I-Ytterbium: inombolo ye-athomu engu-70, isisindo se-athomu 173.04, igama lesici elithathwe endaweni etholwe kuyo. Okuqukethwe kweytterbiumku-crust ngu-0.000266%, ikakhulukazi etholakala kumadiphozithi egolide angavamile e-phosphorite, kuyilapho okuqukethwe ku-monazite kungu-0.03%, nama-isotopes emvelo angu-7.
Ukuthola Umlando
Kutholwe ngu: Marinak
Isikhathi: 1878
Indawo: Switzerland
Ngo-1878, osokhemisi baseSwitzerland uJean Charles noG Marignac bathola into entsha eyivelakancane yomhlaba ku-"erbium". Ngo-1907, u-Ulban no-Weils baveza ukuthi u-Marignac wahlukanisa ingxube ye-lutetium oxide ne-ytterbium oxide. Esikhumbuzweni sedolobhana elibizwa ngokuthi i-Yteerby eduze kwase-Stockholm, lapho kwatholakala khona i-yttrium ore, le nto entsha yaqanjwa ngokuthi i-Ytterbium enophawu u-Yb.
Ukucushwa kwe-electron
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14
Insimbi
I-Metallic ytterbiumisiliva grey, i-ductile, futhi inokwakheka okuthambile. Ezingeni lokushisa legumbi, i-ytterbium ingafakwa i-oxidized kancane ngomoya namanzi.
Kunezinhlaka ezimbili zekristalu: α- Uhlobo luyisistimu ye-cubic crystal egxile ebusweni (igumbi lokushisa -798 ℃); β- Uhlobo luyi-cubic egxile emzimbeni (ngaphezulu kuka-798 ℃) lattice. Iphoyinti elincibilikayo 824 ℃, iphoyinti elibilayo 1427 ℃, ukuminyana kwesihlobo 6.977（ α- Uhlobo), 6.54（ β- Uhlobo).
Ayincibiliki emanzini abandayo, ayincibiliki ngama-asidi kanye ne-ammonia ewuketshezi. Izinzile emoyeni. Ngokufanayo ne-samarium ne-europium, i-ytterbium ingeyomhlaba ongavamile we-valence, futhi ingaba sesimweni esihle sokuhlukana ngaphezu kokuba ngokuvamile i-trivalent.
Ngenxa yalesi sici se-valence eguquguqukayo, ukulungiswa kwe-ytterbium yensimbi akufanele kwenziwe nge-electrolysis, kodwa ngokunciphisa indlela yokukhishwa kwe-distillation yokulungiselela nokuhlanza. Ngokuvamile,insimbi ye-lanthanumisetshenziswa njenge-ejenti yokunciphisa ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-distillation, isebenzisa umehluko phakathi kokucindezela okuphezulu komhwamuko wensimbi ye-ytterbium kanye nokucindezela komhwamuko ophansi wensimbi ye-lanthanum. Ngaphandle kwalokho,thulium, ytterbium, futhii-lutetiumigxila ingasetshenziswa njengezinto zokusetshenziswa, futhi i-lanthanum yensimbi ingasetshenziswa njenge-ejenti yokunciphisa. Ngaphansi kwezimo zokushisa eziphezulu ze->1100 ℃ kanye ne-<0.133Pa, i-ytterbium yensimbi ingakhishwa ngokuqondile ngokunciphisa ukucwiliswa kwe-distillation. Thandai-samariumfuthii-europium,I-ytterbium ingahlukaniswa futhi ihlanzwe ngokunciphisa okumanzi. Ngokuvamile, i-thulium, i-ytterbium, ne-lutetium igxile esetshenziswa njengezinto zokusetshenziswa. Ngemva kokuhlakazwa, i-ytterbium yehliselwa esimweni sokuhlukanisa, okubangela umehluko omkhulu ezimpahleni, bese ihlukaniswa neminye imihlaba eyivelakancane eyi-trivalent. Ukukhiqizwa kwe-ytterbium oxide ephezulu yokuhlanzeka kuvame ukwenziwa ngokukhipha i-chromatography noma indlela yokushintshanisa i-ion.
