Skakhundla, Nge-Element Symbol SC ne-Atomic Inombolo ye-21, incibilika kalula emanzini, ingasebenzisana namanzi ashisayo, bese kuba mnyama kalula emoyeni. Ubuhlakani bayo obukhulu bunguye + 3. Imvamisa ixutshwe ne-Gadolimium, i-Erbium, nezinye izinto, ngesivuno esiphansi kanye nokuqukethwe cishe ngo-0.0005% ku-crust. I-Scandium ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukwenza ingilazi ekhethekile ne-alloys engasindi eliphakeme lokushisa.
Njengamanje, okugciniwe okufakazelwe kweScandium emhlabeni kungamathani ayizigidi ezimbili, ama-90 ~ 95% aqukethe ama-bauxium, nengxenye encane eRussia, eSdagascar, eMadagascar, eNorway nakwamanye amazwe. I-China icebe kakhulu kwizinsizakusebenza zeScandium, ezinezindawo ezinkulu zamaminerali ezihlobene neScandium. Ngokusho kwezibalo ezingaphelele, izindawo zokugcina zeScandium eChina zingamathani angama-600000, eziqukethwe kuma-Bauxite ne-Porphyry Deposits, e-Porzhihua vared Earth I-Iron Deposits eSichuan.
Ngenxa yokushoda kweScandium, inani leScandium liphakeme kakhulu, futhi liphezulu, intengo yeScandium yakhushulwa izikhathi eziyi-10 intengo yegolide. Yize intengo yeScandium iwile, kusehla kane inani legolide!
Ukuthola Umlando
Ngo-1869, uMendeleev wabona igebe inqwaba ye-atomic phakathi kwe-calcium (40) ne-titanium (48), futhi wabikezela ukuthi kwakukhona nento ephakathi nendawo ye-athomu ephakathi nendawo lapha. Wabikezela ukuthi i-oxide yayo ingu-x ₂ o å. IScandium yatholakala ngo-1879 nguLars Frederik Nilson we-Uppsala University eSweden. Wayikhipha esuka eMbushini Emnyama Yegolide Emnyama, i-ore eyinkimbinkimbi equkethe izinhlobo eziyi-8 zensimbi oxides. UkhipheI-Erbium (iii) oxidekusuka ku-Black Roll Ore, futhi KutholweI-YTterbium (III) oxideUkusuka kule yi-oxide, futhi kukhona enye i-oxide yento elula, eyakhe i-spectrum ikhombisa ukuthi iyinsimbi engaziwa. Lesi yinsimbi ebikezelwe nguMendeleev, i-oxide yakheI-sc₂o₃. Insimbi yeScandium uqobo yakhiqizwa kusukaScandium Chloridengokuncibilika kwe-electrolytic ngo-1937.
Mendeleev
Ukucushwa kwe-elektroni
Ukucushwa kwe-elektroni: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3D1
I-Scandium iyinsimbi ethambile, emhlophe yesiliva eshintshayo ngephuzu lokuncibilika le-1541 ℃ nephuzu elibilayo lika-2831 ℃.
Ngesikhathi eside ngemuva kokuthola kwayo, ukusetshenziswa kweScandium akuboniswa ngenxa yobunzima bawo ekukhiqizweni. Ngokuthuthuka okwandayo kwezindlela ezinqandayo zoMhlaba Emhlabeni, manje sekunenqubo evuthiwe ukugeleza kokuhlanza ama-Scandium Compand. Ngoba iScandium ayincane i-alkaline kune-ytttrium ne-lanthanide, i-hydroxide yiyona ebuthakathaka kakhulu, ngakho-ke indawo yomhlaba exubile equkethe i-Scandium izohlukaniswa ne-Ammonia ngemuva kokudluliselwa kwikhambi. Enye indlela ukuhlukanisa i-Scandium Nitrate ngokuwohloka kwe-nitrate. Ngoba iScandium Nitrate ilula kakhulu ukubola, iScandium ingahlukaniswa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukululama okuphelele kweScandium ehambisana ne-Uranium, e-Thorium, eTungsten, i-Tin kanye namanye amadiphozithi angamaminerali futhi kungumthombo obalulekile weScandium.
