I-Magic Rare Earth Element: I-Terbium

I-Terbiumingaphansi kwesigaba semihlaba esindayo eyivelakancane, enenala ephansi kuqweqwe loMhlaba ku-1.1 ppm kuphela.I-Terbium oxidekubalwa ngaphansi kuka-0.01% wengqikithi yomhlaba eyivelakancane. Ngisho ohlotsheni oluphezulu lwe-yttrium ion olusindayo olungavamile olunokuqukethwe okuphezulu kakhulu kwe-terbium, okuqukethwe kwe-terbium kubala kuphela u-1.1-1.2% wengqikithiumhlaba ongavamile, okubonisa ukuthi iyingxenye “yezicukuthwane” zeumhlaba ongavamileizakhi. Eminyakeni engaphezu kweyi-100 selokhu kwatholakala i-terbium ngo-1843, ukushoda kwayo nokubaluleka kwayo kuvimbele ukusetshenziswa kwayo okungokoqobo isikhathi eside. Kungeminyaka engu-30 kuphela edlule laphoi-terbiumikhombise ithalente layo eliyingqayizivele.

Ukuthola Umlando

Usokhemisi waseSweden uCarl Gustaf Mosander wathola i-terbium ngo-1843. Wathola ukungcola kwayoi-yttrium oxidefuthiY2O3. I-Yttriumibizwa ngegama ledolobhana lase-Itby eSweden. Ngaphambi kokuvela kobuchwepheshe bokushintshaniswa kwe-ion, i-terbium ayizange ihlukaniswe ngendlela yayo ehlanzekile.

UMossander waqala wahlukanisai-yttrium oxidezibe izingxenye ezintathu, zonke ziqanjwe ngama-ores:i-yttrium oxide, i-erbium oxide, futhii-terbium oxide. I-Terbium oxideekuqaleni yayakhiwe yingxenye ephinki, ngenxa yesici manje eyaziwa ngokuthii-erbium. I-Erbium oxide(kuhlanganise nalokho manje esikubiza ngokuthi i-terbium) ekuqaleni kwakuyingxenye engenambala yesixazululo. I-insoluble oxide yalesi sakhi ibhekwa njengensundu.

Kamuva izisebenzi zakuthola kunzima ukubona into encane engenambala “i-erbium oxide", kodwa ingxenye epinki encibilikayo ayikwazi ukushaywa indiva. Inkulumompikiswano ngokuba khona kwei-erbium oxidesekuphinde kwavela. Kulezi zinxushunxushu, igama langempela lashintshwa futhi ukushintshaniswa kwamagama kwakubambekile, ngakho ingxenye ebomvana yagcina ibizwa ngokuthi yisixazululo esiqukethe i-erbium (esixazululweni, yayipinki). Manje kukholakala ukuthi abasebenzi abasebenzisa i-sodium disulfide noma i-potassium sulfate ukususa i-cerium dioxide kusukai-yttrium oxidephenduka ungaqondilei-terbiumku-cerium equkethe imvula. Okwamanje eyaziwa ngokuthi 'i-terbium', cishe u-1% woqoboi-yttrium oxidelikhona, kodwa lokhu kwanele ukudlulisa umbala ophuzi okhanyayo kuwoi-yttrium oxide. Ngakho-ke,i-terbiumiyingxenye yesibili ebinayo ekuqaleni, futhi ilawulwa omakhelwane bayo abaseduze,i-gadoliniumfuthii-dysprosium.

Ngemva kwalokho, noma nini omunyeumhlaba ongavamileizakhi zahlukaniswa kule ngxube, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ingakanani ingxenye ye-oxide, igama le-terbium lagcinwa kwaze kwaba sekugcineni, i-brown oxidei-terbiumitholwe isesimweni esihlanzekile. Abacwaningi ekhulwini le-19 abazange basebenzise ubuchwepheshe be-ultraviolet fluorescence ukuze babone amaqhuqhuva aphuzi noma aluhlaza (III), okwenza kube lula ukuthi i-terbium ibonakale ezixubeni eziqinile noma izixazululo.

Ukucushwa kwe-electron

Isakhiwo se-elekthronikhi:

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f9

Ukuhlelwa kwe-elekthronikhi kwei-terbiumyi- [Xe] 6s24f9. Ngokuvamile, ama-electron amathathu kuphela angasuswa ngaphambi kokuba icala lenuzi libe likhulu kakhulu ukuthi lingaphinde lifakwe i-ion. Nokho, endabeni yei-terbium, isemi yagcwalai-terbiumivumela i-ionization eyengeziwe ye-electron yesine phambi kwe-oxidant enamandla kakhulu njengegesi ye-fluorine.

