YiniUmhlaba ongavamile?
Abantu banomlando weminyaka engaphezu kwama-200 kusukela ukutholwa komhlaba okungavamile ngo-1794. Njengoba bekukhona amaminerali ambalwa angavamile - umhlaba otholakala ngaleso sikhathi, kuphela inani elincane lamanzi angenazinyezikazi elingatholakala ngendlela yamakhemikhali. Ngokomlando, ama-oxide anjalo ayehlangane ngokuthi "umhlaba", yingakho igama lomhlaba elingavamile.
Eqinisweni, amaminerali ase-Rare-Earth awavamile ngokwemvelo. Umhlaba ongavamile awusiwo umhlaba, kepha into ejwayelekile yensimbi. Uhlobo lwayo olusebenzayo lungokwesibili kuphela ezinsimbi ze-Alkali kanye ne-Alkaline Earth Metals. Banokuqukethwe okuningi kuqweqwe kunamathuna ajwayelekile, i-zinc, uthini, uCobalt, noNickel.
Njengamanje, imihlaba engavamile isetshenziswe kabanzi emikhakheni ehlukahlukene efana ne-elekthronikhi, ama-petrochemicals, i-metallurgy, njll. Cishe njalo njalo ngeminyaka emi-3-5, ososayensi bakwazi ukuthola izinto ezinhlanu, umuntu angeke enze ngaphandle komhlaba ongavamile.
I-China inothile emigodini yaseMhlabeni eyiRare Earth, sisezingeni lokuqala kumazinga amathathu omhlaba: Izinqolobane, ukukhiqizwa, kanye nevolumu yokuthumela kwelinye izwe. Ngasikhathi sinye, iChina futhi ukuphela kwezwe elinganikeza zonke izinsimbi zomhlaba ezingandile eziyi-17, ikakhulukazi umhlaba ongandile futhi osindayo onamabutho aqakathekile.
Ukwakheka kwe-Rare Earth Element
Izinto zomhlaba ezingandile zakhiwa ngezinto zeLanthanide etafuleni lezikhathi zamakhemikhali:uhlobo linthanum(La),umrintshi(CE),I-PraseOdDODYIUM(Pr),needymium(ND), i-Promethium (PM),iSamurium(SM),indlu yokuhlala yokungenayogugu(Eu),igadiki(GD),i-terbium(TB),dysprosium(Dy),IHolmium(Ho),umphetho(Er),Thululium(Tm),yterterbium(Yb),lutetium(Lu), kanye nezinto ezimbili ezihlobene eduze neLanthanide:ikhentiyamu(SC) kanyeytttrium(Y).
IbizwaUmhlaba ongavamile, ifinyezwe umhlaba ongavamile.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwezinto zomhlaba ezingandile
Kuhlukaniswe yizakhiwo zenyama nezamakhemikhali zezinto:
Izinto zomhlaba ezingandile ezikhanyayo:Scandium, Yttrium, Lanthanum, Cereum, PraceOdDODYMIUM, NEOEDESium, Promethivium, Samarium, Indawo Yoku-Europium
Izinto zomhlaba ezinamandla zomhlaba:IGadinium, i-Terbium, i-Dysprosium, eHolmium, i-Erbium, Thulium, Ytterbium, Lutetium
Kuhlukaniswe yizimpawu zamaminerali:
Iqembu le-Certium:I-lanthanum, i-cereyumu, i-prayeodyodymium, iNeodymium, i-Promethium, iSamarium, i-Europium
I-YTtrium Group:IGadinium, i-Terbium, i-Dysprosium, eHolmium, i-Erbium, Thulium, Ytterbium, Lutetium, Scandium, YTtrium
Ukuhlukaniswa ngokuhlukaniswa kwangaphandle:
I-Light Rare Earth (P204 Exfinity Extraction): I-lanthanum, i-cereyumu, i-praceodyodymium, neodymium
Umhlaba ojwayelekile ongavamile (P204 ophansi acidity extraction):ISamarium, i-Eurovisium, Gadolinium, iTerbium, i-Dysprosium
Umhlaba Ongavamile (ukukhishwa kwe-acidity ku-P204):UHolmium, erbium, Thulium, Ytterbium, Lutetium, Yttrium
Izakhiwo zezinto zomhlaba ezingandile
Imisebenzi engaphezu kwe-50 yezinto zomhlaba ezingandile zihlobene nesakhiwo sazo se-4F esiyingqayizivele se-4F, sibenze basetshenziswe kabanzi kuzo zombili izinto zendabuko kanye nezinkundla ezintsha ze-Tech Material Fields.
