe-nano-gadolinium oxide ne-nano-lanthanum oxide kuyasiza ukushintsha isifunda se-vitrification futhi kuthuthukise ukuzinza kokushisa kwengilazi. I-nano gadolinium oxide ingaphinde isetshenziselwe ukukhiqiza ama-capacitor kanye nezikrini eziqinisa i-X-ray. Okwamanje, umhlaba wenza imizamo emikhulu ukuthuthukisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-nano-gadolinium oxide kanye nama-alloys ayo kusiqandisi kazibuthe, futhi uye wenza inqubekelaphambili enkulu.

I-Terbium oxide nanoparticles (Tb4O7)

Izinkambu zesicelo eziyinhloko zimi kanje: 1. Ama-Phosphors asetshenziswa njengezicishazi zempushana eluhlaza ku-phosphors ye-tricolor, njenge-phosphate matrix ecushwe yi-nano terbium oxide, i-silicate matrix ecushwe yi-nano terbium oxide kanye ne-nano cerium oxide magnesium aluminate matrix ecushwe yi-nano terbium ecited ukukhanya kuyo yonke i-excited state oxide. 2. Izinto zokugcina zikaMagneto-optical, Eminyakeni yamuva nje, izinto zokwakha ze-nano-terbium oxide magneto-optical ziye zacwaningwa futhi zathuthukiswa. I-magneto-optical disk eyenziwe ngefilimu ye-amorphous ye-Tb-Fe isetshenziswa njengento yokugcina ikhompuyutha, futhi umthamo wokugcina ungandiswa izikhathi ezingu-10 ~ 15. 3. Ingilazi ye-Magneto-optical, i-Faraday ingilazi esebenza kahle equkethe i-nanometer terbium oxide, iyimpahla eyinhloko yokwenza ama-rotator, ama-isolator, ama-annulators futhi isetshenziswa kabanzi kubuchwepheshe be-laser.I-Nanometer terbium oxide nanometer i-dysprosium oxide isetshenziswa kakhulu ku-sonar, futhi iye yasetshenziswa kabanzi emikhakheni eminingi, i-liquid activation, i-valve yokulawula umjovo, i-valve yokulawula uphethiloli isilawuli sephiko lesibonakude sendawo yendiza. Ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kwe-Dy2O3 nano dysprosium oxide yilezi:1. I-Nano-dysprosium oxide isetshenziswa njenge-activator ye-phosphor, futhi i-trivalent nano-dysprosium oxide iyi-ion ethembisayo esebenzayo yezinto ze-tricolor luminescent ezinesikhungo esisodwa se-luminescent. Ikakhulukazi iqukethe amabhendi amabili e-emission, eyodwa i-yellow light emission, enye i-blue light emission, kanye nezinto ezikhanyayo ezifakwe i-nano-dysprosium oxide zingasetshenziswa njenge-tricolor phosphors.2. I-Nanometer i-dysprosium oxide iyinsimbi edingekayo yezinto zokusetshenziswa zokulungiselela ingxubevange ye-Terfenol ene-magnetostrictive alloy oxide nano-terbium oxide ne-nano-dysprosium oxide, engakwazi ukubona imisebenzi ethile enembile yokunyakaza komshini. 3. I-Nanometer dysprosium oxide metal ingasetshenziswa njengento yokugcina i-magneto-optical enejubane eliphezulu lokurekhoda nokuzwela kokufunda. 4. Isetshenziselwa ukulungiswa kwesibani se-nanometer dysprosium oxide.Into esebenzayo esetshenziselwa isibani se-nano dysprosium oxide yi-nano dysprosium oxide, enezinzuzo zokukhanya okuphezulu, umbala omuhle, izinga lokushisa lombala ophezulu, usayizi omncane kanye ne-arc ezinzile, futhi isetshenziswe njengomthombo wokukhanyisa ifilimu nokunyathelisa. 5. I-nanometer i-dysprosium oxide isetshenziselwa ukukala i-neutron energy spectrum noma njengesimunyisi se-neutron embonini yamandla e-athomu ngenxa yendawo enkulu ye-neutron yokubamba enqamula ingxenye.

