Isici 56: I-Barium

1, Isingeniso EsiyisisekeloI-Barium,
Ingxenye yensimbi yomhlaba ene-alkali, enophawu lwamakhemikhali u-Ba, itholakala kuQembu IIA lenkathi yesithupha yethebula lezikhathi. Kuyinsimbi ethambile, emhlophe ecwebezelayo ye-alkaline yomhlaba futhi iyingxenye esebenza kakhulu ezinsimbi zomhlaba ezine-alkali. Igama lesici livela egameni lesiGreki elithi beta alpha ρύς (barys), okusho ukuthi "sinda".

2, Ukuthola Umlando Omfishane
Ama-sulfide ezinsimbi zomhlaba ezine-alkaline abonisa i-phosphorescence, okusho ukuthi ayaqhubeka nokukhipha ukukhanya isikhathi esithile ebumnyameni ngemva kokuvezwa ekukhanyeni. I-Barium compounds yaqala ukuheha ukunaka kwabantu ngenxa yalesi sici. Ngo-1602, umkhandi wezicathulo okuthiwa uCasio Lauro edolobheni laseBologna, e-Italy, wosa i-barite equkethe i-barium sulfate kanye nezinto ezivuthayo futhi wathola ukuthi yayingakhipha ukukhanya ebumnyameni, okwavusa isithakazelo sezazi ngaleso sikhathi. Kamuva, lolu hlobo lwetshe lwabizwa ngokuthi i-polonite futhi lwavusa isithakazelo sosokhemisi baseYurophu ocwaningweni lokuhlaziya. Ngo-1774, usokhemisi waseSweden uCW Scheele wathola ukuthi i-barium oxide yayiwumhlabathi omusha osindayo, awubiza ngokuthi “iBaryta” (umhlabathi osindayo). Ngo-1774, uScheler wayekholelwa ukuthi leli tshe laliyinhlanganisela yenhlabathi entsha (i-oxide) ne-sulfuric acid. Ngo-1776, washisisa i-nitrate kulo mhlabathi omusha ukuze athole inhlabathi ehlanzekile (i-oxide). Ngo-1808, usokhemisi waseBrithani u-H. Davy wasebenzisa i-mercury njenge-cathode kanye ne-platinum njenge-anode ye-electrolyze barite (BaSO4) ukukhiqiza i-barium amalgam. Ngemva kokukhishwa kwe-distillation ukuze kukhishwe i-mercury, kwatholakala insimbi engahlanzekile futhi yaqanjwa ngegama lesiGreki elithi barys (elisindayo). Uphawu lwesici lusethwe njengo-Ba, olubizwa ngokuthii-barium.

3. Izakhiwo zomzimba
I-Bariumiyinsimbi emhlophe eyisiliva enephuzu lokuncibilika elingu-725 ° C, indawo yokubilisa engu-1846 ° C, ukuminyana kuka-3.51g/cm3, kanye ne-ductility. I-ores eyinhloko ye-barium yi-barite ne-arsenopyrite.

4,I-Bariumiyisici samakhemikhali esinezici zamakhemikhali.
Uphawu lwamakhemikhali u-Ba, inombolo ye-athomu engu-56, luyingxenye ye-periodic system IIA futhi iyilungu le-alkaline earth metals. I-Barium inomsebenzi omkhulu wamakhemikhali futhi iyasebenza kakhulu phakathi kwezinsimbi zomhlaba ezine-alkali. Kusukela kumandla anamandla kanye ne-ionization, kungabonakala ukuthi i-barium inokunciphisa okunamandla. Eqinisweni, uma kucatshangelwa kuphela ukulahlekelwa kwe-electron yokuqala, i-barium ine-reducibility enamandla kakhulu emanzini. Kodwa-ke, kunzima ukuthi i-barium ilahlekelwe i-electron yesibili. Ngakho-ke, ngokucabangela zonke izici, ukunciphisa kwe-barium kuzokwehla kakhulu. Noma kunjalo, futhi ingenye yezinsimbi ezisebenza kakhulu ezixazululweni ezine-asidi, okwesibili ngemuva kwe-lithium, i-cesium, i-rubidium, ne-potassium.