I-4F Electron Orbit
1. Izakhiwo zenyama nezamakhemikhali
★ inezakhiwo ezisobala zensimbi; Yimpunga yesiliva, ngaphandle kwe-praneodymium ne-neodymium, kubonakala kukhanya okuphuzi
★ Rich oxide Colour
★ kwakha amakhompiyutha ezinzile angezona izinsimbi
★ I-Metal Letives
★ Kulula ukukwenza oxidize emoyeni
2 Izakhiwo ze-Optoelectronic
★ I-4F Sublayer engafakwanga, lapho ama-elektroni angama-4F avikelwe ngama-elektroni angaphandle, okuholela emithini ehlukahlukene ye-spectral namazinga wamandla
Lapho i-4F Electron Transtions, ingadonsa noma ikhiphe imisebe yama-wavelength ahlukahlukene kusuka ku-ultraviolet, ebonakalayo ezifundeni ezingezinkinga, ukuzenza zifaneleke njengezinto zokwenziwa ze-luminescent
★ Ukusebenza okuhle, okukwazi ukulungiselela izinsimbi zomhlaba ezingandile nge-electrolysis indlela
Iqhaza lama-elektroni angama-4F ezinto zomhlaba ezingandile ezintweni ezintsha
Ama-admatadium asebenzisa izici ze-4F ze-elekthronikhi
★ 4F Electron Spin Ukuhlelwa:Kuboniswe njengokuqina okuqinile - kufanelekile ukusetshenziswa njengezinto zokwenziwa zaphakade, izinto ze-MRI Taling, izinzwa ze-magnetic, ama-superconductors, njll
★ 4F inguquko ye-elektroni ethobekile: Kuboniswe njengezakhiwo ze-luminescent - zilungele ukusetshenziswa njengezinto zokwenza izinto ezifana nama-phosphors, ama-lasers we-infrared, ama-amplifiers we-fiber, njll
Izinguquko ze-elekhthronikhi ebhendini ye-4F Energy Level Guide
2 ihlobene ngokungaqondile kwe-4F electron, isebenzisa i-ionic radius, ukushaja kanye namakhemikhali amakhemikhali
★ Izici zeNyukliya:
Isigaba Esincane Esincane se-Neutron Amunction Scrary Isigaba - Silungele ukusetshenziswa njengezinto zokwakha ama-reactors wenuzi, njll
Isigaba esikhulu se-Neutron Amuncrontion Cross Isigaba - Silungele izinto zokuvikela zokuhlaziya kwenukliya, njll
★ Rare Earth Ionic Radius, ukushaja, izici zomzimba kanye namakhemikhali:
Ukulimala kwama-lattice, i-ionic radius efanayo, izakhiwo zamakhemikhali, izindleko ezahlukahlukene - zilungele ukufudumala, i-catalyst, into yokuzwakala, njll.
Ukucaciswa Kwezakhiwo - Kulungele ukusetshenziswa njenge-Hydrogen Isitoreji So-Alloy Cartode Materials, Izinto Zokutholwa Kwe-Microwave, njll
I-Electro Optical and Dielectric Properties - Ilungele ukusetshenziswa njengezinto zokushintshashintsha ezikhanyayo, ubumba obusezingeni eliphansi, njll
Isikhathi sePosi: Jul-06-2023