Yiniumhlaba ongavamile?
Abantu banomlando weminyaka engaphezu kwengu-200 kusukela kwatholakala umhlaba ongavamile ngo-1794. Njengoba ayembalwa amaminerali e-Rare-earth atholakala ngaleso sikhathi, yayingatholakala inani elincane kuphela lama-insoluble oxides emanzini ngendlela yamakhemikhali. Ngokomlando, ama-oxide anjalo ayevame ukubizwa ngokuthi "umhlaba", yingakho igama lomhlaba elingavamile.
Eqinisweni, i-Rare-earth mineral ayitholakali emvelweni. Umhlaba ongavamile akuwona umhlaba, kodwa uyingxenye yensimbi evamile. Uhlobo lwayo olusebenzayo lungolwesibili kuphela ezinsimbini ze-alkali nezinsimbi zomhlaba ezine-alkali. Zinokuqukethwe okuningi ku-crust kunethusi elivamile, i-zinc, ithini, i-cobalt, ne-nickel.
Njengamanje, umhlaba ongavamile usetshenziswe kabanzi emikhakheni ehlukahlukene efana ne-electronics, i-petrochemicals, i-metallurgy, njll. Cishe njalo eminyakeni engu-3-5, ososayensi bayakwazi ukuthola ukusetshenziswa okusha komhlaba ongavamile, futhi kuzo zonke izinto eziyisithupha ezisunguliwe, umuntu akakwazi ukukwenza. ngaphandle komhlaba ongavamile.
I-China inothe ngezimbiwa zomhlaba eziyivelakancane, ikleliswe kuqala ezilinganisweni ezintathu zomhlaba: izindawo ezigciniwe, isikali sokukhiqiza, kanye nomthamo othunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-China futhi ukuphela kwezwe elinganikeza zonke izinsimbi zomhlaba eziyi-17 eziyivelakancane, ikakhulukazi umhlaba ongavamile ophakathi nendawo nosindayo osebenzisa izinhlelo zezempi ezivelele kakhulu.
Ukwakheka kwe-elementi yomhlaba engavamile
Izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile zenziwe ngezinto ze-Lanthanide kuthebula le-periodic lama-elementi amakhemikhali:i-lanthanum(La),i-cerium(Ce),i-praseodymium(Pr),i-neodymium(Nd), i-promethium (Pm),i-samarium(Sm),europium(Ewu),i-gadolinium(Gd),i-terbium(Tb),i-dysprosium(Dy),i-holmium(Hhawu),i-erbium(Er),thulium(Tm),ytterbium(Yb),i-lutetium(Lu), kanye nezinto ezimbili ezihlobene eduze ne-lanthanide:scandium(Sc) kanyei-yttrium(Y).
KubizwaUmhlaba ongavamile, esifushaniswe ngokuthi Umhlaba Ongavamile.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwezakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile
Kuhlukaniswa ngezakhiwo ezibonakalayo namakhemikhali zama-elementi:
Izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile ukukhanya:scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium
Izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile:gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium
Kuhlukaniswa ngezimpawu zamaminerali:
Iqembu le-Cerium:i-lanthanum, i-cerium, i-praseodymium, i-neodymium, i-promethium, i-samarium, i-europium
Iqembu le-Yttrium:gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, scandium, yttrium
Ukuhlukaniswa ngokwehlukana kokukhipha:
Umhlaba ongavamile okhanyayo (P204 i-acidity ebuthakathaka ekhishwayo): i-lanthanum, i-cerium, i-praseodymium, i-neodymium
Umhlaba ongavamile omaphakathi (isizinda se-asidi ephansi se-P204):i-samarium, i-europium, i-gadolinium, i-terbium, i-dysprosium
Umhlaba onzima ongavamile (ukukhishwa kwe-acidity ku-P204):i-holmium, i-erbium, i-thulium, i-ytterbium, i-lutetium, i-yttrium
Izici zezakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile
Imisebenzi engaphezu kuka-50 yezinto ezingavamile zomhlaba ihlobene nesakhiwo sayo se-elekthronikhi se-4f esiyingqayizivele, okuyenza isetshenziswe kabanzi kuzo zombili izinto zendabuko kanye nezinkambu zezinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu.
I-4f electron orbit
1. Izakhiwo zomzimba namakhemikhali
★ Inezici zensimbi ezisobala; Impunga esiliva, ngaphandle kwe-praseodymium ne-neodymium, ibonakala iphuzi ngokukhanyayo
★ Imibala ye-oxide ecebile
★ Yakha ama-compounds azinzile nge-non-metals
★ Metal ephapheme
★ Easy oxidize emoyeni
2 Izakhiwo ze-Optoelectronic
★ I-sublayer ye-4f engagcwalisiwe, lapho ama-electron e-4f evikelwe ama-electron angaphandle, okuholela kumibandela ehlukahlukene ye-spectral namazinga wamandla
Lapho ama-electron angu-4f eshintsha, angamunca noma akhiphe imisebe yamaza ahlukahlukene avela ku-ultraviolet, abonakale ezifundeni ze-infrared, awenze afaneleke njengezinto ezikhanyayo.
★ I-conductivity enhle, ekwazi ukulungisa izinsimbi zomhlaba ezingavamile ngendlela ye-electrolysis
Iqhaza Lama-Electron angu-4f Wezinto Ezingavamile Zomhlaba Ezintweni Ezintsha
1.Izinto ezisebenzisa izici zikagesi ze-4f
★ Ukuhlelwa kwe-4f electron spin:kubonakaliswa njengozibuthe oqinile - ofanele ukusetshenziswa njengezinto zikazibuthe unomphela, izinto zokuthwebula ze-MRI, izinzwa kazibuthe, ama-superconductors, njll.
★ 4f orbital electron transition: kuboniswa njengezakhiwo ze-luminescent - ezifanele ukusetshenziswa njengezinto ezikhanyayo ezifana ne-phosphors, ama-laser we-infrared, ama-fiber amplifiers, njll.
Ukuguqulwa kwe-elekthronikhi kubhendi yomhlahlandlela wezinga le-4f: kuboniswa njengezakhiwo zombala - ezifanele ukufakwa umbala kanye nokususwa kombala kwezingxenye ezishisayo, i-pigments, amafutha e-ceramic, ingilazi, njll.
2 ihlobene ngokungaqondile ne-electron ye-4f, isebenzisa irediyasi ye-Ionic, indawo yokushaja kanye namakhemikhali
★ Izici ze-nuclear:
Ingxenye encane ye-thermal neutron Absorption cross - ifanele ukusetshenziswa njengezinto zesakhiwo se-nuclear reactor, njll.
Ingxenye enkulu ye-neutron Absorption cross - ilungele ukuvikela izinto zokuphehla amandla enyukliya, njll.
★ I-Rare Earth Ionic radius, charge, physical and chemical properties:
Ukukhubazeka kwe-Lattice, irediyasi ye-Ionic efanayo, izakhiwo zamakhemikhali, amashaji ahlukene - afanele ukushisisa, i-catalyst, inzwa yenzwa, njll.
Ukucaciswa kwesakhiwo - kulungele ukusetshenziswa njenge-hydrogen storage alloy cathode materials, izinto zokumunca i-microwave, njll.
Izakhiwo ze-Electro optical kanye ne-dielectric - zilungele ukusetshenziswa njengezinto zokushintsha ukukhanya, izitsha zobumba ezisobala, njll.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jul-06-2023