Insimbi

""

I-Terbiumiyinsimbi emhlophe eyisiliva engavamile ene-ductility, ukuqina, nokuthamba okungasikwa ngommese. Iphuzu elincibilikayo 1360 ℃, iphuzu abilayo 3123 ℃, ukuminyana 8229 4kg/m3. Uma iqhathaniswa nezakhi zakuqala ze-lanthanide, izinzile emoyeni. Ingxenye yesishiyagalolunye yezakhi ze-lanthanide, i-terbium, iyinsimbi eshajwe kakhulu esabela emanzini ukuze yakhe igesi ye-hydrogen.

Emvelweni,i-terbiumayikaze itholakale iyisici samahhala, ekhona ngamanani amancane ku-phosphorous cerium thorium sand kanye ne-silicon beryllium yttrium ore.I-Terbiumihlangana nezinye izici zomhlaba eziyivelakancane esihlabathini se-monazite, ngokuqukethwe kwe-terbium ngokuvamile okungu-0.03%. Eminye imithombo ihlanganisa i-yttrium phosphate negolide lomhlaba elingavamile, kokubili okuyingxube yama-oxide aqukethe kufika ku-1% terbium.

Isicelo

Ukusetshenziswa kwei-terbiumikakhulukazi kuhilela izinkambu zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, okungamaphrojekthi asezingeni eliphezulu nolwazi olunzulu ngezobuchwepheshe, kanye namaphrojekthi anezinzuzo ezibalulekile zezomnotho, namathemba entuthuko akhangayo.

Izindawo zokufaka izicelo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

(1) Isetshenziswa ngendlela yomhlaba oxubile ongavamile. Isibonelo, isetshenziswa njengomanyolo ohlanganisa umhlaba ongavamile kanye nesengezo sokudla kwezolimo.

(2) I-activator yempushana eluhlaza kuzimpushana ezintathu eziyinhloko ze-fluorescent. Izinto zesimanje ze-optoelectronic zidinga ukusetshenziswa kwemibala emithathu eyisisekelo yamaphosphor, okubomvu, oluhlaza okotshani, noluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, engasetshenziswa ukuhlanganisa imibala ehlukahlukene. Futhii-terbiumiyingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu kuzimpushana eziningi zekhwalithi ephezulu ze-fluorescent eziluhlaza.

(3) Isetshenziswa njenge-magneto optical storage material. Amafilimu amancane e-amorphous metal terbium transition metal alloy asetshenziswa ukwenza ama-disc optical magneto asebenza kahle kakhulu.

(4) Ukukhiqiza ingilazi ye-magneto optical. Ingilazi ye-Faraday ejikelezayo equkethe i-terbium iyinto ebalulekile yokukhiqiza ama-rotator, ama-isolator, nama-circulator kubuchwepheshe be-laser.

(5) Ukuthuthukiswa nokuthuthukiswa kwe-terbium dysprosium ferromagnetostrictive alloy (TerFenol) kuvule izicelo ezintsha ze-terbium.

Ezolimo kanye nokufuywa kwezilwane

Umhlaba ongavamilei-terbiumingathuthukisa ikhwalithi yezitshalo futhi ikhulise izinga le-photosynthesis phakathi kwebanga elithile lokuhlushwa. Ama-complexes e-terbium anomsebenzi ophezulu wezinto eziphilayo, kanye ne-ternary complexesi-terbium, Tb (Ala) 3BenIm (ClO4) 3-3H2O, inemiphumela emihle yokulwa namagciwane kanye ne-bactericidal ku-Staphylococcus aureus, i-Bacillus subtilis, ne-Escherichia coli, enezici zokulwa namagciwane ezibanzi. Ucwaningo lwalezi zinkimbinkimbi lunikeza isiqondiso esisha socwaningo lwemithi yesimanje ebulala amagciwane.