5.Main compounds
1). I-barium oxide ishintsha kancane emoyeni ukuze yakhe i-barium oxide, okuyikristalu eyi-cubic engenambala. Incibilika ku-asidi, ayincibiliki ku-acetone namanzi e-ammonia. Ihlangana namanzi yenze i-barium hydroxide, enobuthi. Uma ushisiwe, ukhipha ilangabi eliluhlaza bese ukhiqiza i-barium peroxide.
2). I-Barium peroxide ihlangana ne-sulfuric acid ukukhiqiza i-hydrogen peroxide. Lokhu kusabela kusekelwe esimisweni sokulungiselela i-hydrogen peroxide elabhorethri.
3). I-Barium hydroxide ihlangana namanzi ukukhiqiza i-barium hydroxide negesi ye-hydrogen. Ngenxa yokuncibilika okuphansi kwe-barium hydroxide namandla ayo aphezulu e-sublimation, ukusabela akubi njengalokho kwezinsimbi ze-alkali, futhi umphumela we-barium hydroxide uzositha umbono. Inani elincane le-carbon dioxide lingeniswa esixazululweni ukwenza i-barium carbonate precipitate, futhi isikhutha eseqile siyethulwa futhi ukuze kuncibilikiswe i-barium carbonate precipitate futhi kukhiqizwe i-barium bicarbonate encibilikayo.
4). I-amino barium ingancibilika ku-ammonia ewuketshezi, ikhiqize isixazululo esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka esine-paramagnetism kanye ne-conductivity, empeleni eyenza ama-electron e-ammonia. Ngemva kwesikhathi eside sokugcinwa, i-hydrogen ku-ammonia izoncishiswa ibe igesi ye-hydrogen ngama-electron e-ammonia, futhi ukusabela okuphelele kubarium isabela ne-ammonia ewuketshezi ukuze ikhiqize i-amino barium negesi ye-hydrogen.
5). I-Barium sulfite iyikristalu emhlophe noma impushana, inobuthi, inyibilika kancane emanzini, futhi kancane kancane ifakwe i-barium sulfate uma ibekwe emoyeni. Ncibilika kuma-asidi aqinile angafaki oxidizing njenge-hydrochloric acid ukukhiqiza igesi ye-sulphur dioxide enephunga elimnandi. Lapho uhlangana nama-acid oxidizing njenge-dilute nitric acid, ingaguqulwa ibe yi-barium sulfate.
6). I-Barium sulfate inezindawo zamakhemikhali ezizinzile, futhi ingxenye ye-barium sulfate ehlakazekile emanzini i-ionized ngokuphelele, okwenza kube i-electrolyte eqinile. I-Barium sulfate ayincibiliki ku-dilute nitric acid. Isetshenziswa kakhulu njenge-ejenti yokuqhathanisa yamathumbu.
I-Barium carbonate inobuthi futhi cishe ayincibiliki emanzini abandayo., Incibilika kancane emanzini aqukethe isikhutha futhi incibilika ku-dilute hydrochloric acid. Ihlangana ne-sodium sulfate ukukhiqiza imvula emhlophe engancibiliki kakhudlwana ye-barium sulfate - inkambiso yokuguqulwa phakathi kwemvula esixukwini esinamanzi: kulula ukuyiguqulela endaweni engancibiliki kakhulu.

6. Izinkambu zohlelo lokusebenza
1. Isetshenziselwa izinjongo zezimboni ekukhiqizeni usawoti we-barium, ama-alloys, iziqhumane, ama-nuclear reactors, njll. Futhi iyi-deoxidizer enhle kakhulu yokucwenga ithusi. Isetshenziswa kabanzi kuma-alloys, okuhlanganisa umthofu, i-calcium, i-magnesium, i-sodium, i-lithium, i-aluminium, ne-nickel alloys. I-Barium metal ingasetshenziswa njenge-ejenti yokukhipha umoya ukuze kukhishwe amagesi okulandela umkhondo kumashubhu e-vacuum namashubhu e-cathode ray, kanye ne-ejenti yokukhipha umoya yokucwenga izinsimbi. I-barium nitrate exutshwe ne-potassium chlorate, i-magnesium powder, ne-rosin ingasetshenziswa ukwenza amalangabi esignali kanye neziqhumane. Izinhlanganisela ze-barium ezincibilikayo zivame ukusetshenziswa njengezibulala-zinambuzane, njenge-barium chloride, ukulawula izinambuzane ezihlukahlukene zezitshalo. Ingase futhi isetshenziselwe ukucwenga i-brine namanzi abhayela ukukhiqizwa kwe-electrolytic caustic soda. Futhi isetshenziselwa ukulungisa ama-pigments. Izimboni zendwangu nezesikhumba ziyisebenzisa njenge-mordant kanye ne-ejenti yokuhlanganisa usilika wokwenziwa.
2. I-Barium sulfate yokusetshenziswa kwezokwelapha iwumuthi osizayo wokuhlolwa kwe-X-ray. Impushana emhlophe engenaphunga futhi engenakunambitheka, into enganikeza umehluko omuhle emzimbeni ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwe-X-ray. I-medical barium sulfate ayimuncwanga emgudwini wamathumbu futhi ayibangeli ukungezwani komzimba. Ayiqukethe izinhlanganisela ze-barium ezincibilikayo njenge-barium chloride, i-barium sulfide, ne-barium carbonate. Ikakhulukazi isetshenziselwa izithombe zamathumbu, ngezikhathi ezithile isetshenziselwa ezinye izinjongo zokuhlola

7. Indlela yokulungiselela
Ukukhiqizwa kwezimboni zei-metallic bariumihlukaniswe ngezinyathelo ezimbili: ukukhiqizwa kwe-barium oxide kanye nokunciphisa ukushisa kwensimbi (ukunciphisa ukushisa kwe-aluminium). Ku-1000-1200 ℃,i-metallic bariumingatholwa ngokunciphisa i-barium oxide nge-metallic aluminium, bese ihlanzwa nge-vacuum distillation. Indlela yokunciphisa ukushisa kwe-aluminium yokukhiqiza i-metallic barium: Ngenxa yezilinganiso ezihlukene zesithako, kungase kube nokusabela okubili kokunciphisa i-aluminum ye-barium oxide. I-equation yokusabela ithi: kokubili ukusabela kungakhiqiza kuphela inani elincane le-barium ku-1000-1200 ℃. Ngakho-ke, ipompo ye-vacuum kufanele isetshenziselwe ukudlulisa ngokuqhubekayo umhwamuko we-barium usuka endaweni yokusabela ukuya endaweni ebandayo yokufingqa ukuze ukusabela kuqhubeke ukuya kwesokudla. Izinsalela ngemuva kokusabela zinobuthi futhi zidinga ukwelashwa ngaphambi kokulahlwa