I-terbiumKungokwesigaba somhlaba ongenamkhawulo, ngokuchichima okuphansi kakhulu ekuqothulweni komhlaba nge-1.1 ppm kuphela.Terbium oxideama-akhawunti angaphansi kuka-0.01% womhlaba ophelele ongavamile. Ngisho nase-ytttrium ion hlobo Uhlobo Olukhulu Emhlabeni Olusindayo Emhlabeni ngokuqukethwe okuphezulu kakhulu kwe-terbium, okuqukethwe kwe-terbium kuphela ama-akhawunti we-1.1-1.2% wenani elipheleleUmhlaba ongavamile, okukhombisa ukuthi ingeyosigaba "esihle" seUmhlaba ongavamileizakhi. Iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-100 selokhu ukutholwa kwe-Terbium ngo-1843, ukushoda kwayo kanye nenani kuvimbele ukusetshenziswa kwalo okusebenzayo isikhathi eside. Kuseminyakeni engama-30 edlule kuphelai-terbiumukhombise ithalente lakhe elihlukile.
Ukuthola Umlando
Isazi saseSweden Carl Gustaf Gustaf Molaf, sathola i-terbium ngo-1843. Wathola ukungcola kwawo ngaphakathiytttrium oxidena-Y2O3. Ytttriumiqanjwe ngegama ngemuva komuzi waseSweden. Ngaphambi kokuvela kobuchwepheshe be-Ion Exchange Technology, i-Terbium ayizange ibe yodwa ngesimo sayo esimsulwa.
I-Mossander okokuqala ihlukanisweytttrium oxideEzingxenyeni ezintathu, zonke ziqanjwe ngegama le-ores:ytttrium oxide, I-Erbium Oxide, futhiterbium oxide. Terbium oxideekuqaleni kwakhiwa ingxenye epinki, ngenxa yento manje eyaziwa ngokuthiumphetho. I-Erbium Oxide(kufaka phakathi lokho manje esikubiza nge-terbium) kwasekuqaleni kwakuyingxenye engenabala ngesixazululo. I-insoluble oxide yalesi sakhi ithathwa njengensundu.
Abasebenzi kamuva bakuthola kunzima ukubona amancane angenambala "I-Erbium Oxide", Kepha ingxenye epinki engenangqondo ayinakwa. Impikiswano ngokuba khona kweI-Erbium Oxideuvele kaninginingi. Esikhathini isiphithiphithi, igama langempela labuyiselwa emuva futhi ukushintshana kwamagama kwathuke, ngakho-ke ingxenye epinki yagcina ibishiwo njengesixazululo esine-erbium (kwikhambi, lalipinki). Manje sekukholwe ukuthi abasebenzi abasebenzisa i-sodium bulfofide noma i-potassium sulfate ukususa i-cellium dioxide kusukaytttrium oxideI-Curnal Turni-terbiumku-ortium equkethe ama-precipitates. Owaziwa ngokuthi 'i-terbium', cishe i-1% yoqoboytttrium oxideikhona, kepha lokhu kwanele ukudlulisa umbala ophuzi okhanyayo ukuzeytttrium oxide. Ngakho-ke,i-terbiumkuyingxenye yesibili eyayikuqukethe ekuqaleni, futhi ilawulwa omakhelwane bawo,igadikina-dysprosium.
Ngemuva kwalokho, noma nini lapho okunyeUmhlaba ongavamileizinto zahlukaniswa kule ngxube, kungakhathalekile ukuthi ingxenye ye-oxide, igama le-terbium lagcinwa kuze kube sekupheleni, i-brown oxide yei-terbiumyatholakala ngefomu elihlanzekile. Abaphenyi ngekhulu le-19 abasebenzisanga ubuchwepheshe be-weltraviolet Fluorescence ukubheka ama-nodule aphuzi noma aluhlaza (iii), okwenza kube lula ukuthi i-terbium ibonwa ekuxubeni noma izixazululo eziqinile.