Isicelo
Isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza ama-alloys akhethekile.Ama-alloys e-Ytterbiumzisetshenziswe emithini yamazinyo ukuze kuhlolwe i-metallurgical kanye namakhemikhali.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, i-ytterbium iye yavela futhi yathuthuka ngokushesha emkhakheni wezokuxhumana nge-fiber optic kanye nobuchwepheshe be-laser.
Ngokwakhiwa nokuthuthukiswa "komgwaqo omkhulu wolwazi", amanethiwekhi wekhompiyutha kanye nezinhlelo zokudlulisa i-fiber optical amabanga amade zinezidingo eziphakeme kakhulu zokusebenza kwe-optical fiber materials ezisetshenziswa ekuxhumaneni optical. I-Ytterbium ions, ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo ezinhle kakhulu ze-spectral, ingasetshenziswa njengezinto zokukhulisa i-fiber ekuxhumaneni optical, njengei-erbiumfuthithulium. Nakuba i-elementi yomhlaba engavamile i-erbium isengumdlali oyinhloko ekulungiseleleni izikhulisamandla ze-fiber, amafayili e-quartz endabuko e-erbium-doped anomkhawulokudonsa omncane wokuzuza (30nm), okwenza kube nzima ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zokudlulisa ulwazi olunesivinini esikhulu kanye nomthamo omkhulu. I-Yb3+ion ine-cross-section enkulu kakhulu kune-Er3+ion eduze kuka-980nm. Ngomphumela wokuzwela we-Yb3+kanye nokudluliswa kwamandla kwe-erbium ne-ytterbium, ukukhanya okungu-1530nm kungathuthukiswa kakhulu, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswe kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kokukhulisa ukukhanya.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ingilazi ye-erbium ytterbium co doped phosphate iye yathandwa kakhulu ngabacwaningi. Izingilazi ze-Phosphate ne-fluorophosphate zinokuzinza okuhle kwamakhemikhali nokushisayo, kanye nokudluliswa kwe-infrared okubanzi nezici ezinkulu zokunwetshwa ezingafananga, okuzenza zibe izinto ezifanele ze-broadband kanye nengilazi ye-erbium-doped amplification ye-fiber ezuza kakhulu. I-Yb3+doped fiber amplifiers ingafinyelela ukukhulisa amandla kanye nokukhulisa isignali encane, izenze zifaneleke izinkambu ezifana nezinzwa ze-fiber optic, ukuxhumana kwe-laser yesikhala samahhala, nokukhulisa i-ultra short pulse. I-China njengamanje yakha umthamo wesiteshi esisodwa esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni kanye nesistimu yokudlulisa amehlo esheshayo esheshayo, futhi inomgwaqo omkhulu wolwazi obanzi kunawo wonke emhlabeni. I-Ytterbium doped kanye nezinye izikhulisamandla ze-doped fiber ezingavamile emhlabeni kanye nezinto ze-laser zidlala indima ebalulekile futhi ebalulekile kuzo.
