I-Lanthanum zirconate(ifomula yamakhemikhali i-La₂Zr₂O₇) i-ceramic ye-oxide eyivelakancane eye yadonsa ukunaka okukhulayo ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo ezishisayo ezishisayo namakhemikhali. Le powder emhlophe, ephikisayo (i-CAS No. 12031-48-0, MW 572.25) ayinamakhemikhali futhi ayincibiliki emanzini noma e-asidi. Isakhiwo sayo sekristalu esizinzile se-pyrochlore nendawo yokuncibilika ephezulu (engaba ngu-2680 °C) kuyenza ibe isivikeli esishisayo esivelele. Eqinisweni, i-lanthanum zirconate isetshenziswa kakhulu ukuvikela ukushisa ngisho nokuvala umsindo, njengoba kuphawulwe abahlinzeki bezinto zokwakha. Inhlanganisela yayo ye-thermal conductivity ephansi kanye nokuzinza kwesakhiwo nakho kuyasiza kuma-catalysts nezinto ze-fluorescent (photoluminescent), okubonisa ukusebenzisana kwezinto ezihlukahlukene.
Namuhla, intshisekelo ku-lanthanum zirconate iyanda emasimini asezingeni eliphezulu. Ekusetshenzisweni kwe-aerospace namandla, isibonelo, le-ceramic ethuthukisiwe ingasiza ekudaleni izinjini ezilula, ezisebenza kahle kakhulu nama-turbines. Ukusebenza kwayo okuhle kakhulu kwe-thermal-barrier kusho ukuthi izinjini zingasebenza zishise ngaphandle kokulimala, zithuthukise ukusebenza kahle kukaphethiloli futhi zinciphise nekhabhoni. Lezi zici futhi zihambisana nezinjongo zokusimama komhlaba jikelele: ukufakwa kwezinto ezingcono kanye nezingxenye ezihlala isikhathi eside kunganqamula ukumosheka kwamandla futhi kunciphise ukuphuma kwegesi ebamba ukushisa ekuphehleni ugesi nasekuthuthweni. Ngamafuphi, i-lanthanum zirconate isesimweni esihle njengezinto eziluhlaza zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu ezihlanganisa i-ceramics ethuthukisiwe nge-clean-energy emisha.
Isakhiwo Sekristalu Nezakhiwo Eziyinhloko
I-Lanthanum zirconate ingeyomndeni we-zirconate ongavamile emhlabeni, enesakhiwo se-pyrochlore esijwayelekile "A₂B₂O₇" (A = La, B = Zr). Lolu hlaka lwekristalu luzinzile ngokwemvelo: I-LZO ayibonisi ukuguqulwa kwesigaba ukusuka kuzinga lokushisa legumbi ukuya endaweni yalo yokuncibilika. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ayiqhekeki noma ayishintshi isakhiwo ngaphansi komjikelezo wokushisa, ngokungafani nezinye izitsha zobumba. Iphuzu layo lokuncibilika liphezulu kakhulu (~2680 °C), okubonisa ukuqina kwayo okushisayo.
Izici ezibalulekile zomzimba nezishisayo ze-La₂Zr₂O₇ zifaka:
● I-thermal conductivity ephansi:I-LZO yenza ukushisa kabi kakhulu. I-La₂Zr₂O₇ Eminyene inokushintshwa okushisayo okungaba ngu-1.5–1.8 W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹ kuphela ku-1000 °C. Ngokuqhathanisa, i-zirconia evamile ye-yttria-stabilized (YSZ) iphakeme kakhulu. Le conductivity ephansi ibalulekile kuma-thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) avikela izingxenye zenjini.
● Ukwanda kwe-thermal ephezulu (CTE):I-coefficient yayo yokunwetshwa kwe-thermal (~11×10⁻⁶ /K ku-1000 °C) inkulu uma kuqhathaniswa. Nakuba i-CTE ephezulu ingabangela ukucindezeleka okungafani nezingxenye zensimbi, ubunjiniyela obuqaphile (umklamo wejazi lebhondi) bungakwamukela lokhu.