Isetshenziswa emkhakheni we-luminescence

Izinto zesimanje ze-optoelectronic zidinga ukusetshenziswa kwemibala emithathu eyisisekelo yamaphosphor, okubomvu, oluhlaza okotshani, noluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, engasetshenziswa ukuhlanganisa imibala ehlukahlukene. Futhi i-terbium iyingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu kuzimpushana eziningi eziluhlaza ze-fluorescent zekhwalithi ephezulu. Uma ukuzalwa kombala womhlaba ongavamile we-TV obomvu we-fluorescent powder kuye kwavuselela isidingoi-yttriumfuthieuropium, khona-ke ukusetshenziswa nokuthuthukiswa kwe-terbium kuthuthukiswe umhlaba ongavamile ngombala wesithathu oyimpuphu ye-fluorescent eluhlaza yezibani. Ekuqaleni kwawo-1980, u-Philips wasungula isibani se-fluorescent sokuqala esihlangene emhlabeni wonke futhi wasikhuthaza ngokushesha emhlabeni jikelele. I-Tb3+ion ingakhipha ukukhanya okuluhlaza ngobude begagasi obungu-545nm, futhi cishe zonke izimpushana ze-fluorescent eziluhlaza ezingavamile zisetshenziswa.i-terbium, njengesiqalisi.

Impushana eluhlaza ye-fluorescent esetshenziselwa amashubhu e-TV cathode ray (CRTs) ibilokhu isekelwe ikakhulukazi ku-zinc sulfide eshibhile futhi ephumelelayo, kodwa i-terbium powder ibilokhu isetshenziswa njengombala wokuqagela we-TV powder eluhlaza, njenge-Y2SiO5: Tb3+, Y3 (Al, Ga) 5O12: Tb3+, kanye ne-LaOBr: Tb3+. Ngokuthuthukiswa kwethelevishini enkulu enencazelo ephezulu (i-HDTV), izimpushana ze-fluorescent eziluhlaza ezisebenza kahle kakhulu zama-CRT nazo ziyathuthukiswa. Isibonelo, i-hybrid green fluorescent powder iye yathuthukiswa phesheya, ehlanganisa i-Y3 (Al, Ga) 5O12: Tb3+, LaOCl: Tb3+, kanye ne-Y2SiO5: Tb3+, enekhono elihle kakhulu lokukhanya ekumineni okuphezulu kwamanje.

I-X-ray fluorescent powder yendabuko i-calcium tungstate. Ngawo-1970 kanye nawo-1980s, izimpushana ze-fluorescent zomhlaba ezingavamile zezikrini zokuzwela zathuthukiswa, njengei-terbium,i-lanthanum sulfide oxide evuliwe, i-terbium yenziwe yasebenza i-lanthanum bromide oxide (yezikrini eziluhlaza), kanye ne-terbium ecushiwe i-yttrium sulfide oxide. Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-calcium tungstate, i-powder fluorescent yomhlaba engavamile inganciphisa isikhathi se-X-ray irradiation ezigulini ngo-80%, ithuthukise ukuxazululwa kwamafilimu e-X-ray, yandise isikhathi sokuphila kwamashubhu e-X-ray, futhi inciphise ukusetshenziswa kwamandla. I-Terbium iphinde isetshenziswe njenge-fluorescent powder activator yezikrini zokuthuthukisa i-X-ray yezokwelapha, ezingathuthukisa kakhulu ukuzwela kokuguqulwa kwe-X-ray zibe izithombe ezibonakalayo, ukuthuthukisa ukucaca kwamafilimu e-X-ray, futhi kunciphise kakhulu umthamo wokuchayeka we-X- imisebe emzimbeni womuntu (ngaphezu kwama-50%).

I-Terbiumibuye isetshenziswe njengesishoshovu ku-phosphor emhlophe ye-LED ejatshuliswe ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ukukhanyisa okusha kwe-semiconductor. Ingasetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza i-terbium aluminium magneto optical crystal phosphors, isebenzisa ama-diode akhipha ukukhanya okuluhlaza njengemithombo yokukhanya evusa amadlingozi, futhi i-fluorescence ekhiqiziwe ixubene nesibani esivusa amadlingozi ukukhiqiza ukukhanya okumhlophe okumsulwa.

Izinto ze-electroluminescent ezenziwe nge-terbium ikakhulukazi zihlanganisa i-zinc sulfide green fluorescent powderi-terbiumnjenge-activator. Ngaphansi kwemisebe ye-ultraviolet, ama-organic complexes e-terbium angakhipha i-fluorescence eluhlaza okuqinile futhi angasetshenziswa njengezinto zefilimu ezacile ze-electroluminescent. Nakuba inqubekelaphambili ebalulekile yenziwe ocwaningweni lweumhlaba ongavamilei-organic complex complex electroluminescent amafilimu amancane, kusekhona igebe elithile kusuka ekusebenzeni, futhi ucwaningo lwamafilimu namadivayisi amancane we-organic complex e-organic complex zisajulile.