Izici ze-spectral ze-ytterbium ziphinde zisetshenziswe njengezisetshenziswa ze-laser zekhwalithi ephezulu, kokubili njengamakristalu e-laser, izibuko ze-laser, nama-laser fiber. Njengempahla yelaser enamandla amakhulu, amakristalu e-laser e-ytterbium akhe uchungechunge olukhulu, okuhlanganisa ne-ytterbium doped.i-yttrium aluminiumi-garnet (Yb: YAG), i-ytterbium dopedi-gadoliniumi-gallium garnet (Yb: GGG), ytterbium doped calcium fluorophosphate (Yb: FAP), ytterbium doped strontium fluorophosphate (Yb: S-FAP), ytterbium doped yttrium vanadate (Yb: YV04), ytterbium doped borate, ne-silicate. I-semiconductor laser (LD) wuhlobo olusha lomthombo wephampu wama-laser wesifunda esiqinile. I-Yb: I-YAG inezici eziningi ezifanele ukumpompa i-LD yamandla aphezulu futhi isiphenduke into yelaser yokumpompa i-LD yamandla aphezulu. I-Yb: Ikristalu ye-S-FAP ingase isetshenziswe njengento yelaser ye-laser nuclear fusion esikhathini esizayo, esidonse ukunaka kwabantu. Kumakristalu e-laser aguqulekayo, kukhona i-chromium ytterbium holmium yttrium aluminium gallium garnet (Cr, Yb, Ho: YAGG) enobude obungamaza asuka ku-2.84 ukuya ku-3.05 μ Ilungiseka ngokuqhubekayo phakathi kuka-m. Ngokwezibalo, iningi lama-warheads e-infrared asetshenziswa emicibisholo ecitshwayo emhlabeni wonke asebenzisa i-3-5 μ Ngakho-ke, ukuthuthukiswa kwama-lasers e-Cr, Yb, Ho: YSGG kungahlinzeka ngokuphazamiseka okusebenzayo kwezinyathelo zokulwa nezikhali eziqondisiwe ezimaphakathi ne-infrared, futhi kunokubaluleka okubalulekile kwezempi. I-China izuze uchungechunge lwemiphumela emisha ngezinga elithuthukisiwe lamazwe ngamazwe emkhakheni we-ytterbium doped laser crystals (Yb: YAG, Yb: FAP, Yb: SFAP, njll.), ukuxazulula ubuchwepheshe obubalulekile obufana nokukhula kwekristalu kanye ne-laser fast, pulse, okukhiphayo okuqhubekayo, nokulungisekayo. Imiphumela yocwaningo isetshenziswe kwezokuvikela kazwelonke, imboni, nobunjiniyela besayensi, futhi imikhiqizo ye-ytterbium doped crystal ithunyelwe emazweni amaningi nasezifundeni ezifana ne-United States ne-Japan.
Esinye isigaba esikhulu sezinto ze-laser ye-ytterbium ingilazi ye-laser. Kuye kwathuthukiswa izibuko ze-laser ezikhishwa kakhulu ezihlukene ezihlanganisa i-germanium tellurite, i-silicon niobate, i-borate, ne-phosphate. Ngenxa yokulula kokubumba ingilazi, ingenziwa osayizi abakhulu futhi inezici ezifana nokudluliswa kokukhanya okuphezulu nokufana okuphezulu, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukukhiqiza ama-lasers anamandla amakhulu. Ingilazi ye-laser yomhlaba engavamile eyayivame ukuba kakhului-neodymiumingilazi, enomlando wokuthuthuka weminyaka engaphezu kwengu-40 nokukhiqiza okuvuthiwe kanye nobuchwepheshe bokusebenzisa. Bekuhlezi kuyimpahla ekhethwayo yemishini ye-laser enamandla amakhulu futhi ibisetshenziswa emishinini yokuhlola ye-nuclear fusion kanye nezikhali ze-laser. Imishini ye-laser enamandla amakhulu eyakhelwe e-China, ehlanganisa i-laseri-neodymiumingilazi njengoba main laser medium, sebefinyelele ezingeni eliphezulu emhlabeni. Kodwa ingilazi ye-laser neodymium manje ibhekene nenselele enamandla evela engilazini ye-laser ytterbium.
