Scandium, enophawu lwesici u-Sc kanye nenombolo ye-Atomic engu-21, incibilika kalula emanzini, ingasebenzisana namanzi ashisayo, futhi ibe mnyama kalula emoyeni. I-valence yayo eyinhloko ingu+3. Ivamise ukuxutshwa ne-gadolinium, i-erbium, nezinye izakhi, ngesivuno esiphansi kanye nokuqukethwe okungaba ngu-0.0005% kuqweqwe. I-Scandium ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukwenza ingilazi ekhethekile kanye nama-alloys angasindi aphezulu okushisa.
Njengamanje, izinqolobane eziqinisekisiwe ze-scandium emhlabeni zingamathani ayizigidi ezingu-2 kuphela, i-90 ~ 95% yazo equkethwe ku-Bauxite, i-phosphorite nensimbi ye-titanium ores, kanye nengxenye encane ye-uranium, i-thorium, i-tungsten ne-ore yomhlaba engavamile, ikakhulukazi. isatshalaliswa eRussia, China, Tajikistan, Madagascar, Norway nakwamanye amazwe. I-China inothe kakhulu emithonjeni ye-scandium, enezinqolobane ezinkulu zamaminerali ezihlobene ne-scandium. Ngokwezibalo ezingaphelele, izinqolobane ze-scandium e-China zingamathani angama-600000, aqukethwe ku-Bauxite ne-phosphorite deposits, i-porphyry ne-quartz vein tungsten deposits eNingizimu China, idiphozithi engavamile yomhlaba eNingizimu China, i-Bayan Obo engavamile ye-iron ore deposit I-Inner Mongolia, kanye ne-Panzhihua vanadium titanium magnetite deposit e-Sichuan.
Ngenxa yokushoda kwe-scandium, intengo ye-scandium nayo iphakeme kakhulu, futhi ekuphakameni kwayo, intengo ye-scandium yakhuphuka izikhathi ezingu-10 intengo yegolide. Nakuba intengo ye-scandium yehlile, iseyintengo ephindwe kane kunegolide!
Ukuthola Umlando
Ngo-1869, uMendeleev wabona igebe ku-athomu ye-athomu phakathi kwe-calcium (40) ne-titanium (48), futhi wabikezela ukuthi kwakukhona nesici esingatholakali se-athomu esiphakathi nendawo lapha. Ubikezele ukuthi i-oxide yayo ingu-X ₂ O Å. I-Scandium yatholwa ngo-1879 nguLars Frederik Nilson wase-Uppsala University eSweden. Wayikhipha emayini yegolide emnyama eyivelakancane, insimbi eyinkimbinkimbi equkethe izinhlobo ezingu-8 zensimbi. UkhipheI-Erbium(III) oxidekusukela ezitsheni zegolide ezingavamile ezimnyama, futhi zatholakalaI-Ytterbium(III) oxidekusuka kule oxide, futhi kukhona enye i-oxide yesici esilula, esine-spectrum esibonisa ukuthi iyinsimbi engaziwa. Lena insimbi eyabikezelwa uMendeleev, i-oxide yakheI-Sc₂O₃. I-scandium metal ngokwayo yakhiqizwaI-Scandium chloridengokuncibilika kwe-electrolytic ngo-1937.
Mendeleev
Ukucushwa kwe-electron
Ukucushwa kwe-electron: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d1
I-Scandium iyinsimbi ethambile, emhlophe eguquguqukayo enephuzu lokuncibilika elingu-1541 ℃ kanye nendawo yokubilisa engu-2831 ℃.
