Element 56: Barium

1, Isingeniso EsihlelekileItheyili,
I-Alkaline Earth Metal element, ngophawu lwamakhemikhali BA, lusendaweni yeqembu le-IIA yesikhathi sesithupha setafula lesikhathi. Kuyinto ethambile, emhlophe yesiliva emhlophe ye-alkaline yomhlaba yensimbi kanye nento esebenzayo kakhulu e-Alkaline Earth Metals. Igama element livela egameni lesiGreki le-beta alpha ρύ ρύ ρύ ρύ ρύ ρύ ρύ

2, ukuthola umlando omfushane
Ama-Sulfides we-Alkaline Earth Metals ekhombisa i-phosphorescence, okusho ukuthi bayaqhubeka nokukhipha ukukhanya isikhathi esithile ebumnyameni ngemuva kokuvezwa ukukhanya. Amakhompiyutha we-barium aqala ukuheha ukunakwa kwabantu ngokunembile ngenxa yalesi sici. Ngo-1602, umgqumo ogama lakhe linguCasio Lauro edolobheni laseBologna, e-Italy, waqola umugqa oqukethe i-barium sulfate kanye nezinto ezivuthayo futhi wavuselela ukuthi intshiseko ebumnyameni ngaleso sikhathi. Kamuva, lolu hlobo lwamatshe lwabizwa ngokuthi yi-polonite futhi lwavusa isithakazelo sosokhemisi baseYurophu ocwaningweni lokuhlaziya. Ngo-1774, usokhemisi waseSweden CW Scheele uthole ukuthi uBarium Oxide wayeyinhlabathi entsha esindayo, eyayibiza ngokuthi "uBaryta" (inhlabathi esindayo). Ngo-1774, uScheler wayekholelwa ukuthi leli tshe liyinhlanganisela yenhlabathi entsha (oxide) ne-sulfuric acid. Ngo-1776, washushisa i-nitrate kule nhlabathi entsha ukuthola inhlabathi emsulwa (oxide). Ngo-1808, usokhemisi waseBrithani uH. Davy wasebenzisa i-Mercury njenge-cathode neplatinamu njenge-anode ukwenza i-aclectrozeri (basso4) ukukhiqiza ama-barium amalgam. Ngemuva kokugcotshwa ukususa iMercury, kwatholakala insimbi ehlanzekile ephansi futhi yaqanjwa ngegama elithi gama lesiGreki elithi Boarys (esindayo). Isibonakaliso se-element sisethwe njenge-BA, ebizwa ngokuthiitheyili.

3, impahla ebonakalayo
ItheyiliIngabe insimbi emhlophe yesiliva enendawo yokuncibilikisa engu-725 ° C, iphuzu elibilayo le-1846 ° C, Ubuningi be-3.51g / cm3, kanye ne-depity. Ama-ores aphambili we-barium are barite ne-arsenopyrite.

4,Itheyiliyinto yamakhemikhali enezakhiwo zamakhemikhali.
Uphawu lwamakhemikhali lwe-BA, inombolo ye-athomu engu-56, ingeyasesistimu ye-IIA ye-IIA futhi iyilungu le-Alkaline Earth Meals. I-Barium inomsebenzi omkhulu wamakhemikhali futhi isebenza kakhulu phakathi kwezinsimbi zomhlaba we-Alkaline. Ukusuka emandleni angaba khona ne-ionization, kungabonakala ukuthi i-barium inokuncishiswa okuqinile. Eqinisweni, uma kucatshangelwa ukulahleka kwe-elektroni yokuqala, i-barium inokuncishiswa okunamandla kakhulu emanzini. Kodwa-ke, kunzima kakhulu ku-barium ukulahlekelwa i-electron yesibili. Ngakho-ke, ubheka zonke izinto, ukuncishiswa kwe-barium kuzokwehla kakhulu. Noma kunjalo, futhi kungenye yezinsimbi ezisebenzayo kakhulu kuzixazululo ze-acidic, okwesibili kuphela ku-lithium, cesium, rubidium, ne-potassium.

