1. Ukuthuthuka kusuka kokuyinhloko ngobuningiumhlaba ongavamileimikhiqizo ezocwengisiswaumhlaba ongavamileimikhiqizo
Eminyakeni engu-20 edlule, imboni yaseShayina yokuncibilikisa nokuhlukanisa umhlaba eyivelakancane ithuthuke ngokushesha, ngobuningi bayo obuhlukahlukene, ukukhiqizwa, umthamo othunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwawo kukleliswe kuqala emhlabeni, okudlala indima ebalulekile emhlabeni. Abaningiumhlaba ongavamilengokwehlukana, inqubo yokuhlanza ingabuye ibhekwe njengezinga lomhlaba. Nokho, izinga kanye nokuvumelanaumhlaba ongavamileimikhiqizo emihle yamakhemikhali isasele ngemuva kwezinga eliphezulu lomhlaba. Eminyakeni yamuva, umthamo ukukhiqizwa ezinkuluumhlaba ongavamileizimboni zidlule kude isidingo ezimakethe zasekhaya nezamazwe ngamazweumhlaba ongavamileimikhiqizo eyinhlanganisela isesimweni sokugcwala ngokweqile, ngenkathiumhlaba ongavamileimikhiqizo emihle yamakhemikhali inezici zokuminyana okuphezulu kobuchwepheshe, imbuyiselo ephezulu yokutshalwa kwezimali, ukubusa okuqinile kobuchwepheshe, kanye nenzuzo enkulu yokuthengisa, ngakho izinzuzo zezomnotho ezibanzi ziba nkulu. Ngakho-ke, amabhizinisi asekhaya ayivelakancane kumele enze intuthuko kulo mkhakha eminyakeni ezayo ukuze agcine amamajini enzuzo ephezulu kanye nesivinini sokuthuthuka.
2. Umhlaba ongavamileimikhiqizo ithuthukela ekuhlanzeni okuphezulu, ukuhlanganisa, kanye nokucwengwa okuphezulu
Indima yeimihlaba engavamileemkhakheni wezobuchwepheshe obuphezulu ungenziwa kuphela ngokugcwele ngokusebenzisa izakhiwo zabo ezihlukahlukene zomzimba namakhemikhali ngemva kokuhlanzwa okuphezulu.Umhlaba ongavamileukuhlanzeka kwe-5N noma ngaphezulu kuyadingeka ezintweni ezikhanyayo, izinto ze-laser, izinto ze-optoelectronic, njll; Ayincibilikisiwe, isidingo sokuqukethwe kokungcola kwenhlabathi siya ngokuya sincipha, nezinsimbi ezisindayo ezifana ne-Fe, Cu, Ni, Pb ezidinga okuqukethwe okungaphansi kuka-1 × 10-6. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlanzwa okuphezulu kusazoba isiqondiso sentuthuko yesikhathi esizayoumhlaba ongavamileimikhiqizo.
Ukuthuthukiswa okushaumhlaba ongavamileizinto ezisetshenziswayo ikakhulukazi zincike ekwakhekeni kwenhlanganiselaumhlaba ongavamileizinto ngochungechunge lwezinqubo zenqubo phakathi komhlaba ongavamile nezinye izinhlanganisela, futhi ukuhlanganisa kuwumkhuba wokuthuthukiswa weumhlaba ongavamileimikhiqizo ehlanganisiwe.
Usayizi wezinhlayiyana zeumhlaba ongavamileama-compounds azothinta ikhwalithi yezinto ezisetshenziswayo, ngoba njengoba usayizi wezinhlayiyana uncipha, indawo ethize nayo iyanda, umsebenzi ongaphezulu uyaqhubeka nokuthuthuka, kanye nemisebenziumhlaba ongavamileama-compounds azosetshenziswa ngokugcwele.
I-Chemistry ingasheshisa ukusabela okuhlukahlukene ngokomzimba namakhemikhali, futhi ikhulise amandla okubopha phakathi kwezinhlayiya. Ukulungiswa kwe-ultrafine kweumhlaba ongavamileinhlanganisela ayilona nje ucwaningo olujulile oluyinkimbinkimbi nobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, kodwa futhi iyindlela ebalulekile yokuthuthukisa ukubaluleka kwezomnothoumhlaba ongavamilecompounds kusho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuye kwabekwa izidingo ezikhethekile zendawo ethile, isakhiwo sekristalu, i-morphology, kanye namandla athile adonsela phansi.umhlaba ongavamileizinhlanganisela.