Ngemuva kokuthola i-Scandium Compound emsulwa, iguqulwa ibe yi-SCCL Å futhi icibilikisiwe nge-kcl ne-licl. I-zilten zinc isetshenziswa njenge-cathode ye-electrolysis, okubangela i-scandium ukucacisa ku-zinc electrode. Ngemuva kwalokho, i-zinc ihanjiswa ukuze ithole i-scandium yensimbi. Lesi yinsimbi emhlophe yesiliva elingasindi ngezakhiwo zamakhemikhali ezisebenzayo, ezingasabela ngamanzi ashisayo ukukhiqiza igesi ye-hydrogen. Ngakho-ke i-scandium yensimbi oyibona esithombeni ibhalwe ebhodleleni futhi ivikelwe ngegesi ye-argon, ngaphandle kwalokho iScandium izokwakha ungqimba oluphuzi noma olumpunga o-ongi
Izinja
Imboni yokukhanyisa
Ukusetshenziswa kweScandium kugxile ezinkomba ezikhanyayo kakhulu, futhi akulona yihaba ukuyibiza ngokuthi indodana yokukhanya. Isikhali sokuqala somlingo seScandium sibizwa ngeScandium Sodium Lamp, esingasetshenziswa ukuletha ukukhanya ezinkulungwaneni zamakhaya. Lokhu kukhanya kwe-Metal Halide Electride Light: isibani sigcwele i-sodium iodide ne-scandium triodiide, futhi i-scandium ne-sodium foil yengezwa ngasikhathi sinye. Ngesikhathi sokukhishwa kwamandla aphezulu, ama-scandium ion nama-ion e-sodium ngokulandelana akhanya ngokukhanya kwawo akhishwe uphawu lwabo. Imigqa yokubuka i-sodium ye-sodium iyi-589.0 ne-589.6 nm, izibani ezimbili ezidumile eziphuzi, ngenkathi imigqa yokubuka amakhanda kaScandium yi-361.3 ~ 424.7 nm, uchungechunge lokukhanya okukhanyayo okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ngoba bahambisana, umbala ophelele okhanyayo okhiqizwa ukukhanya okumhlophe. Kuyinto ngoba amalambu we-Scandium Sodium anezici zokusebenza okukhanyayo okukhanyayo, umbala omuhle wokukhanya, ukulondolozwa kwamandla, amandla wenkonzo eqinile, futhi amathuba ezemidlalo, nezindawo zemigwaqo, futhi aziwa njengemithombo yokukhanya yesizukulwane sesithathu. EChina, lolu hlobo lwesibani luthuthukiswa kancane kancane njengobuchwepheshe obusha, kanti kwamanye amazwe athuthukile, lolu hlobo lwesibani lwalusetshenziswa kabanzi ekuqaleni kweminyaka yo-1980.
Isikhali sesibili se-Scandium seScandium ngamaseli we-solar photovooltaic, angaqoqa ukukhanya okusakazeke emhlabathini futhi awuguqule ngogesi ukushayela umphakathi wabantu. I-Scandium iyinsimbi engcono kakhulu yesithiyo e-Metal Insulator semiconductor ama-Silicon Solar Cell namaseli elanga.
Isikhali sayo sesithathu se-magic sibizwa ngokuthi yi-ray emthonjeni, lesi sikhali somlingo singakhanya ngokukhanyayo ngokwaso, kepha lolu hlobo lokukhanya alunakutholwa yiso elinqunu, kungukugeleza kwamandla aphezulu. Sivame ukukhipha i-45SC kusuka kumaminerali, okuwukuphela kwama-isotopes wemvelo weScandium. I-45Sc nucleus ngayinye iqukethe ama-21 ama-protons nama-24 ama-neutrons. I-46SC, i-Isotope ye-Radioactive Enezinwele, ingasetshenziswa njengemithombo yemisebe yemisebe noma ama-athomu e-tracer nayo ingahle isetshenziselwe i-radigItherapy yama-tumors amabi. Kukhona futhi izinhlelo ezifana ne-YTtrium Gallium Scandium Garnet Laser,I-Scandium FluorideI-Glass infrared fiber optical, kanye ne-scandium ehlanganisiwe ye-cathode ray tube kuthelevishini. Kubukeka sengathi iScandium izalwa ngokukhanya.
Imboni ye-alloy
I-Scandium ngendlela yayo eyisisekelo isetshenziswe kabanzi nge-aluminium alloys. Uma nje izinkulungwane ezimbalwa zeScandium zengezwa e-aluminium, kuzokwakheka isigaba esisha se-Al3sc, esizodlala indima ye-metamorphiss e-aluminium alloy futhi yenze isakhiwo se-alloy kakhulu. Ukungeza u-0.2% ~ 0.4% SC (okufana ngempela nengxenye yokwengeza usawoti ukuze uvuse imifino ethosiwe ekhaya, futhi kuthuthukiswa kakhulu amandla okushisa aphezulu, futhi ukuthuthukisa amandla okushisa aphezulu, ukuqina kwe-welding, kanye nokuphikiswa kokugqwala. Kungakugwema futhi into efombathisement okulula ukwenzeka phakathi nomsebenzi wesikhathi eside emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. Amandla aphezulu kanye nobunzima obuphakeme u-Aluminium Alloy, i-aluminium alloy entsha enamandla amakhulu, i-aluminium aluminium aluminium alloy, njll.
I-Scandium futhi iyisiguquli esihle kakhulu sensimbi, kanti inani elincane le-Scandium lingathuthukisa kakhulu amandla nobulukhuni be-iron cast. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iScandium nayo ingasetshenziswa njengesengezo seTungsten ephezulu kakhulu yama-Thungsten nama-chromium alloys. Vele, ngaphezu kokwenza izingubo zomshado kwabanye, iScandium inendawo ephezulu yokuncibilika futhi ukuqina kwayo kufana ne-aluminium, futhi kusetshenziswa nasendaweni ephezulu yokuncibilikisa ye-allweight efana ne-scandium titanium alloy kanye ne-scandium magnesium alloy. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yentengo yayo ephezulu, imvamisa isetshenziswa kuphela kwizimboni zokukhiqiza ezisezingeni eliphakeme njenge-Space Shuttsles namarokhethi.