Amakhompiyutha angama-5.main
1). I-barium oxide kancane kancane oxidizes emoyeni ukuze wakhe ama-barium oxide, okuyikristalu ye-cubic engenamibala. Incibilika ku-acid, insoluble e-acetone nase-ammonia amanzi. Iphendula ngamanzi ukwakha i-barium hydroxide, okunobuthi. Lapho ivutha, ikhipha ilangabi eliluhlaza futhi likhiqize i-barium peroxide.
2). I-Barium Peroxide iphendula nge-sulfuric acid ukukhiqiza i-hydrogen peroxide. Lokhu kusabela kususelwa emgomweni wokulungiselela i-hydrogen peroxide elabhorethri.
3). IBarium Hydroxide iphendula ngamanzi ukukhiqiza i-barium hydroxide kanye negesi ye-hydrogen. Ngenxa ye-solubility ephansi ye-barium hydroxide kanye namandla ayo aphezulu, ukusabela akukubi njengalezo zinsimbi ze-alkali, futhi i-barium hydroxide ephumayo izofihla umbono. Inani elincane le-carbon dioxide lingeniswa kwikhambi lokwakha i-barium carbonate precipitate, futhi i-carbon dioxide eyeqile yangeniswa ukuncibilikisa i-barium carbonate ye-carbonate futhi ikhiqize i-soluble barium bicarbonate.
4). I-Amino Barium ingancibilikisa ku-ammonia ewuketshezi, edala ikhambi eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nge-paramagnetism kanye nokuphakelayo, empeleni kwakha ama-Ammon Electron. Ngemuva kwesikhathi eside sokugcina, i-hydrogen e-ammonia izoncishiswa kugesi we-hydrogen ngama-amomonia electron, kanye nokuphendula okuphelele yi-barium ructing nge-amino barium negesi ye-hydrogen.
5). I-Barium Sulfite iyi-crystal emhlophe noma i-powder, inobuthi, incibilika kancane emanzini, futhi kancane kancane kancane ibe yi-barium sulfate lapho ibekwe emoyeni. Chaza ku-non oxidizing acidi eqinile efana ne-hydrochloric acid ukukhiqiza i-sulphur dioxide gesi ngephunga le-pungent. Lapho uhlangabezana ne-oxidizing acid njenge-dilute nitric acid, ingaguqulwa ibe yi-barium sulfate.
6). I-Barium sulfate inezakhiwo ezizinzile zamakhemikhali, kanye nengxenye ye-barium sulfate encibilikisiwe emanzini i-Ionid ngokuphelele, okwenza kube yi-electrolyte eqinile. I-Barium sulfate iyi-insoluble in dilute nitric acid. Ikakhulukazi esetshenziswa njenge-ejenti yokuqhathanisa esiswini.
I-Barium Carbonate inobuthi futhi icishe ingenakufakwa emanzini abandayo. Iphendula nge-sodium sulfate ukukhiqiza i-barium sulfate emhlophe engaphezulu - umkhuba wokuguqulwa phakathi kwe-precipitates kwisixazululo samanzi: kulula ukuguqula ukuqondisa okuqondiwe okuthe xaxa.

6, Izinkambu zohlelo lokusebenza
1. Isetshenziselwa izinhloso zezimboni ekwenziweni kosawoti we-barium, ama-alloys, iziqhumane zomlilo, mpendulo yenuzi, njll. Futhi i-deoxidizer enhle kakhulu yokucwilisa ithusi. Kusetshenziswe kabanzi kuma-alloys, kufaka phakathi ukuhola, i-calcium, i-magnesium, i-sodium, i-lithium, i-aluminium, kanye nama-nickel alloys. I-Barium Metal ingasetshenziswa njenge-ejenti ye-degassing ukuze isuse ukulandelela amagesi kusuka kumashubhu we-vacuum kanye namashubhu we-cathode ray, kanye ne-ejenti yokucwilisa izinsimbi. I-Barium Nitrate exutshwe ne-potassium chelate, i-magnesium powder, futhi i-rosin ingasetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza ama-flares esinalli kanye nezicishamlilo. Amakhompiyutha we-soluble barium asetshenziswa kakhulu njengezinambuzane, njengeBarium Chloride, ukulawula izinambuzane zezitshalo ezahlukahlukene. Ingasetshenziswa futhi ukuze kucwengeze i-brine namanzi e-boiler ukuthola umkhiqizo we-electrolytic caustic soda. Ibuye isetshenziselwe ukulungiselela imibala. Izimboni zezindwangu nezikhumba zilisebenzisa njenge-mordant kanye ne-ejenti yokuthathwa kosilika wokufakelwa.
2. I-barium sulfate yokusetshenziswa kwezokwelapha yindlela yokusizayo yokuhlolwa kwe-x-ray. I-powder emhlophe engenamzimba futhi engenamkhawulo, into enganikeza umehluko omuhle emzimbeni ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwe-x-ray. I-Medical Barium Sulfate ayingeni epheshana lesisu futhi alibangeli ukusabela komzimba. Akuqukethe izinhlanganisela ze-barium ze-soluble ezifana neBarium Chloride, iBarium sulfide, ne-barium carbonate. Ikakhulukazi esetshenziselwa ukucabanga kwesisu, ngezikhathi ezithile ezisetshenziselwa ezinye izinhloso zokuhlolwa

7, indlela yokulungiselela
Ukukhiqizwa kwezimboni kweI-Metallic BariumIhlukaniswe izinyathelo ezimbili: ukukhiqizwa kweBarium Oxide kanye nokwehliswa kwensimbi (ukuncishiswa kwe-aluminium). Ngo-1000-1200 ℃,I-Metallic BariumIngatholakala ngokunciphisa i-barium oxide nge-aluminium yensimbi, bese kuhlanzwa yi-vacuum distillation. Indlela yokuncipha ye-aluminium yokunciphisa ukukhiqiza i-barium yensimbi: Ngenxa yezilinganiso ezihlukile zezithako, kungahle kube nokusabela okubili kokuncishiswa kwe-aluminium ye-barium oxide. I-equation yokuphendula yile: zombili izindlela zokuphendula zingakhiqiza kuphela inani elincane le-barium ngo-1000-1200 ℃. Ngakho-ke, ipompo ye-vacuum kumele isetshenziselwe ukuqhubeka nokudlulisela i-barium vapor kusuka endaweni yokuphendula kuya endaweni yokuvuselela ebandayo ukuze kuqhubeke ukusabela ukuze uqhubeke nokuya kwesokudla. Izinsalela ngemuva kokuphendula zinobuthi futhi zidinga ukuphathwa ngaphambi kokulahlwa