Ukucushwa kwe-elektroni
Isakhiwo se-elekthronikhi:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3D10 4p6 5S2 4D10 5p6 6s2 4F9
Ukuhlelwa kwe-elekthronikhi kwei-terbiumyi- [xe] 6s24f9. Imvamisa, ama-elektroni amathathu kuphela angasuswa ngaphambi kokuthi ishajele yenuzi liba likhulu kakhulu ukuba libe ngaphezulu kwe-Ioned. Kodwa-ke, esimweni sei-terbium, i-semi yagcwelei-terbiumIvumela ukuqhubeka nokuthuthukiswa kwe-elektroni yesine phambi kwe-oxidant eqinile kakhulu efana negesi ye-fluorine.
Insimbi yanama ini
I-terbiumIngabe insimbi emhlophe emhlophe eyinqayizivele yensimbi enomhlambi wezinqola, ubulukhuni, nokuthambiswa okunganqunywa ngommese. Iphoyinti elincibilikayo 1360 ℃, Iphuzu elibilayo 3123 ℃, Density 8229 4kg / M3. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinto zakuqala zaseLanthanide, kuzinzile emoyeni. Into yesishiyagalolunye yezakhi ze-lanthanide, i-terbium, iyinsimbi ekhokhiswe kakhulu ebhekana namanzi ukwakha igesi ye-hydrogen.
Ngokwemvelo,i-terbiumAkukaze kutholakale ukuthi kuyinto yamahhala, ikhona ngamanani amancane ku-phosphorous cerium thorium sand kanye ne-silicon beryllium yttrium ore.I-terbiumI-Coexists nezinye izinto zomhlaba ezingandile esihlabathini Monazite, ngokuqukethwe okungu-0.03% terbium. Eminye imithombo ifaka i-ytttrium phosphate kanye nomhlaba ongavamile wegolide, zombili okuyizingxube ze-oxides eziqukethe kufika ku-1% terbium.
Isicelo
Ukusetshenziswa kwei-terbiumKubandakanya kakhulu amasimu aphezulu wezobuchwepheshe, okuyi-technology eqinile kanye nolwazi amaphrojekthi amakhulu wokusika onqenqemeni, kanye namaphrojekthi anezinzuzo ezibalulekile zezomnotho, ngamathemba akhona okuthuthuka.
Izindawo eziphambili zezicelo zifaka:
(1) kusetshenziswe ngendlela yomhlaba oxubile ongavamile. Isibonelo, isetshenziswa njengomanyolo womhlaba onqabile kanye nokwesetha kwezolimo kwezolimo.
(2) Isishoshovu se-green powder kumapoda amathathu aphambili we-fluorescent. Izinto zesimanje ze-Opoleelectronic zidinga ukusetshenziswa kwemibala emithathu eyisisekelo yama-phosphors, okungukuthi ubomvu, okuluhlaza okotshani, futhi okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, okungasetshenziswa ukuhlanganisa imibala ehlukahlukene. Na-i-terbiumIngxenye ebaluleke kakhulu kumapokisi amaningi aphezulu aphezulu we-fluorescent.
(3) esetshenziswa njengezinto ezibonakalayo ze-magneto optical I-Amorphous Metal Terbium Transition Metal Alloy Amafilimu amancane asetshenziselwe ukukhiqiza ama-magneto aphezulu we-magneto optical disc.
(4) Ukukhiqiza ingilazi ye-magneto ye-magneto. Ingilazi ejikelezayo ye-Faraday equkethe i-terbium iyinto ebalulekile yabakhiqizi abashayeli, ama-isolators, nama-pundatators kubuchwepheshe be-laser.
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Ezolimo kanye nokulimazeka kwezilwane
Umhlaba ongavamilei-terbiumIngathuthukisa ikhwalithi yezilimo futhi yandise izinga le-photosynthesis ebangeni elithile lokuhlushwa. Izakhiwo ze-terbium zinomsebenzi ophakeme ngokwebhayoloji, kanye nezakhiwo zakwaTernary zei-terbium, I-TB (ALA) 3Nenim (Clo4) 3-3H2O, yiba nemiphumela emihle ye-antibacterial kanye ne-bactericidal eStaphylococcus aureus, e-bacillus subtilis, kanye ne-escherhiia Coli, ene-empir-spectrum coli, enezindawo ezibanzi ze-antibacterial. Ukutadisha kwalezi zinto zezakhiwo kunikeza indlela entsha yokucwaninga ngezidakamizwa zanamuhla ze-bactericidal.