Izici ze-fluorescence ze-terbium nazo zisetshenziswa njengama-fluorescence probes. Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwe-ofloxacin terbium (Tb3+) eyinkimbinkimbi ne-deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) kwahlolisiswa kusetshenziswa i-fluorescence kanye ne-spectra yokumuncwa, njenge-fluorescence probe ye-ofloxacin terbium (Tb3+). Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi i-ofloxacin Tb3+probe ingakha inkatho ebopha ama-molecule e-DNA, futhi i-deoxyribonucleic acid ingathuthukisa kakhulu i-fluorescence yohlelo lwe-ofloxacin Tb3+. Ngokusekelwe kulolu shintsho, i-deoxyribonucleic acid inganqunywa.

Okwezinto ezibonakalayo ze-magneto

Izinto ezinomphumela we-Faraday, ezaziwa nangokuthi izinto ze-magneto-optical, zisetshenziswa kakhulu kumalaser nakwamanye amadivaysi okubona. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili ezivamile ze-magneto optical materials: i-magneto optical crystals ne-magneto optical glass. Phakathi kwazo, amakristalu e-magneto-optical (afana ne-yttrium iron garnet kanye ne-terbium gallium garnet) anezinzuzo zemvamisa yokusebenza eguquguqukayo kanye nokuzinza okuphezulu kokushisa, kodwa kuyabiza futhi kunzima ukuwenza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amakristalu amaningi e-magneto-optical anama-engeli aphezulu e-Faraday anokumuncwa okuphezulu ebangeni lamagagasi amafushane, akhawulela ukusetshenziswa kwawo. Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-magneto optical crystals, ingilazi ye-magneto optical inenzuzo yokudlulisa okuphezulu futhi kulula ukwenziwa ibe amabhulokhi amakhulu noma imicu. Njengamanje, izingilazi ze-magneto-optical ezinomphumela ophezulu we-Faraday ziyizibuko ezingavamile ze-ion yomhlaba.

Isetshenziselwa i-magneto optical storage materials

Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ngokuthuthuka okusheshayo kwe-multimedia kanye ne-automation yehhovisi, isidingo samadiski kazibuthe amasha asezingeni eliphezulu siye sanda. Amafilimu amancane e-amorphous metal terbium transition metal alloy asetshenziswa ukwenza ama-disc optical magneto asebenza kahle kakhulu. Phakathi kwazo, ifilimu encane ye-TbFeCo alloy inokusebenza okuhle kakhulu. I-Terbium esekelwe ku-magneto-optical materials iye yakhiqizwa ngezinga elikhulu, futhi ama-discs we-magneto-optical enziwe kuwo asetshenziswa njengezingxenye zokugcina zekhompyutha, amandla okugcina akhuphuka izikhathi ezingu-10-15. Zinezinzuzo zomthamo omkhulu kanye nesivinini sokufinyelela ngokushesha, futhi zingasulwa futhi zimbozwe amashumi ezinkulungwane zezikhathi lapho zisetshenziselwa amadiski optical aphezulu. Ziyizinto ezibalulekile kubuchwepheshe bokugcina ulwazi lwe-elekthronikhi. Into esetshenziswa kakhulu kazibuthe-optical kumabhendi abonakalayo naseduze kwe-infrared i-Terbium Gallium Garnet (TGG) ikristalu eyodwa, okuyi-magneto-optical material engcono kakhulu yokwenza ama-rotator e-Faraday nama-isolator.

Ngengilazi ye-magneto optical

Ingilazi ye-Faraday magneto optical inokukhanya okuhle kanye ne-isotropy ezindaweni ezibonakalayo ne-infrared, futhi ingakha izimo ezihlukahlukene eziyinkimbinkimbi. Kulula ukukhiqiza imikhiqizo yosayizi omkhulu futhi ingadonselwa kuma-optical fibers. Ngakho-ke, inamathemba okusebenza abanzi kumadivayisi we-magneto optical afana ne-magneto optical isolator, i-magneto optical modulators, kanye nezinzwa zamanje ze-fiber optic. Ngenxa yesikhathi sawo esikhulu sikazibuthe kanye ne-coefficient encane yokumunca ebangeni elibonakalayo ne-infrared, ama-Tb3+ion asetshenziswa kakhulu ama-ion omhlaba ayivelakancane ezingilazini ze-magneto optical.