Isikhathi eside ngemuva kokutholakala kwayo, ukusetshenziswa kwe-scandium akuzange kuboniswe ngenxa yobunzima bayo ekukhiqizeni. Ngokuthuthuka okwandayo kwezindlela zokuhlukanisa izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile, manje sekukhona ukugeleza kwenqubo evuthiwe yokuhlanza izinhlanganisela ze-scandium. Ngenxa yokuthi i-scandium ine-alkaline encane kune-yttrium ne-Lanthanide, i-hydroxide ibuthakathaka kakhulu, ngakho-ke i-elementi yomhlaba engajwayelekile exubile equkethe i-scandium izohlukaniswa nesici somhlaba esiyivelakancane ngendlela "yokwehla kwesinyathelo" lapho i-Scandium(III) hydroxide iphathwa nge-ammonia ngemuva kwalokho. idluliselwa kwisixazululo. Enye indlela iwukuhlukanisa i-Scandium nitrate ngokubola kwe-Polar kwe-nitrate. Ngenxa yokuthi i-scandium nitrate iyona elula kakhulu ukubola, i-scandium ingahlukaniswa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubuyiswa okuphelele kwe-scandium ehambisana ne-uranium, i-thorium, i-tungsten, i-tin namanye ama-mineral deposits nakho kuwumthombo obalulekile we-scandium.
Ngemva kokuthola inhlanganisela emsulwa ye-scandium, iguqulwa ibe i-ScCl Å futhi ihlanganiswe ne-KCl ne-LiCl. I-zinc encibilikisiwe isetshenziswa njenge-cathode ye-electrolysis, okwenza i-scandium igibele ku-zinc electrode. Khona-ke, i-zinc iyahwamuka ukuze kutholakale i-metallic scandium. Lena insimbi emhlophe eyisiliva engasindi enezici zamakhemikhali ezisebenza kakhulu, engasabela emanzini ashisayo ukuze ikhiqize igesi ye-hydrogen. Ngakho i-scandium yensimbi oyibona esithombeni ivalwe ebhodleleni futhi ivikelwe nge-argon gas, ngaphandle kwalokho i-scandium izosheshe yakhe ungqimba olumnyama oluphuzi noma olumpunga lwe-oxide, ilahlekelwe ukucwebezela kwayo kwe-metallic.
Izinhlelo zokusebenza
Imboni yezibani
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-scandium kugxilwe ezindaweni ezikhanya kakhulu, futhi akulona ihaba ukuyibiza ngokuthi iNdodana yokukhanya. Isikhali sokuqala somlingo se-scandium sibizwa nge-scandium sodium lamp, esingasetshenziswa ukuletha ukukhanya ezinkulungwaneni zemizi. Lena i-metal halide Isibani sikagesi: i-bulb igcwele i-Sodium iodide ne-Scandium triiodide, futhi i-scandium ne-sodium foil yengezwa ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ngesikhathi sokukhishwa kwe-voltage ephezulu, ama-ion e-scandium nama-sodium ion ngokulandelana akhipha ukukhanya kwesici sawo sokukhishwa kwamaza. Imigqa ye-spectral ye-sodium yi-589.0 kanye ne-589.6 nm, izibani ezimbili ezidumile eziphuzi, kuyilapho imigqa ye-spectral ye-scandium ingu-361.3 ~ 424.7 nm, uchungechunge lwe-ultraviolet ephuma eduze nokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ngenxa yokuthi ziyaphelelisana, umbala wokukhanya usuwonke okhiqizwa ukukhanya okumhlophe. Kungenxa yokuthi izibani ze-sodium ze-scandium zinezici zokusebenza kahle okukhanyayo, umbala omuhle wokukhanya, ukonga amandla, impilo ende yesevisi, kanye nekhono eliqinile lokuphula inkungu engasetshenziswa kabanzi kumakhamera wethelevishini, izikwele, izindawo zezemidlalo, nokukhanyisa komgwaqo, futhi zaziwa njengemithombo yokukhanya yesizukulwane sesithathu. E-China, lolu hlobo lwesibani luthuthukiswa kancane kancane njengobuchwepheshe obusha, kanti kwamanye amazwe athuthukile, lolu hlobo lwesibani lwalusetshenziswa kabanzi ekuqaleni kwawo-1980.
Isikhali sesibili somlingo we-scandium amaseli e-solar photovoltaic, angaqoqa ukukhanya okuhlakazekile phansi futhi akuguqule kube ugesi ukushayela umphakathi wabantu. I-Scandium iyinsimbi yokuvimbela engcono kakhulu kumaseli elanga e-metal insulator semiconductor silicon namaseli elanga.