3. Izinqubo zokulungiselela kanye nobuchwepheshe obunamalungelo obunikazi obuzimele buzovela
Iminyaka eminingi, ngenxa yemvelo eyingqayizivele yemboni,umhlaba ongavamileamabhizinisi anemikhawulo yenzuzo ephezulu kanye nemikhawulo ephansi. Izinkampani zasekhaya ezihlanganisa umhlaba ezingavamile ngokuvamile zinenkinga yokunganeli, futhi bezintula ukuvikelwa kwempahla yengqondoumhlaba ongavamileubuchwepheshe bokulungiselela. Isenzo sokwephulwa komthetho sibi kakhulu, okuholela ekuntulekeni kokuncintisana okubalulekile phakathi kwamabhizinisi okukhiqiza. Ngokungena kweChina ku-WTO, lesi simo sizoshintsha eminyakeni ezayo, Okuhlukahlukene remhlabeniamabhizinisi nezikhungo zocwaningo zizokhulisa utshalomali lwazo locwaningo emkhakheni weumhlaba ongavamileukulungiswa okuhlanganisiwe, futhi kulindeleke ukuthi inani elikhulu leumhlaba ongavamileKuzovela izinqubo ezihlanganisiwe zokulungiselela kanye nobuchwepheshe obunamalungelo empahla engqondo ezimele.
4. Ukubambisana phakathi kwamabhizinisi, izikhungo zocwaningo, namanyuvesi kuzoqiniswa nakakhulu
Kunenkinga evamile yokungatholakali koqobo phakathi kwasekhayaumhlaba ongavamileamabhizinisi okukhiqiza. Nakuba izikhungo zocwaningo zinezinga elithile lokusuka ocwaningweni lwesayensi, kukhona futhi ukuntula ulwazi lobuchwepheshe bonjiniyela. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlanganisa lezi ezimbili kanye nokuthuthukisa ngokuhlanganyela imboni kuwumkhuba wentuthuko eminyakeni ezayo.
5. Ijubane lokutshalwa kwezimali kwamanye amazwe olungena eShayina lizokhula, okuholela emqhudelwaneni omusha embonini
Kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1990s, ukutshalwa kwezimali kwamanye amazwe, okumelwe yinkampani yaseFrance i-Rodier kanye nenkampani yaseCanada i-AMR, sekungene eShayina.umhlaba ongavamileamabhizinisi ahlanganisiwe anemisebenzi eyimpumelelo. Umuzwa othuthukile wokuphatha, iziteshi zokuthengisa ezibushelelezi, ukugcizelela ubuqiniso bocwaningo lwesayensi, kanye nezinsiza zasendaweni kanye nezinzuzo zabasebenzi konke kulethe imbuyiselo ecebile emabhizinisini ahlanganyelwe. Ngenxa yesiqondiso sochungechunge lwezibonelo eziphumelelayo, lo mkhuba uzosheshisa. Ngakho-ke, kuzoholela emncintiswaneni omusha embonini.
6. Amabhizinisi anezinga elincane labantu kanye nokuntuleka kwezimpawu azosuswa
Kusukela ngawo-1990, i-umhlaba ongavamileimboni ihlangabezane nokuguquguquka okuningi, ngezintengo zomhlaba eziyivelakancane eShayina ehla futhi ehla futhi. Kube nomkhuba wokusondela enzuzweni eyisilinganiso ephuma enzuzweni eyeqile, futhi ngisho nokuthengisa kuye kwehliswa ngaphansi komugqa wenzuzo ukuze kubanjwe imakethe. Ngaphansi kwezimo zomnotho wemakethe, amabhizinisi amancane angenazo izici azoqedwa, kushiye ngemuva amabhizinisi anezinga elikhulu nenani eliphezulu elengeziwe lomkhiqizo. Lo mthetho wezomnotho awuhlukile kule mboni.
7. Ukwakheka kwemikhiqizo yomhlaba engavamile kuzoshintsha
Sekukonke, izinga lokukhula kweumhlaba ongavamileukusetshenziswa emikhakheni yendabuko kuhamba kancane, futhi insimu engandisa isidingo somhlaba ongavamile ingeyensimu entsha yezinto zokwakha. Ngakho-ke, ukwakheka kweumhlaba ongavamileimikhiqizo eyinhlanganisela kufanele ifanele izidingo zensimu yezinto ezintsha. Njengamanje, izinga lokukhula kwei-neodymiumiron boron izinto kazibuthe 30% ukuze 40%, ngakho ukusetshenziswai-neodymiumizokhula ngokushesha. Wonke amabhizinisi ahlanganisa umhlaba angavamile kufanele agxile kuwoi-neodymiumukwakheka okuhlanganisiwe, okuqinisekisa kokubili ukutholakala kwei-neodymiumkanye nokusetshenziswa okulinganayo kokunyeumhlaba ongavamileizinhlanganisela.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Nov-02-2023