Impahla ye-ceramic
I-Scandium, into eyodwa, imvamisa isetshenziswa kuma-alloys, futhi oxides wayo oxides badlala indima ebalulekile ezintweni zokwakha ubumba ngendlela efanayo. I-Tetragonal Zirconia Celamic Material, engasetshenziswa njengezinto ezisetshenziswayo ze-electrode yamaseli we-solide oxide we-oxide, lapho okusebenzayo kwalokhu kwakhula kwama-elecygin ngokushisa okuthuthukile kanye nokuhlushwa komoya-mpilo emvelweni. Kodwa-ke, ukwakheka kwe-crystal yale ndaba ye-ceramic uqobo ngeke kube khona kungenzeka futhi akunanzuzo yezimboni; Kuyadingeka ukuthi uthathe izinto ezithile ezingalungisa lesi sakhiwo ukuze zigcine izakhiwo zalo zokuqala. Ukungeza i-6 ~ 10% i-scandium oxide ifana nesakhiwo sokhonkolo, ukuze i-zirconia ingaqiniswa ethangeni lesikwele.
Kukhona nezinto zokwakha zobunjiniyela ze-ceramic ezifana namandla aphezulu kanye namazinga okushisa aphezulu e-sitricon
Njenge-densifier,Scandium oxideUngakha isigaba sokubuyela emuva i-SC2SI2O7 emaphethelweni wezinhlayiya ezinhle, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphise ukwakheka okushisa okuphezulu kwe-ceramics yobunjiniyela. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinkohliso, kungathuthukisa kangcono izakhiwo zemishini yokushisa ephezulu ye-silicon nitride.
I-catalytic chemistry
Ku-Chemical Engineering, iScandium ivame ukusetshenziswa njenge-catalyst, ngenkathi i-SC2O3 ingasetshenziselwa ukomodwa kanye nokuwohloka kwe-ethanol noma i-isopropanol, ukubola kwe-acetic acid, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwe-ethylene kusuka ku-CO ne-H2. I-PT Al Catalyst equkethe i-SC2O3 nayo iyi-catalyst ebalulekile yokuhlanzwa okusindayo kwamafutha we-hydrogenation kanye nezinqubo zokucwilisa embonini ye-petrochemical. Ekuphendukeni kwe-catalytic okufana neCumene, umsebenzi we-SC-Y Zeolite Catalyst uphakeme izikhathi eziyi-1000 kunaleso se-aluminium siliate castlyst; Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinkomo ezithile zendabuko, amathemba wokuthuthuka kwama-scandium catalysts azokhanya kakhulu.
Imboni yamandla enuzi
Ukungeza inani elincane le-SC2O3 ku-UO2 ku-Hullear Fuel ephezulu ye-Reactoror Nuclear kungagwema ukuguqulwa kwama-lattice, ukukhuphuka kwevolumu, nokuqhekeka okubangelwa ukuguqulwa kwe-UO2 kuya ku-U1O8 ukuguqulwa.
Iseli likaphethiloli
Ngokufanayo, ukufaka ama-2,5% kuya ku-25% Scandium kumabhethri we-nickel Alkali azokwandisa impilo yakhe yenkonzo.
Ukuzalela Kwezolimo
KwezoLimo, imbewu enjenge-corn, i-beet, ipea, ukolweni kanye no-sunflower kungalashwa nge-scandium sulfate (okuhlushwa ngokuvamile kungu-10-3 ~ 10-8mol / l, izitshalo ezahlukahlukene zizobe ziye zafezeka. Ngemuva kwamahora angu-8, isisindo esomile sezimpande kanye nama-buds senyuka ngama-37% no-78% ngokulandelana ngokuqhathaniswa nezithombo, kepha indlela sh.
Ukusuka ekunakekelweni kukaNielsen esikweletini sedatha ye-athomu ye-athomu namuhla, iScandium ingene embonweni wabantu iminyaka eyikhulu noma engamashumi amabili, kepha icishe yahlala ebhentshini iminyaka eyikhulu. Kwakungekhona kuze kube ukukhula ngamandla kwesayensi yezinto ezibonakalayo ngasekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka ukuthi kwaletha amandla kuye. Namuhla, izinto zomhlaba ezingandile, kufaka phakathi iScandium, ziye zaba yizinkanyezi ezishisayo kwisayensi yezinto zokwakha, zidlala izindima ezishintsha njalo ezinkulungwaneni zezinhlelo, ziletha lula kakhulu ekuphileni nsuku zonke, futhi kwakha inani lezomnotho okunzima kakhulu ukukala.
Isikhathi sePosi: Jun-29-2023