● Ukumelana ne-Sintering:I-LZO imelana nokuminyana emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. Lokhu "ukumelana ne-sintering" kusiza i-coating igcine i-microstructure ene-porous, ebalulekile ekushiseni okushisayo.
● Ukuzinza kwamakhemikhali:I-Lanthanum zirconate ayisebenzi ngamakhemikhali futhi ikhombisa ukumelana ne-oxidation esezingeni eliphezulu lokushisa eliphezulu. Ayiphenduli noma ibole kalula ezindaweni ezinokhahlo, futhi i-lanthanum yayo ezinzile kanye ne-zirconium oxides ayinabungozi ngokwemvelo.
● Ukuphazamiseka komoyampilo okuphansi:Ngokungafani ne-YSZ, i-LZO ine-oxygen ion diffusivity ephansi. Ku-thermal barrier coating, lokhu kusiza ukunciphisa i-oxidation yensimbi engaphansi, kunwebe impilo yengxenye.
Lezi zakhiwo zenza i-lanthanum zirconate i-ceramic evikela ukushisa engavamile. Eqinisweni, abacwaningi bagqamisa ukuthi i-LZO "i-thermal conductivity ephansi kakhulu (1.5–1.8 W/m·K ku-1000 °C yezinto eziminyene ngokugcwele)" iyinzuzo eyinhloko yezicelo ze-TBC. Ezimbotsheni ezingokoqobo, i-porosity inganciphisa ukuqhutshwa kwe-conductivity ngisho nangaphezulu (ngezinye izikhathi ngaphansi kwe-1 W/m·K).
Amafomu Okuhlanganisa kanye Nezinto ezibonakalayo
I-Lanthanum zirconate ngokuvamile ilungiswa ngokuxuba i-lanthanum oxide (La₂O₃) ne-zirconia (ZrO₂) emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. Izindlela ezijwayelekile zifaka ukusabela kombuso oqinile, ukucutshungulwa kwe-sol-gel, kanye nemvula ehambisanayo. Kuye ngenqubo, i-powder ephumela ingenziwa ibe yinhle kakhulu (i-nano- to micron-scale) noma i-granulated. Abakhiqizi abafana ne-EpoMaterial banikela ngosayizi bezinhlayiya ngokwezifiso: ukusuka kumpushana we-nanometer ukuya kuma-submicron noma izinhlayiya ezinamaqabunga, ngisho nokuma okuyindilinga. Ukuhlanzeka kubalulekile ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ezisebenza kahle; I-LZO yokuhweba itholakala ku-99.5-99.99% ubumsulwa.
Ngenxa yokuthi i-LZO izinzile, impushana eluhlaza kulula ukuyiphatha. Kubonakala njengothuli olumhlophe olucolekile (njengoba lubonakala esithombeni somkhiqizo ngezansi). I-powder igcinwa yomile futhi ivalwe ukuze ivimbele noma yikuphi ukutholakala komswakama, nakuba ingancibiliki emanzini nama-acids. Lezi zakhiwo zokubamba zikwenza kube lula ukusetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni izitsha ze-ceramic ezithuthukisiwe kanye nama-coatings ngaphandle kwezingozi ezikhethekile.
Isibonelo Sefomu Lezinto Ezibalulekile: I-EpoMaterial's high-purity Lanthanum Zirconate (CAS 12031-48-0) inikezwa njengempushana emhlophe eyenzelwe izicelo zesifutho esishisayo. Ingashintshwa noma ifakwe namanye ama-ion ukuze ishune izakhiwo.
I-Lanthanum zirconate (La2Zr2O7, LZO) iwuhlobo lwezirconate engavamile emhlabeni, futhi isetshenziswa kabanzi emikhakheni eminingi njengokwahlukanisa ukushisa, ukwahlukanisa umsindo, i-catalyst material, nezinto ze-fluorescent.
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Izicelo ku-Plasma Spray kanye ne-Thermal Barrier Coatings
Okunye okubaluleke kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwe-lanthanum zirconate kufana nejazi eliphezulu kuma-thermal barrier coatings (TBCs). Ama-TBC angamaleya amaningi e-ceramic asetshenziswa ezingxenyeni zenjini ezibalulekile (njengama-turbine blades) ukuze azivikele ekushiseni okukhulu. Isistimu ye-TBC evamile inejazi lebhondi lensimbi kanye nejazi le-ceramic, elingafakwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene ezifana ne-air plasma spray (APS) noma i-electron-beam PVD.