Isetshenziswe emkhakheni we-luminescence
Izinto zesimanje ze-Opoleelectronic zidinga ukusetshenziswa kwemibala emithathu eyisisekelo yama-phosphors, okungukuthi ubomvu, okuluhlaza okotshani, futhi okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, okungasetshenziswa ukuhlanganisa imibala ehlukahlukene. Futhi i-Terbium iyingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu kumapoyili amaningi aphezulu aphezulu we-fluorescent. Uma ukuzalwa komhlaba ongavamile umbala we-TV Red Fluorescent Powder uvuse isidingo seytttriumna-indlu yokuhlala yokungenayogugu, khona-ke uhlelo lokusebenza kanye nokwakhiwa kwe-terbium kukhushulwe nguRare Primal Corp Court Corpery Green Fluorescent Powder for Lamps. Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yo-1980, uPhilips wasungula isibani sokuqala se-Fluorescent sokuqala se-Fluorescent futhi wasikhuthaza ngokushesha emhlabeni jikelele. I-TB3 + i-Ion ingakhipha ukukhanya okuluhlaza nge-wavelength ka-545NM, futhi cishe yonke imifino engavamile i-flueres powders isebenzisai-terbium, njengesishoshovu.
I-green fluorescent powder esetshenziselwa imibala ye-TV TV rathode ray cathode (CRTS) ibilokhu ihlala isuselwa kakhulu kwi-zinc sulfide eshibhile futhi esebenza kahle, kepha i-y2sios ilokhu isetshenziswa njengo-y2sio5: i-al, y) 5o12, ne-LOOBR: TB3 +. Ngokuthuthukiswa kwethelevishini enkulu yencazelo ephezulu yesikrini (HDTV), imisindo ephezulu ye-fluorescent ye-CRTS nayo iyakhiwa. Isibonelo, i-hybrid green fluorescent powder yasungulwa phesheya, okubandakanya i-Y3 (Al, GA) 5o12: TB3 +, iLoocL: TBSIO5: TB3 +, onobuhlakani obuhle kakhulu be-luminescence ekwenzeni amandla aphezulu aphezulu.
I-Calcial X-ray Fluorescent Powder yi-calcium tungstate. Ngawo-1970s nango-1980s, imisindo evamile ye-fluorescent yezikrini zokuzwakala yathuthukiswa, njengei-terbium, I-Lanthanum Sulfide Oxide, iTerbium icushiwe i-lanthanum bromide oxide (yezikrini eziluhlaza), kanye ne-terbium aculwe i-yttrium sulfide oxide. Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-calcium tungstate, i-rare emhlabeni fluorescent powder inganciphisa isikhathi se-x-ray irradiation yeziguli ngo-80%, ngcono ukulungiswa kwamafilimu we-x-ray, futhi inciphise ukusetshenziswa kwamashubhu we-x-ray. I-Terbium ibuye isetshenziswe njenge-activider ye-fluorescent powder yezikrini ze-X-ray zokuthuthukisa, ezingathuthukisa kakhulu ukuzwela kokukhanya kwe-x-ray, futhi zinciphisa kakhulu umthamo wokuvezwa kwama-x-ray emzimbeni womuntu (ngaphezulu kwama-50%).
I-terbiumIphinde isetshenziswe njengesishoshovu ku-phosphor e-White LED Phosphor ejabule ngokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kokukhanya okusha kwe-semiconductor. Ingasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza i-Terbium Aluminium Magnero Optical Crystal phosshors, isebenzisa ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okukhipha ama-diodes njengemithombo yokukhanya, kanti ama-fluorescence akhiqizwayo ahlanganiswa nokukhanya okumhlophe ukukhiqiza ukukhanya okumhlophe
Izinto ze-elektroluminescent ezenziwe nge-terbium ikakhulukazi zibandakanya i-zinc sulfide green fluorescent powder ngei-terbiumnjengesishoshovu. Ngaphansi kwe-Ultraviolet irradiation, izakhiwo ze-organic ze-terbium zingakhipha i-fluorescence eluhlaza eqinile futhi zingasetshenziswa njengezinto zokwakha i-electrollinescent emncane. Yize inqubekela phambili ebalulekile yenziwe esifundweni seUmhlaba ongavamileAmafilimu amancane we-organic electroluminescent e-electrolkuminescent, kusekhona igebe elithile kusuka ekusebenzeni, nasekucwaningeni kwama-rare rts arganic tata electrolkuminescent amafilimu namadivayisi asakujula.