Ho _ 2O _ 3 Nanometer

Ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kwe-nano-holmium oxide kungokulandelayo: 1. Njengesengezo sesibani se-halogen sensimbi, isibani se-halogen sensimbi siwuhlobo lwesibani sokukhipha igesi, esakhiwe ngesisekelo sesibani se-mercury esiphezulu sokucindezela, futhi isici saso ukuthi isibani sigcwele ama-halide ahlukahlukene angavamile emhlabeni. Njengamanje, iodide yomhlaba engavamile isetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko, ekhipha imigqa ye-spectral ehlukene lapho igesi iphuma.Into esebenzayo esetshenziswa isibani se-nano-holmium oxide yi-nano-holmium oxide iodide, engathola ukugxila kwe-athomu yensimbi ephakeme endaweni ye-arc, ngaleyo ndlela ithuthukise kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kwemisebe. 2. I-Nanometer holmium oxide ingasetshenziswa njengesengezo se-yttrium iron noma i-yttrium aluminium garnet; 3. I-Nano-holmium oxide ingasetshenziswa njenge-yttrium iron aluminium garnet (Ho:YAG), engakhipha i-laser engu-2μm, futhi izinga lokumuncwa kwezicubu zomuntu ku-laser engu-2μm liphezulu.Cishe lingama-oda amathathu obukhulu ngaphezu kwe-Hd:YAG0. Ngakho-ke, uma usebenzisa i-Ho: YAG laser ekusebenzeni kwezokwelapha, ayikwazi nje ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle nokunemba, kodwa futhi yehlise indawo yomonakalo oshisayo ibe usayizi omncane. I-beam yamahhala ekhiqizwa i-nano holmium oxide crystal ingaqeda amafutha ngaphandle kokukhiqiza ukushisa okukhulu, ngaleyo ndlela inciphise umonakalo oshisayo obangelwa izicubu ezinempilo.Kubikwa ukuthi ukwelashwa kwe-glaucoma nge-nanometer holmium oxide laser e-United States kunganciphisa ubuhlungu bokuhlinzwa. 4. Ku-magnetostrictive alloy Terfenol-D, inani elincane le-nano-size holmium oxide lingangezwa futhi ukuze kuncishiswe inkambu yangaphandle edingekayo ukuze kugcwaliswe i-saturation ye-alloy.5. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-optical fibre ene-nano-holmium oxide ingasetshenziswa ukwenza izinto zokuxhumana ezibonakalayo njengama-laser optical fibre, ama-amplifiers efiber optical, izinzwa zefiber optical, njll. Izodlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuxhumaneni kwanamuhla okusheshayo kwe-fiber optical.

I-Nanometer yttrium oxide (Y2O3)

Ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kwe-nano yttrium oxide kungokulandelayo: 1. Izithako zensimbi nama-alloys angenayo i-ferrous. Ingxubevange ye-FeCr ngokuvamile iqukethe u-0.5% ~ 4% we-nano yttrium oxide, engathuthukisa ukumelana ne-oxidation kanye ne-ductility yalezi zinsimbi ezingenasici Ngemva kokwengeza inani elifanele lomhlaba oxubile ongavamile ocebile nge-nanometer yttrium oxide ku-MB26 ingxubevange, izici eziphelele ze-alloy ziye zathuthukiswa ngokusobala izolo, Ingakwazi ukufaka esikhundleni se-aluminiyam eqinile; Ukwengeza inani elincane le-nano yttrium oxide umhlaba ongavamile ku-Al-Zr alloy kungathuthukisa ukuqhutshwa kwe-alloy; Ingxubevange yamukelwe amafekthri amaningi ezintambo eChina. I-Nano-yttrium oxide yengezwe ku-alloy yethusi ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle namandla okusebenza. 2. I-silicon nitride ceramic impahla equkethe u-6% nano yttrium oxide kanye no-2% we-aluminium.Ingasetshenziswa ukuthuthukisa izingxenye zenjini. 3. Ukumba, ukusika, ukushisela nokunye ukucutshungulwa kwemishini kwenziwa ezingxenyeni ezinkulu ngokusebenzisa i-nano neodymium oxide aluminium garnet laser beam enamandla angama-watts angu-400. 4. Isikrini se-electron microscope esakhiwe ngekristalu eyodwa ye-Y-Al garnet sinokukhanya okuphezulu kwe-fluorescence, ukumuncwa okuphansi kokukhanya okuhlakazekile, nokumelana okuhle kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu nokumelana nokugqoka komshini.5. Ingxubevange yesakhiwo se-nano yttrium oxide ephezulu equkethe u-90% we-nano gadolinium oxide ingasetshenziswa endizeni nakwezinye izikhathi ezidinga ukuminyana okuphansi nendawo yokuncibilika ephezulu. 6. Izinto zokushisa eziphakeme zeproton eziqukethe u-90% we-nano yttrium oxide zibaluleke kakhulu ekukhiqizweni kwamaseli kaphethiloli, amaseli e-electrolytic nezinzwa zegesi ezidinga ukunyibilika okuphezulu kwe-hydrogen. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Nano-yttrium oxide iphinde isetshenziswe njengezinto ezimelana nezinga lokushisa eliphezulu, i-diluent kaphethiloli we-atomic reactor, isengezo sezinto zikazibuthe ezihlala unomphela kanye ne-getter embonini ye-elekthronikhi.