I-Lanthanum zirconate i-thermal conductivity ephansi kanye nokuzinza kuyenza ikhandidethi eliqinile le-TBC. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezingubo ezivamile ze-YSZ, i-LZO ingakwazi ukumelana namazinga okushisa aphezulu ngokugeleza kokushisa okuncane ensimbi. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, izifundo eziningi zibiza i-lanthanum zirconate "into ethembisayo yekhandidethi yezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-TBC" ngenxa yokushisa kwayo okuphansi kanye nokuzinza okuphezulu kokushisa. Ngamagama acacile, i-lanthanum zirconate coating igcina amagesi ashisayo ngaphandle futhi ivikela isakhiwo esingaphansi ngisho nangaphansi kwezimo ezimbi kakhulu.
Inqubo ye-spray ye-plasma ifaneleka ngokukhethekile i-La₂Zr₂O₇. Ekufuthweni kwe-plasma, i-LZO powder ishiswa kujethi ye-plasma futhi iqhubekele phezulu ukuze yakhe ungqimba lwe-ceramic. Le ndlela idala i-lamellar, i-microstructure enezimbotshana ethuthukisa ukufakwa. Ngokusho kwezincwadi zomkhiqizo, i-high-purity LZO powder ihloselwe ngokucacile "i-plasma thermal spraying (i-thermal barrier coating)". Ukunamathela okuwumphumela kungenziwa ngendlela efanele (isb. nge-porosity elawulwayo noma i-doping) ngezidingo ezithile zenjini noma ze-aerospace.
Indlela ama-TBC athuthukisa ngayo amasistimu we-aerospace namandla: Ngokusebenzisa okokunamathela okusekelwe ku-LZO ezingxenyeni zenjini, izinjini zezindiza nezinjini zegesi zingasebenza ngokuphephile emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. Lokhu kuholela ekushiseni okuphumelelayo nokuphuma kwamandla. Empeleni, onjiniyela bathole ukuthi ama-TBC “agcina ukufudumala ngaphakathi kwegumbi elivuthayo” futhi athuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokushisa kuyilapho enciphisa nesisi esikhishwayo. Ngamanye amazwi, i-lanthanum zirconate coatings isiza ukugcina ukushisa lapho kudingeka khona (ngaphakathi kwegumbi) futhi ivimbele ukulahlekelwa ukushisa, ngakho izinjini zisebenzisa uphethiloli ngokuphelele. Lokhu kusebenzisana phakathi kokwahlukanisa okungcono nokushiswa okuhlanzekile kusekela ukubaluleka kwe-LZO ekuhlanzeni amandla nokusimama.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqina kwe-LZO kwandisa izikhawu zokulungisa. Ukumelana kwayo ne-sintering kanye ne-oxidation kusho ukuthi ungqimba lwe-ceramic luhlala luqinile emijikelezweni eminingi yokushisa. Ngakho-ke, i-lanthanum zirconate TBC eklanywe kahle inganciphisa ukukhishwa komjikelezo wempilo yonke ngokunciphisa ukushintshwa kwezingxenye kanye nesikhathi sokuphumula. Kafushane, izimbotshana ze-LZO ezifafazwe nge-plasma ziwubuchwepheshe obunika amandla obukhiye besizukulwane esilandelayo sezinjini ezisebenza kahle kakhulu nezinjini ze-aero.
Ezinye Izicelo Zezimboni
Ngale kwama-TBC afafazwe nge-plasma, izakhiwo eziyingqayizivele ze-lanthanum zirconate zithola ukusetshenziswa kuma-ceramics athuthukisiwe ahlukahlukene:
● I-Heat and Sound Insulation: Njengoba kuphawulwe abakhiqizi, i-LZO isetshenziswa ezintweni ezivamile zokugqumisa. Isibonelo, i-lanthanum zirconate ceramics enezimbotshana ingavimba ukugeleza kokushisa kuyilapho iphinde inciphise umsindo. Lawa maphaneli avikelayo noma amafayibha angasetshenziswa kuma-linings noma izinto zokwakha lapho kudingeka khona ukufakwa kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu.
