Izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile zihlanganisai-lanthanum(La),i-cerium(Ce),i-praseodymium(Pr),i-neodymium(Nd), i-promethium (Pm),i-samarium(Sm),europium(Ewu),i-gadolinium(Gd),i-terbium(Tb),i-dysprosium(Dy),i-holmium(Hhawu),i-erbium(Er),thulium(Tm),ytterbium(Yb),i-lutetium(Lu),scandium(Sc), kanyei-yttrium(Y). Igama lesiNgisi nguUmhlaba ongavamile.Umhlaba ongavamileizinsimbi ngokuvamile zithambile, ziyathandeka, futhi zidonsa, futhi zibonisa ukusebenza kabusha okuqinile njengezimpushana emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. Leli qembu lezinsimbi linomsebenzi wamakhemikhali aqine ngokwedlulele futhi linobudlelwane obuqinile be-hydrogen, i-carbon, i-nitrogen, i-oxygen, isulfure, i-phosphorus, nama-halogen. I-oxidized kalula emoyeni, futhi iyasindaimihlaba engavamileingakha ungqimba oluvikelayo lwe-oxidation ebusweni bescandiumfuthii-yttriumekamelweni lokushisa. Ngakho-ke,izinsimbi zomhlaba ezingavamilengokuvamile agcinwa kuphalafini noma ezitsheni ezivaliwe ezigcwele i-vacuum ne-argon gas.Umhlaba ongavamileizakhi zingahlukaniswa zibe izigaba ezimbili: ukukhanyaumhlaba ongavamilefuthi esindayoumhlaba ongavamile, ikakhulukazi ekhona ngesimo seama-oxide omhlaba angavamile. I-China, i-Russia, i-United States, i-Australia namanye amazwe anezindawo zokugcina eziphezulu kakhuluumhlaba ongavamileh izinsiza emhlabeni.Umhlaba ongavamileasetshenziswa kakhulu emikhakheni efana ne-petroleum, ubunjiniyela bamakhemikhali, i-metallurgy, izindwangu, ingilazi ye-ceramic, izinto zikazibuthe unomphela, njll. Aziwa ngokuthi "industrial monosodium glutamate", "amavithamini ezimboni", kanye "nomama wezinto ezintsha", futhi aziwa ngokuthi izinsiza zensimbi zamasu ayigugu.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Nov-03-2023