Izici ze-fluorescence ze-terbium nazo zisetshenziswa njengoba kungenzeka ama-fluorescence. Ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-Oloxacin Terbium (TB3 +) kuyinkimbinkimbi futhi kufundwa i-deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) kusetshenziswa i-fluorescence kanye ne-absorption spectra, efana ne-fluorescence probe ye-Oloxacin Terbium (TB3 +). Imiphumela ikhombisile ukuthi i-Ofloxacin TB3 + Probe ingakha i-groove ebopha ngama-molecule e-DNA, futhi i-deoxyribonucleic acid ingathuthukisa kakhulu i-fluoxacin TB3 + System. Ngokusekelwe kulolu shintsho, i-deoxyribonucleic acid inganqunywa.
Okwezinto ze-Magneto Optical
Izinto zokwakha ezinomphumela weFaraday, owaziwa nangokuthi izinto ze-Magneto-Optical, zisetshenziswa kabanzi ema-lasers namanye amadivayisi abonakalayo. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili ezivamile zezinto zokwakha i-magneto: Ama-Magneto Optical Crystals kanye ne-Magneto Optical Glass. Phakathi kwazo, amakristalu e-magneto-optical (njenge-ytttrium iron garnet kanye ne-terbium gallium garnet) anezinzuzo zemvamisa eguqukayo yokusebenza kanye nokuqina okuphezulu okushisayo, kepha kuyabiza futhi kunzima ukukhiqiza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amakristalu amaningi we-magneto-optical anama-engeli ajikelezayo aphezulu e-Faraday amunxuse kakhulu ebangeni elifushane legagasi, elikhawulela ukusetshenziswa kwalo. Uma kuqhathaniswa namakristalu e-magneto optical, ingilazi ye-magneto optical inenzuzo yokudlulisela okuphezulu futhi kulula ukwenziwa ngamabhulokhi amakhulu noma imicu. Njengamanje, izingilazi ze-magneto-optical ezinomphumela omkhulu we-faraday ikakhulukazi ziyinto engavamile emhlabeni izibuko ze-ion.
Isetshenziselwe izinto zokugcina ze-magneto
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ngokuthuthuka okusheshayo kwe-multimedia ne-automation yasehhovisi, isidingo sama-disc amasha aphezulu aphezulu kakhulu. I-Amorphous Metal Terbium Transition Metal Alloy Amafilimu amancane asetshenziselwe ukukhiqiza ama-magneto aphezulu we-magneto optical disc. Phakathi kwazo, ifilimu elincanyana le-TBFECO linokusebenza okuhle kakhulu. Izinto zokwenziwa ze-terbium based Magneto-optical zikhiqizwe ngezinga elikhulu, futhi ama-magneto-optical disc ezenziwe kubo asetshenziswa njengezakhi zokugcinwa zekhompyutha, futhi nomthamo wokugcina ukhuphuke ngezikhathi eziyi-10-16. Banezinzuzo zamandla amakhulu kanye nesivinini sokufinyelela esisheshayo, futhi zingasulwa futhi zihlanganiswe amashumi ezinkulungwane zezikhathi lapho zisetshenziselwa ama-des discs aphezulu. Ziyizinto ezibalulekile kubuchwepheshe bokugcina ulwazi nge-elekthronikhi. Izinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ze-magneto-optical kuma-band abonakalayo futhi aseduze angezinhlabezelwe yi-Terbium Gallium gartal (TGG) Crystal eyodwa, okuyinto enhle kakhulu ye-magneto-optical yokwenza ama-fataday rotator kanye nama-isolators.
Nge-Magneto Optical Glass
Ingilazi ye-Faraday Magneto Optical ingilazi esobala kanye ne-isotropy ezifundeni ezibonakalayo nezingezinhlu, futhi ingakha ukwakheka okuhlukahlukene okuyinkimbinkimbi. Kulula ukukhiqiza imikhiqizo enosayizi omkhulu futhi ingadonswa emiculweni ye-optical. Ngakho-ke, inethemba lokusebenzisa elibanzi kuma-Magneto optical amadivayisi afana ne-Magneto Optical Isolators, ama-Magneto Optical Modulators, kanye nezinzwa zamanje ze-Fiber Optic. Ngenxa yesikhashana sayo esikhulu kazibuthe kanye ne-coefficient yayo emnyama ebangeni elibonakalayo nele-infrared, i-TB3 + i-ion iye yasetshenziswa emhlabeni jikelele ama-ions ezindaweni ezibonakalayo ze-magneto.