Isikhali sayo somlingo sesithathu sibizwa ngokuthi γ Umthombo we-ray, lesi sikhali somlingo singakhanya ngokugqamile ngokwaso, kodwa lolu hlobo lokukhanya alukwazi ukutholwa ngeso lenyama, luwukugeleza kwe-photon enamandla amakhulu. Ngokuvamile sikhipha i-45Sc kumaminerali, okuwukuphela kwe-isotopes Yemvelo ye-scandium. I-nucleus ye-45Sc ngayinye iqukethe ama-proton angu-21 nama-neutron angu-24. I-46Sc, i-isotopu yokwenziwa ekhipha imisebe, ingasetshenziswa njengemithombo ye-γ yokukhipha imisebe noma ama-athomu okulandelela angasetshenziswa futhi ekwelapheni nge-radiotherapy yamathumba ayingozi. Kukhona nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezifana ne-yttrium gallium scandium garnet laser,I-Scandium fluorideingilazi infrared Optical fibre, kanye scandium coated cathode ray tube kumabonakude. Kubonakala sengathi i-scandium izalwa inokukhanya.
Imboni ye-alloy
I-Scandium ngesimo sayo se-elemental isetshenziswe kabanzi ekwenzeni i-doping aluminium alloys. Uma nje izinkulungwane ezimbalwa ze-scandium zengezwa ku-aluminium, kuzokwakhiwa isigaba esisha se-Al3Sc, esizodlala indima ye-Metamorphism ku-aluminium alloy futhi senze isakhiwo nezakhiwo ze-alloy zishintshe kakhulu. Ukwengeza u-0.2%~0.4% Sc (okufana ngempela nengxenye yokwengeza usawoti ukuze uvuse imifino ethosiwe ekhaya, kudingeka kancane kuphela) kungakhuphula izinga lokushisa lokuvuselela kabusha le-alloy ngo-150-200 ℃, futhi kuthuthukise kakhulu -amandla ezinga lokushisa, ukuqina kwesakhiwo, ukusebenza kokushisela, nokumelana nokugqwala. Kungase futhi kugweme ukwenzeka kwe-embrittlement okulula ukwenzeka phakathi nomsebenzi wesikhathi eside emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. Amandla aphezulu kanye nokuqina okuphezulu kwe-aluminium ingxubevange, ingxubevange entsha ye-aluminium ekwazi ukumelana nokugqwala, ingxubevange entsha ye-aluminiyamu eshisa kakhulu, amandla aphezulu neutron irradiation resistant aluminium alloy, njll., inamathemba entuthuko akhangayo kakhulu emkhathini, ezondiza, emikhunjini, ama-reactors enuzi, izimoto ezincane nezitimela ezinesivinini esikhulu.
I-Scandium futhi iyisilungisi esihle kakhulu sensimbi, futhi inani elincane le-scandium lingathuthukisa kakhulu amandla nobulukhuni bensimbi ekhonjiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-scandium ingasetshenziswa futhi njengesengezo se-high-temperature tungsten nama-alloys e-chromium. Yiqiniso, ngaphezu kokwenzela abanye izingubo zomshado, i-scandium inezinga eliphezulu lokuncibilika futhi ukuminyana kwayo kufana ne-aluminium, futhi ibuye isetshenziswe ezindaweni ezincibilikayo ezisezingeni eliphezulu ezifana ne-scandium titanium alloy ne-scandium magnesium alloy. Nokho, ngenxa yentengo yayo ephezulu, ngokuvamile isetshenziswa kuphela ezimbonini zokukhiqiza ezisezingeni eliphezulu njengezithuthi zasemkhathini namarokhethi.
Izinto ze-Ceramic
I-Scandium, into eyodwa, ngokuvamile isetshenziswa kuma-alloys, futhi ama-oxide ayo adlala indima ebalulekile ezintweni zobumba ngendlela efanayo. I-tetragonal zirconia ceramic material, engasetshenziswa njenge-electrode material for solid oxide fuel cell, inendawo eyingqayizivele lapho ukuqhutshwa kwale electrolyte kukhuphuka ngokunyuka kwezinga lokushisa nokugxila komoya-mpilo endaweni. Kodwa-ke, isakhiwo se-crystal sale nto ye-ceramic ngokwayo ayikwazi ukuhlala ngokuzinzile futhi ayinalo inani lezimboni; Kuyadingeka ukwenza i-doping ezinye izinto ezingalungisa lesi sakhiwo ukuze kugcinwe izakhiwo zayo zangempela. Ukwengeza i-6 ~ 10% i-Scandium oxide ifana nesakhiwo sikakhonkolo, ukuze i-zirconia ikwazi ukuzinza ku-lattice yesikwele.