Eminyakeni yamuva, inani elikhulu locwaningo libonise ukuthi izakhiwo eziningi zengilazi ye-laser ytterbium zidlula lezo zei-neodymiumingilazi. Ngenxa yokuthi i-ytterbium doped luminescence inamaleveli wamandla amabili kuphela, ukusebenza kahle kokugcinwa kwamandla kuphezulu. Ngokuzuza okufanayo, ingilazi ye-ytterbium inamandla okugcina amandla ngokuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-16 kunengilazi ye-neodymium, kanye nempilo ye-fluorescence ephindwe izikhathi ezingu-3 kunengilazi ye-neodymium. Iphinde ibe nezinzuzo ezinjengokugxiliswa kwe-doping ephezulu, umkhawulokudonsa wokumuncwa, futhi ingampontshwa ngokuqondile ngama-semiconductors, okuyenza ifaneleke kakhulu kumalaser anamandla amakhulu. Nokho, ukusetshenziswa okungokoqobo kwengilazi ye-laser ye-ytterbium kuvame ukuncika osizweni lwe-neodymium, njengokusebenzisa i-Nd3+njengesensitizer ukwenza ingilazi ye-ytterbium laser isebenze ekamelweni lokushisa futhi μ Ukukhishwa kwe-Laser kufinyelelwa ku-m wavelength. Ngakho, i-ytterbium ne-neodymium zombili izimbangi kanye nozakwethu abasebenzisanayo emkhakheni wengilazi ye-laser.
Ngokulungisa ukwakheka kwengilazi, izakhiwo eziningi ze-luminescent zengilazi ye-ytterbium laser zingathuthukiswa. Ngokuthuthukiswa kwama-lasers anamandla amakhulu njengesiqondiso esiyinhloko, ama-laser enziwe ngengilazi ye-ytterbium laser asetshenziswa kabanzi embonini yesimanje, ezolimo, ezokwelapha, ucwaningo lwesayensi, kanye nezicelo zezempi.
Ukusetshenziswa kwezempi: Ukusebenzisa amandla akhiqizwa ukuhlanganiswa kwenuzi njengoba amandla bekulokhu kuwumgomo olindelekile, futhi ukuzuza ukuhlanganiswa kwezikhali zenuzi okulawulwayo kuzoba yindlela ebalulekile esintwini yokuxazulula izinkinga zamandla. I-Ytterbium doped laser glass isiba into ekhethwayo yokuzuza ukuthuthukiswa kwe-inertial confinement fusion (ICF) ekhulwini lama-21 ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo okuhle kwe-laser.
Izikhali ze-laser zisebenzisa amandla amakhulu we-laser beam ukuze zishaye futhi zicekele phansi okuqondiwe, zikhiqize amazinga okushisa ezigidigidi zamadigri Celsius futhi zihlasele ngokuqondile ngesivinini sokukhanya. Angabizwa ngokuthi ama-Nadana futhi anobungozi obukhulu, ikakhulukazi alungele izinhlelo zesimanje zezikhali zokuvikela umoya empini. Ukusebenza okuhle kakhulu kwengilazi ye-laser ene-ytterbium kuyenze yaba into ebalulekile eyisisekelo yokukhiqiza izikhali ze-laser ezinamandla kakhulu nezisebenza kakhulu.
I-fiber laser ubuchwepheshe obusha obukhula ngokushesha futhi iyingxenye yezicelo zengilazi ye-laser. I-fiber laser iyi-laser esebenzisa i-fiber njenge-laser medium, okuwumkhiqizo wenhlanganisela ye-fiber kanye nobuchwepheshe be-laser. Iwubuchwepheshe obusha be-laser obuthuthukiswe ngesisekelo sobuchwepheshe be-erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA). I-fiber laser yakhiwe nge-semiconductor laser diode njengomthombo wepompo, i-fiber optic waveguide kanye ne-gain medium, nezinto ezibonakalayo ezifana ne-grating fibers nama-couplers. Akudingi ukulungiswa komshini wendlela ye-optical, futhi umshini uhlangene futhi kulula ukuwuhlanganisa. Uma kuqhathaniswa namalaser endabuko e-solid-state kanye nama-lasemiconductor lasers, inezinzuzo zobuchwepheshe nokusebenza njengekhwalithi ephezulu ye-beam, ukuzinza okuhle, ukumelana okuqinile nokuphazanyiswa kwemvelo, akukho ukulungisa, akukho ukulungiswa, kanye nesakhiwo esihlangene. Ngenxa yokuthi ama-ion ane-doped ikakhulukazi i-Nd+3, Yb+3, Er+3, Tm+3, Ho+3, wonke asebenzisa imicu engavamile yomhlaba njengemithombo yezindaba, i-fiber laser eyakhiwe inkampani ingakwazi futhi. ibizwa ngokuthi i-rare earth fiber laser.