Terbium dysprosium ferromagnetoostriveve alloy
Ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, ngokujula okuqhubekayo kwe-World Technology Revolution, izinto ezintsha zomhlaba ezingandile zomhlaba zazivela ngokushesha. Ngo-1984, iowa State University, i-Ames Laborary of the US Margen Energy, kanye ne-US Navy Surface Weapons Research Corporation (et Rema) Le nto entsha ehlakaniphile inezimpawu ezinhle kakhulu zokuguqula amandla kagesi ngokushesha abe amandla wemishini. Ama-transfers angaphansi kwamanzi kanye ne-electro-acoustic enziwe ngalezi zinto ezinkulu ze-magnetoostrictive alungiselelwe ngempumelelo emishini yasolwandle, izipikha zokutholwa kahle kwamafutha, izikhulumi zokulawula kanye nokudlidliza nezinhlelo zokuxhumana zasolwandle. Ngakho-ke, lapho nje kuzalwa i-Terbium Dyssprosium Iron Magnetolisayo yokwaziswa, kwathola ukunakwa okubanzi okuvela emazweni athuthukile emhlabeni jikelele. Ubuchwepheshe obuse-Edge e-United States baqala ukukhiqiza ukukhiqiza izinto ezinkulu ze-Dysprosium Iron MagnetoOsjiction ngo-1989 futhi waqamba igama elithi Terfenol D. Kamuva, iSweden, i-Australia ibuye yathuthukisa i-Terbium Dysprosium Iron Giant Persprosium Iron Giant DestSprosium Iron Giant Desysprosium Iron Giant DestSprosium Iron Giant Propetolisayo
Kusuka emlandweni wokuthuthuka kwalokhu okuqukethwe e-United States, kokubili ukusungulwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nezicelo zayo zokuqala zihlobene ngqo nemboni yamasosha (efana neNavy). Yize iminyango yempi yaseChina nezokuvikela iqinisa kancane ukuqonda kwabo lokhu okuqukethwe. Kodwa-ke, ngokuthuthuka okukhulu kwamandla kazwelonke aseChina, isidingo sokuthola isu lokuncintisana ngezeminyaka lama-21 kanye namazinga okuthuthukisa nakanjani aphuthuma kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ukusetshenziswa okwandile kwe-Terbium Dysprosium Iron Giant MagnetoOstrivity izinto ezenziwa yiminyango yezempi kanye nezwe kuzoba yisidingo esingokomlando.
Ngamafuphi, izakhiwo eziningi ezinhle kakhulu zei-terbiumKwenze kube yilungu elisemqoka lezinto eziningi ezisebenzayo kanye nesikhundla esingenakufinyeleleka kwezinye izinkambu zohlelo lokusebenza. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yentengo ephezulu ye-terbium, abantu bebelokhu befunda ukuthi bangakugwema kanjani futhi banciphise ukusetshenziswa kwe-terbium ukuze banciphise izindleko zokukhiqiza. Isibonelo, izinto ezingavamile zomhlaba we-Magneto-Optical kufanele futhi zisebenzise izindleko eziphansiI-Dysprosium IronI-Cobalt noma iGadinium Terbium cobalt ngangokunokwenzeka; Zama ukunciphisa okuqukethwe kwe-terbium ku-green fluorescent powder okumele kusetshenziswe. Intengo isiphenduke isici esibalulekile esivimbela ukusetshenziswa kabanzi kwei-terbium. Kepha izinto eziningi ezisebenzayo azikwazi ukukwenza ngaphandle kwazo, ngakho-ke kufanele sinamathele emgomweni wokuthi "usebenzisa insimbi enhle ebalani" bese uzama ukugcina ukusetshenziswa kwei-terbiumngangokunokwenzeka.
Isikhathi Sokuthumela: Oct-25-2023