Kukhona nezinto zokwakha ze-ceramic zobunjiniyela ezifana namandla aphezulu kanye ne-silicon nitride eqinile engamelana nezinga lokushisa njengama-densifiers kanye neziqinisi.
Njenge-densifier,I-Scandium oxideingakha isigaba se-refractory Sc2Si2O7 emaphethelweni ezinhlayiya ezinhle, ngaleyo ndlela inciphise ukuwohloka kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu kwezitsha zobumba zobunjiniyela. Uma kuqhathaniswa namanye ama-oxides, ingathuthukisa kangcono izici zomshini ezisezingeni eliphezulu ze-silicon nitride.
I-Catalytic chemistry
Ebunjiniyela bamakhemikhali, i-scandium ivame ukusetshenziswa njenge-catalyst, kuyilapho i-Sc2O3 ingasetshenziselwa ukuphelelwa amandla kwamanzi kanye ne-deoxidation ye-ethanol noma i-isopropanol, ukubola kwe-acetic acid, nokukhiqizwa kwe-ethylene kusuka ku-CO ne-H2. I-Pt Al catalyst equkethe i-Sc2O3 futhi iyisisusa esibalulekile sokuhlanzwa kwe-hydrogenation kawoyela esindayo kanye nezinqubo zokucwenga embonini ye-petrochemical. Ekuphenduleni kwe-catalytic cracking njenge-Cumene, umsebenzi we-Sc-Y zeolite catalyst uphakeme izikhathi ezingu-1000 kune-Aluminium silicate catalyst; Uma kuqhathaniswa namanye ama-catalysts endabuko, amathemba okuthuthukiswa kwama-catalysts e-scandium azokhanya kakhulu.
Imboni yamandla enuzi
Ukwengeza inani elincane le-Sc2O3 ku-UO2 kuphethiloli we-nuclear we-reactor ephezulu lokushisa kungagwema ukuguqulwa kwe-lattice, ukukhuphuka kwevolumu, nokuqhekeka okubangelwa ukuguqulwa kwe-UO2 kuya ku-U3O8.
I-Fuel cell
Ngokufanayo, ukwengeza u-2.5% kuya ku-25% we-scandium kumabhethri e-nickel alkali kuzokhulisa impilo yabo yesevisi.
Ukuzalanisa kwezolimo
Kwezolimo, imbewu enjengommbila, isithombo sebhitrudi, ipizi, ukolweni kanye nobhekilanga ingelashwa nge-Scandium sulfate (i-concentration ngokuvamile i-10-3 ~ 10-8mol/L, izitshalo ezahlukene zizohluka), kanye nomphumela wangempela wokukhuthaza ukuhluma. isizuziwe. Ngemuva kwamahora angu-8, isisindo esomile sezimpande nama-buds sikhuphuke ngo-37% no-78% ngokulandelanayo uma kuqhathaniswa nezithombo, kodwa umshini usacutshungulwa.
Kusukela ekunakeni kukaNielsen esikweletini sedatha ye-Atomic mass kuze kube namuhla, i-scandium isingene embonweni wabantu iminyaka eyikhulu noma engamashumi amabili kuphela, kodwa isicishe yahlala ebhentshini iminyaka eyikhulu. Kwaze kwaba yilapho ukuthuthukiswa okunamandla kwesayensi yezinto ezibonakalayo ngasekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule lapho okwaletha khona ubungqabavu kuye. Namuhla, izakhi zomhlaba eziyivelakancane, kuhlanganise ne-scandium, seziphenduke izinkanyezi ezishisayo kwezesayensi yezinto, zidlala indima eshintsha njalo ezinkulungwaneni zezinhlelo, ziletha ukunethezeka okwengeziwe ekuphileni kwethu nsuku zonke, nokudala ukubaluleka kwezomnotho okunzima nakakhulu ukukukala.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jun-29-2023