I-Erbium, ingxenye yama-68 kuthebula le-periodic.
Ukutholakala kwei-erbiumigcwele ukusonteka nokujika. Ngo-1787, edolobheni elincane lase-Itby, eliqhele ngamakhilomitha angu-1,6 ukusuka eStockholm, eSweden, kwatholakala umhlaba omusha ongavamile etsheni elimnyama, eliqanjwe ngokuthi i-yttrium earth ngokwendawo okwatholakala kuyo. Ngemuva kweNguquko yesiFulentshi, usokhemisi uMossander wasebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obusanda kuthuthukiswa ukunciphisa okuyisisekeloi-yttriumkusuka emhlabeni we-yttrium. Kuleli qophelo, abantu baqaphela ukuthi umhlaba we-yttrium awuyona "ingxenye eyodwa" futhi bathola amanye ama-oxide amabili: epinki ibizwa ngokuthi.i-erbium oxide, kanti onsomi okhanyayo ubizwa nge-terbium oxide. Ngo-1843, uMossander wathola i-erbium kanyei-terbium, kodwa wayengakholelwa ukuthi izinto ezimbili ezatholakala zazimsulwa futhi ngokunokwenzeka zixutshwe nezinye izinto. Emashumini eminyaka alandelayo, abantu bathola kancane kancane ukuthi zaziningi ngempela izakhi ezixutshwe kuyo, futhi kancane kancane bathola ezinye izakhi zensimbi ze-lanthanide ngaphandle kwe-erbium ne-terbium.
Ukufundwa kwe-erbium akubanga bushelelezi njengokutholakala kwayo. Nakuba uMaussand athola i-pink erbium oxide ngo-1843, kwaze kwaba ngo-1934 lapho amasampula ahlanzekileinsimbi ye-erbiumzakhishwa ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwezindlela zokuhlanza. Ngokushisisa nokuhlanzai-erbium chloridekanye ne-potassium, abantu baye bazuza ukunciphisa i-erbium nge-potassium yensimbi. Noma kunjalo, izakhiwo ze-erbium zifana kakhulu nezinye izakhi zensimbi ze-lanthanide, okuholela cishe eminyakeni engu-50 yokuma ocwaningweni oluhlobene, olufana nozibuthe, amandla okushayisana, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwenhlansi. Kuze kube ngu-1959, ngokusetshenziswa kwesakhiwo se-elekthronikhi se-4f esikhethekile sama-athomu e-erbium ezindaweni ezisafufusa ze-optical, i-erbium yathola ukunakwa futhi ukusetshenziswa okuningi kwe-erbium kwenziwa.
I-Erbium, emhlophe esiliva, inokwakheka okuthambile futhi ibonisa kuphela i-ferromagnetism eqinile eduze noziro ophelele. Kuyi-superconductor futhi kancane kancane i-oxidized emoyeni namanzi ekamelweni lokushisa.I-Erbium oxideumbala obomvu we-rose ovame ukusetshenziswa embonini ye-porcelain futhi uyicwecwe elihle. I-Erbium igxile emadwaleni entaba-mlilo futhi inamaminerali amakhulu eningizimu yeChina.
I-Erbium inezinto ezivelele zokubona futhi ingaguqula i-infrared ibe ukukhanya okubonakalayo, iyenze ibe into efanelekile yokwenza imitshina ye-infrared namadivayisi okubona ebusuku. Futhi iyithuluzi elinekhono ekutholeni ama-photon, elikwazi ukumunca ngokuqhubekayo ama-photon ngamaleveli athile e-ion excitation ku-solid, bese libona futhi libale lawa ma-photon ukuze kwakhe umtshina we-photon. Kodwa-ke, ukusebenza kahle kokumuncwa okuqondile kwama-photons ngama-trivalent erbium ion kwakungephezulu. Kwaze kwaba ngo-1966 lapho ososayensi benza khona amalaser e-erbium ngokuthwebula ngokungaqondile amasignali okukhanya ngama-ion asizayo bese bedlulisela amandla ku-erbium.
Isimiso se-laser ye-erbium siyefana nese-holmium laser, kodwa amandla ayo aphansi kakhulu kunawe-holmium laser. Ilaser ye-erbium enobude obungamaza angama-2940 nanometers ingasetshenziswa ukusika izicubu ezithambile. Nakuba lolu hlobo lwe-laser endaweni emaphakathi ne-infrared lunekhono lokungena eliphansi, lungamuncwa ngokushesha umswakama ezicutshini zomuntu, luthole imiphumela emihle ngamandla amancane. Ingakwazi ukusika kahle, igaye, futhi isuse izicubu ezithambile, ifinyelele ukuphola kwenxeba ngokushesha. Isetshenziswa kakhulu ekuhlinzeni nge-laser okufana nomgodi womlomo, i-cataract emhlophe, ubuhle, ukususwa kwezibazi, nokususwa kwemibimbi.
Ngo-1985, iNyuvesi yaseSouthampton yase-UK kanye neNyuvesi yaseNyakatho-mpumalanga eJapane yenze ngempumelelo i-erbium-doped fiber amplifier. Kulezi zinsuku, i-Wuhan Optics Valley e-Wuhan, eSifundazweni sase-Hubei, e-China iyakwazi ukukhiqiza ngokuzimela le-erbium-doped fiber amplifier futhi iyithumele eNyakatho Melika, eYurophu, nakwezinye izindawo. Lolu hlelo lokusebenza lungenye yezinto ezisunguliwe ezinkulu kakhulu ekuxhumaneni kwe-fiber optic, inqobo nje uma ingxenye ethile ye-erbium ifakwe i-doped, inganxephezela ukulahleka kwamasignali okubona ezinhlelweni zokuxhumana. Le amplifier okwamanje iyidivayisi esetshenziswa kakhulu ekuxhumaneni kwe-fiber optic, ekwazi ukudlulisa amasignali okubona ngaphandle kokuba buthakathaka.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Aug-16-2023