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-laser: I-ytterbium yamandla aphezulu e-doped double clad fiber laser isiphenduke inkundla eshisayo kubuchwepheshe be-laser yesifunda esiqinile emhlabeni wonke eminyakeni yamuva. Inezinzuzo zekhwalithi enhle yensimbi, ukwakheka okuhlangene, nokusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa okuphezulu, futhi inamathemba abanzi okusebenza ekucutshungulweni kwezimboni neminye imikhakha. Amafayibha afakwe kabili e-ytterbium doped afanele ukumpompa nge-laser ye-semiconductor, enekhono eliphezulu lokuhlangana namandla aphezulu okukhipha i-laser, futhi ayindlela yokuthuthukiswa eyinhloko ye-ytterbium doped fibers. Ubuchwepheshe befayibha ye-ytterbium doped fiber yaseChina abusalingani nezinga elithuthukisiwe lamazwe angaphandle. I-ytterbium doped fiber, i-double clad ytterbium doped fiber, kanye ne-erbium ytterbium co doped fiber eyakhiwe e-China isifinyelele izinga elithuthukisiwe lemikhiqizo yangaphandle efanayo ngokusebenza nokuthembeka, inezinzuzo zezindleko, futhi inobuchwepheshe obunelungelo lobunikazi obuyinhloko bemikhiqizo nezindlela eziningi. .
Inkampani yaseJalimane i-IPG laser edume umhlaba wonke isanda kumemezela ukuthi uhlelo lwayo olusanda kwethulwa lwe-ytterbium doped fiber laser lunezici ezinhle kakhulu ze-beam, impilo yepompo engaphezu kwamahora angu-50000, ubude be-wavelength obuphakathi obungu-1070nm-1080nm, namandla okukhipha afika ku-20KW. Isetshenziswe ekushiseleleni okuhle, ekusikeni nasekumba amatshe.
Izinto ze-laser ziwumgogodla nesisekelo sokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe be-laser. Sekuhlale kunesisho embonini ye-laser ukuthi 'isizukulwane esisodwa sezinto zokwakha, isizukulwane esisodwa samadivayisi'. Ukuze uthuthukise amadivaysi e-laser athuthukile futhi asebenzayo, kuyadingeka ukuthi uqale ube nezinto zelaser ezisebenza kahle kakhulu futhi uhlanganise obunye ubuchwepheshe obufanele. I-Ytterbium doped laser crystals kanye nengilazi ye-laser, njengamandla amasha ezinto eziqinile ze-laser, akhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kokusha kokuxhumana kwe-fiber optic nobuchwepheshe be-laser, ikakhulukazi kubuchwepheshe be-laser obusezingeni eliphezulu obufana namalaser anamandla amakhulu e-nuclear fusion, isigqi samandla aphezulu. ama-laser amathayili, namalaser ezikhali ezinamandla kakhulu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-ytterbium iphinde isetshenziswe njenge-activator ye-fluorescent powder, i-ceramics yomsakazo, izithasiselo zezingxenye zememori yekhompyutha ye-elekthronikhi (amabhamuza kazibuthe), kanye nezithasiselo zengilazi ezibonakalayo. Kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi i-yttrium ne-yttrium zombili ziyizakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile. Nakuba kunomehluko omkhulu emagameni esiNgisi nezimpawu zezakhi, i-alfabhethi yefonethiki yesiShayina inamalunga afanayo. Kwezinye izinguqulo zesiShayina, i-yttrium ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa ngephutha ngokuthi yttrium. Kulesi simo, sidinga ukulandelela umbhalo wokuqala futhi sihlanganise izimpawu zesici ukuze siqinisekise.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Sep-13-2023