Ngaphezu kwalokhu okungenhla, i-nano rare earth oxides ingasetshenziswa nasezimpahleni zokugqoka zokunakekelwa kwempilo yabantu nokuvikelwa kwemvelo. Kusukela kumayunithi amanje ocwaningo, wonke anezikhombisi-ndlela ezithile: imisebe elwa ne-ultraviolet; Ukungcoliswa komoya nemisebe ye-ultraviolet kuthambekele ezifweni zesikhumba nomdlavuza wesikhumba; Ukuvimbela ukungcola kwenza kube nzima ukuthi ukungcola kunamathele ezingutsheni; Kubuye kufundwe lapho kugcinwa khona ukufudumala.Ngenxa yokuthi isikhumba siqinile futhi kulula ukuguga, sijwayele ukukhunta ezinsukwini zemvula. Isikhumba singathanjiswa nge-bleaching nge-nano rare earth cerium oxide, okungelula ukuguga kanye nesikhutha, futhi kukhululekile ukugqoka. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, izinto zokugqoka i-nano nazo zigxile ocwaningweni lwe-nano-materials, futhi ucwaningo oluyinhloko lugxile ekugqokeni okusebenzayo. I-Y2O3 ene-80nm e-United States ingasetshenziswa njenge-infrared shielding coating.Ukusebenza kahle kokubonisa ukushisa kuphezulu kakhulu. I-CeO2 inenkomba ye-refractive ephezulu kanye nokuzinza okuphezulu. Lapho i-nano engavamile yomhlaba i-yttrium oxide, i-nano lanthanum oxide kanye ne-nano cerium oxide powder yengezwa embotsheni, udonga lwangaphandle lungakwazi ukumelana nokuguga, ngoba udonga lwangaphandle luguga kalula futhi luwa ngoba upende ubhekene nokukhanya kwelanga nemisebe ye-ultraviolet isikhathi eside, futhi ingamelana nemisebe ye-ultraviolet ngemva kokwengeza i-cettrium oxide, i-particle encane kanye ne-oxide ye-Moyttover encane kakhulu. I-nano cerium oxide isetshenziswa njenge-absorber ultraviolet, okulindeleke ukuthi isetshenziselwe ukuvimbela ukuguga kwemikhiqizo yepulasitiki ngenxa yemisebe ye-ultraviolet, amathangi, izimoto, imikhumbi, amathangi okugcina uwoyela, njll., okungavikela kangcono amabhodi amakhulu angaphandle futhi kuvimbele isikhutha, umswakama kanye nokungcola kwezingubo zangaphakathi zodonga. Ngenxa yobukhulu bayo bezinhlayiyana, uthuli akulula ukunamathela odongeni.Futhi lungakhuhlwa ngamanzi. Kusenokuningi ukusetshenziswa kwe-nano rare earth oxides okusazocwaningwa futhi kuthuthukiswe, futhi sithemba ngobuqotho ukuthi kuzoba nekusasa eliqhakaze kakhudlwana.