● I-Catalysis: I-Lanthanum oxides yizici ezaziwayo (isb. ekucwengisweni noma ekulawuleni ukungcola), futhi isakhiwo se-LZO singasingatha izici ze-catalytic. Empeleni, i-LZO ingasetshenziswa njengesisekelo noma ingxenye yama-catalysts ekuphenduleni kwesigaba segesi. Ukuzinza kwayo ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu kuyenza ithandeke ezinqubweni ezifana nokuguqulwa kwe-syngas noma ukwelashwa kokukhipha umoya wezimoto, nakuba izibonelo ezithile zama-catalysts we-La₂Zr₂O₇ zisavela ocwaningweni.
● Izinto ezisetshenziswayo ze-Optical and Fluorescent: Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi i-lanthanum zirconate ingafakwa ngama-ion angavamile emhlabeni ukuze kwakheka ama-phosphor noma ama-scintillator. Igama lale nto livela ngisho nasezincazelweni zezinto ze-fluorescent. Isibonelo, i-doping LZO ene-cerium noma i-europium ingaveza amakristalu e-luminescent amelana nokushisa okuphezulu okukhanyisa noma ukubonisa ubuchwepheshe. Amandla ayo ephonon aphansi (ngenxa yamabhondi e-oxide) angayenza ibe usizo ku-infrared noma ku-scintillation optics.
● I-Electronics Ethuthukisiwe: Kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezikhethekile, amafilimu e-lanthanum zirconate abhekwa njengama-insulators aphansi-k (low dielectric) noma imigoqo yokusabalalisa kuma-microelectronic. Ukuzinza kwayo kuma-oxidizing atmosphere kanye nama-voltage aphezulu (ngenxa ye-bandgap ephezulu) kungase kunikeze izinzuzo ngaphezu kwama-oxide avamile ezindaweni ze-elekthronikhi ezinokhahlo.
● Amathuluzi Okusika Nezingxenye Zokugqoka: Nakuba kungavamile, ukuqina kwe-LZO nokumelana nokushisa kusho ukuthi ingasetshenziswa njengesivikelo esiqinile kumathuluzi, okufana nendlela ezinye izimbobo zobumba ezisetshenziselwa ukumelana nokuguga.
Ukuguquguquka kwe-La₂Zr₂O₇ kuvela ekubeni i-ceramic ehlanganisa ikhemikhali yomhlaba eyivelakancane kanye nokuqina kwe-zirconia. Kuyingxenye yethrendi ebanzi yezitsha zobumba “zezirconate zomhlaba ezingavamile” (njenge-gadolinium zirconate, i-ytterbium zirconate, njll.) eziklanyelwe izindima ze-niche zezinga lokushisa eliphezulu.
Izinzuzo Zemvelo kanye Nempumelelo
I-Lanthanum zirconate ifaka isandla ekuzinzeni ngokuyinhloko ngokusebenzisa ukusebenza kahle kwamandla nokuphila isikhathi eside. Njengesivikelo esishisayo, sivumela imishini ukuthi ifinyelele ukusebenza okufanayo ngophethiloli omncane. Isibonelo, ukumboza i-turbine blade nge-LZO kunganciphisa ukuvuza kokushisa futhi ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukise ukusebenza kahle okuphelele kwenjini. Ukushiswa kukaphethiloli okwehlisiwe kuhumusha ngokuqondile ukwehlisa i-CO₂ kanye nokukhishwa kwe-NOₓ ngeyunithi ngayinye yamandla. Kolunye ucwaningo lwakamuva, ukusebenzisa okokunamathela kwe-LZO enjinini evuthayo yangaphakathi ene-biofuel kuzuze ukusebenza kahle kwamabhuleki okushisayo futhi kwanciphisa kakhulu ukukhishwa kwe-carbon monoxide. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kuyizinhlobo zezinzuzo ezifunwa ekushayeleni izinto zokuthutha ezihlanzekile kanye nezinhlelo zamandla.