I-Terbium dysprosium ferromagnetostrictive alloy

Ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, ngokujula okuqhubekayo kwenguquko yezobuchwepheshe yomhlaba, izinto ezintsha zokusetshenziswa komhlaba ezingavamile zazivela ngokushesha. Ngo-1984, i-Iowa State University, i-Ames Laboratory yoMnyango Wezamandla wase-US, kanye ne-US Navy Surface Weapons Research Center (lapho kwaphuma khona izisebenzi eziphambili ze-Edge Technology Corporation (ET REMA) eyasungulwa kamuva) zasebenzisana ukuze kwakhiwe entsha engavamile. izinto ezihlakaniphile zomhlaba, okuyi-terbium dysprosium ferromagnetic magnetostrictive material. Le nto entsha ehlakaniphile inezici ezinhle kakhulu zokuguqula ngokushesha amandla kagesi abe amandla emishini. Ama-transducer angaphansi kwamanzi kanye ne-electro-acoustic enziwe ngale nto enkulukazikazibuthe amiswe ngempumelelo emishinini yasolwandle, izipikha zokuthola umthombo kawoyela, amasistimu omsindo nokudlidliza, kanye nokuhlola ulwandle kanye nezinhlelo zokuxhumana ezingaphansi komhlaba. Ngakho-ke, ngokushesha nje lapho kuzalwa i-terbium dysprosium iron giant magnetostrictive material, yathola ukunakwa okusabalele okuvela emazweni anezimboni emhlabeni jikelele. I-Edge Technologies e-United States yaqala ukukhiqiza i-terbium dysprosium iron giant magnetostrictive materials ngo-1989 futhi yaziqamba ngokuthi i-Terfenol D. Ngokulandelayo, i-Sweden, i-Japan, i-Russia, i-United Kingdom, ne-Australia nazo zakha i-terbium dysprosium iron giant magnetostrictive materials.

Kusukela emlandweni wokuthuthukiswa kwalokhu okubalulekile e-United States, kokubili ukusungulwa kwezinto kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo kwasekuqaleni kwe-monopolistic kuhlobene ngokuqondile nemboni yezempi (efana ne-navy). Nakuba iminyango yezempi neyokuvikela yaseChina iqinisa kancane kancane ukuqonda kwayo ngale ndaba. Kodwa-ke, ngokuthuthukiswa okuphawulekayo kwamandla kazwelonke aseShayina aphelele, isidingo sokuzuza isu lokuncintisana lamasosha lekhulunyaka lama-21 kanye nokuthuthukisa amazinga emishini nakanjani sizophuthuma kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ukusetshenziswa kabanzi kwe-terbium dysprosium iron giant magnetostrictive materials yiminyango yezempi neyezokuvikela kazwelonke kuyoba yisidingo somlando.

Kafushane, izici eziningi ezinhle kakhulu zei-terbiumikwenze kube yilungu elibalulekile lezinto eziningi zokusebenza kanye nesikhundla esingenakushintshwa kwezinye izinkambu zohlelo lokusebenza. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yentengo ephezulu ye-terbium, abantu bebefunda ukuthi bangagwema kanjani futhi banciphise ukusetshenziswa kwe-terbium ukuze behlise izindleko zokukhiqiza. Isibonelo, izinto ezingavamile ze-magneto-optical zomhlaba kufanele futhi zisebenzise izindleko eziphansii-dysprosium ironi-cobalt noma i-gadolinium terbium cobalt ngangokunokwenzeka; Zama ukunciphisa okuqukethwe kwe-terbium kumpushana ye-fluorescent eluhlaza okufanele isetshenziswe. Intengo isibe yisici esibalulekile esikhawulela ukusetshenziswa okusabalele kwei-terbium. Kodwa izinto eziningi ezisebenzayo azikwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kwayo, ngakho-ke kufanele sihambisane nesimiso "sokusebenzisa insimbi enhle ku-blade" futhi sizame ukusindisa ukusetshenziswai-terbiumngangokunokwenzeka.

 


Isikhathi sokuthumela: Oct-25-2023