I-ceramic ngokwayo i-inert yamakhemikhali, okusho ukuthi ayikhiqizi imikhiqizo eyingozi. Ngokungafani nama-insulators e-organic, ayikhiphi inhlanganisela eguquguqukayo ekushiseni okuphezulu. Eqinisweni, ukuzinza kwayo kumazinga okushisa aphezulu kuyenza ifanelekele amafutha asafufusa kanye nezindawo (isb. ukushiswa kwe-hydrogen). Noma yiziphi izinzuzo ezisebenza kahle ezihlinzekwa yi-LZO kuma-turbine noma amajeneretha zikhulisa izinzuzo zokuzinza zamafutha ahlanzekile.
Ukuphila isikhathi eside nokuncishiswa kwemfucuza: Ukumelana kwe-LZO nokuwohloka (ukumelana ne-sintering kanye ne-oxidation) nakho kusho ukuphila okude kwezingxenye ezimboziwe. I-turbine blade enejazi eliphezulu le-LZO eliqinile lingase lihlale lisebenza isikhathi eside kunelingamboziwe, linciphise isidingo sokushintshwa futhi ngaleyo ndlela yonge izinto zokwakha namandla ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lokhu kuqina kuyinzuzo yemvelo engaqondile, njengoba ukukhiqiza kancane kuyadingeka.
Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukucabangela isici se-rare-earth element. I-Lanthanum iwumhlaba ongavamile, futhi njengazo zonke izakhi ezinjalo, ukumba nokulahlwa kwawo kuphakamisa imibuzo yokusimama. Uma kungalawulwa ngendlela efanele, ukukhishwa komhlaba okungavamile kungabangela ukulimala kwemvelo. Ukuhlaziya kwakamuva kuphawula ukuthi i-lanthanum zirconate coatings "iqukethe izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile, eziphakamisa ukusimama kanye nokukhathazeka kobuthi obuhambisana nezimayini zomhlaba ezingavamile kanye nokulahlwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo". Lokhu kugcizelela isidingo sokutholwa okunesibopho kwe-La₂Zr₂O₇ kanye namasu okungenzeka asetshenziswe kabusha ama-coatings asetshenzisiwe. Izinkampani eziningi emkhakheni wezinto ezithuthukisiwe (okuhlanganisa nabahlinzeki be-epomaterial) ziyakunaka lokhu futhi zigcizelela ubumsulwa kanye nokunciphisa imfucuza ekukhiqizeni.
Kafushane, umthelela ophelele wemvelo wokusebenzisa i-lanthanum zirconate ngokuvamile muhle lapho ukusebenza kahle kwayo kanye nezinzuzo zesikhathi sokuphila kutholwa. Ngokuvumela ukuvutha okuhlanzekile kanye nemishini ehlala isikhathi eside, izitsha zobumba ezisekelwe e-LZO zingasiza izimboni ukuhlangabezana nezinhloso zamandla aluhlaza. Ukuphatha okunesibopho somjikelezo wempilo wezinto ezibonakalayo kuwukhiye wokucatshangelwa okufanayo.
I-Outlook yesikhathi esizayo namathrendi
Uma ubheka phambili, i-lanthanum zirconate isilungele ukukhula ngokubaluleka njengoba ukukhiqizwa okuthuthukile kanye nobuchwepheshe obuhlanzekile buqhubeka nokuvela:
● I-Next-Generation Turbines:Njengoba izindiza nezinjini zamandla ziphushela amazinga okushisa aphezulu okusebenza (ngokusebenza kahle noma ukuzivumelanisa nezibaseli ezihlukile), izinto ze-TBC ezifana ne-LZO zizobaluleka. Kukhona ucwaningo oluqhubekayo lwezingubo ezinezingqimba eziningi lapho ungqimba lwe-lanthanum zirconate noma i-doped LZO luhlala ngaphezu kwesendlalelo se-YSZ esivamile, sihlanganisa izakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu ngayinye.
● I-Aerospace nokuvikela:Ukumelana nokushiswa kwe-radiation (okuphawulwe kwezinye izifundo) kungayenza ikhange esikhaleni noma ezisetshenziswa zokuvikela izikhali zenuzi. Ukuzinza kwayo ngaphansi kokukhanya kwezinhlayiyana kuyindawo yophenyo olusebenzayo.
● Amadivayisi okuguqula amandla:Nakuba i-LZO ngokuvamile ingeyona i-electrolyte, olunye ucwaningo luhlola izinto ezihlobene ne-lanthanum kumaseli e-solid-oxide fuel kanye namaseli e-electrolysis. (Ngokuvamile, i-La₂Zr₂O₇ yenza ngokungenhloso ekuxhumaneni kwe-lanthanum cobaltite electrode kanye nama-electrolyte e-YSZ.) Lokhu kubonisa ukuhambisana kwayo nezindawo ezinokhahlo ze-electrochemical, ezingase zikhuthaze imiklamo emisha yama-reactors we-thermochemical noma izishintshi zokushisa.
● Ukwenza ngokwezifiso izinto:Isidingo semakethe sezitsha zobumba ezikhethekile siyanda. Abahlinzeki manje abahlinzeki nje kuphela nge-LZO ye-high-purity kodwa futhi okuhlukile kwe-ion-doped (isibonelo, ukungeza i-samarium, i-gadolinium, njll. ukuze ulungise i-crystal lattice). I-EpoMaterial ikhuluma ngekhono lokukhiqiza "i-ion doping nokuguqulwa" kwe-lanthanum zirconate. I-doping enjalo ingalungisa izakhiwo ezifana nokunwetshwa kwe-thermal noma i-conductivity, okuvumela onjiniyela ukuthi balungise i-ceramic ngezingqinamba ezithile zobunjiniyela.
● Amathrendi Omhlaba:Ngokugcizelelwa komhlaba wonke ekuzinzeni nasekuthuthukisweni kwezobuchwepheshe, izinto ezifana ne-lanthanum zirconate zizodonsela ukunaka. Iqhaza layo ekwenzeni izinjini ezisebenza kahle kakhulu zixhumene nezindinganiso zokonga uphethiloli kanye nemithethonqubo yamandla ahlanzekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthuthukiswa kokuphrinta kwe-3D nokucubungula kwe-ceramic kungenza kube lula ukubumba izingxenye ze-LZO noma ukumboza ngezindlela ezintsha.
Ngamafuphi, i-lanthanum zirconate iyisibonelo sokuthi ikhemistri yendabuko ye-ceramic ihlangabezana kanjani nezidingo zekhulu lama-21. Inhlanganisela yayo yokuhlukahluka okungavamile komhlaba kanye nokuqina kwe-ceramic iwuqondanisa nezinkambu ezibalulekile: ukuhamba kwezindiza okusimeme, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla, nokunye. Njengoba ucwaningo luqhubeka (bona ukubuyekezwa kwakamuva kuma-TBC asuselwa ku-LZO), izinhlelo zokusebenza ezintsha zingase zivele, ziqinise ukubaluleka kwazo endaweni yezinto ezithuthukisiwe.
I-Lanthanum zirconate (La₂Zr₂O₇) i-ceramic esebenza kahle kakhulu ehlanganisa amakhemikhali e-rare-earth oxide angcono kakhulu kanye nokufakwa kwe-thermal okuthuthukisiwe. Ngokusebenza kwayo okushisayo okuphansi, ukuzinza okuphezulu kwezinga lokushisa, kanye nesakhiwo esiqinile se-pyrochlore, ifaneleka kahle kakhulu i-plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coatings nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza zokufakelwa. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo kuma-TBC emkhathini nasezinhlelweni zamandla kungathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle futhi kunciphise ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni, kube nesandla emigomweni yokusimama. Abakhiqizi abafana ne-EpoMaterial banikela ngezimpushana ze-LZO zokuhlanzeka okuphezulu ikakhulukazi kulezi zinhlelo zokusebenza ezisezingeni eliphezulu. Njengoba izimboni zomhlaba ziphushela emandleni ahlanzekile nezinto ezisetshenziswayo ezihlakaniphile, i-lanthanum zirconate igqama njengeceramic ebalulekile kwezobuchwepheshe - leyo engasiza ukugcina izinjini zipholile, izakhiwo ziqinile, namasistimu aluhlaza.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jun-11-2025