Isu le-US Rare Earth Minerals Isu kufanele. . . Ihlanganiswe nezinqolobane ezithile zezwe ezingajwayelekile zomhlaba, ukucutshungulwa kwamaminerali omhlaba angavamile e-United States kuzophinde kwaqaliswa ukusetshenziswa kwezikhuthazo ezintsha kanye nokwenziwa [kocwaningo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezindlela ezintsha zokuhlanzeka emhlabeni. Sidinga usizo lwakho. - Iphini Likanobhala Wezokuvikela kanye Nokuvikela u-Ellen Lord, ubufakazi obuvela eSenate Armed Force "ememezela" ukuxhaswa kwabantu basemakhaya amaminerali omhlaba "ngenkathi benciphisa i-United States Ukuncika eChina ". Ukuvela okungazelelwe kokuphuthumayo ngezihloko okuvame ukuxoxwa ngakho kuze kube manje kufanele ukuba kwamangaza abantu abaningi.Faka ku-verologist shoorists, umhlaba ongavamile akavamile. Impendulo ebonakala sengathi iyimfihlakalo ilele ekufinyeleleni. Izinto zomhlaba ezingavamile (i-Ree) ziqukethe izinto eziyi-17 ezisetshenziswa kabanzi ku-elekthronikhi yabathengi nemishini yezokuvikela, futhi zatholakala okokuqala futhi zasetshenziswa e-United States. Kodwa-ke, ukukhiqizwa kancane kancane kuya eChina, lapho kubiza khona izindleko eziphansi zabasebenzi, kuncishiswe ukunaka umthelela wezemvelo, kanye noxhaso oluphakelayo oluvela ezweni lwenza i-akhawunti yeRephabhulikhi yaseChina (PRC) ye-97% yokukhiqizwa komhlaba jikelele. Ngo-1997, i-Magniquech, inkampani ehamba phambili yaseMhlabeni yase-United States, yathengiswa kwi-Contherment Consortium eholwa yi-Archibald Cox (JR.), indodana yomshushisi wegama elifanayo, amanzi. IConsortium esetshenziswe nezinkampani ezimbili eziphethwe nguhulumeni waseChina. Inkampani Yezinsimbi, izinto ezintsha zeSanhuan neChina ezingezona izinsimbi zokungenisa kanye nokungenisa izikhungo ezithumela ngaphandle. Usihlalo waseSANhuan, indodana yowesifazane yoMholi Ophezulu uDeng Xiaoping, waba nguSihlalo weNkampani. I-Magniquench yavalwa e-United States, yathuthela eChina, yavulwa kabusha ngo-2003, okuhambisana nohlelo lwe-DEG Xisooping "Super 863", oluthola ubuchwepheshe bokusika izicelo zamasosha, kufaka phakathi "izinto ezixakile." Lokhu kwenziwe uMkhiqizi Omkhulu wokugcina osele e-United States waze wawa ngo-2015.Akusekuqaleni kwe-Reagan Administration, ikakhulukazi ama-metallurgists ancike ekutheni i-United States yathembela ezinsizakalweni zangaphandle zohlelo lwayo lwezikhali (ikakhulukazi iSoviet Union ngaleso sikhathi), kodwa le mpikiswano ayizange idonse ukunakwa komphakathi. Unyaka ka-2010. NgoSeptemba walowo nyaka, isikebhe sokudoba samaShayina sashayisana nemikhumbi emibili yamaJapan Coast Deading e-East East East East. Uhulumeni waseJapan umemezele inhloso yako yokubeka ukaputeni wesikebhe sokudoba ecaleni, futhi uhulumeni waseChina wabe ethatha izindlela zokuphindisela, kubandakanya ne-embargo ekuthengisweni komhlaba okungavamile eJapan. Lokhu kungaba nomphumela olimazayo embonini ye-auto yaseJapan, esongelwa ukukhula okusheshayo kwezimoto ezishibhile zaseChina. Phakathi kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza, izinto zomhlaba ezingavamile ziyingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu ye-Injini ConveryTic Converters.China insongo ithathwe kabi ngokwanele ukuthi i-United States, amanye amazwe afaka amacala akhipha amacala angenazo izithunyelwa izinto zomhlaba ezingandile. Kodwa-ke, amasondo elokuxazululwa kwesinqumo se-WTO aphenduka kancane: isinqumo awenziwanga kuze kube yiminyaka emine kamuva. UMnyango Wezingcweti WaseShayina waphika ukuthi wawubeke embonasithi, ethi iChina idinga izinto zomhlaba ezingandile ukuthola izimboni zayo ezithuthukayo. Lokhu kungahle kube okulungile: Ngo-2005, iChina yayivimbela ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, okubangela ukukhathazeka ePentagon mayelana nokuphuzwa kwezikhali ezine zomhlaba (i-lanthanum, okubangela ukukhishwa kwenhlangano, futhi), naleso sikhathi, amanani entengo asukuma ngokushesha. Ukuwohloka kukaMolycorp kukhombisa nokuphathwa okukhaliphile kukahulumeni waseChina. UMolycorp wabikezela ukuthi amanani entengo ezwe angavamile akhuphuke kakhulu ngemuva kwesigameko phakathi kwezikebhe zokudoba amaShayina kanye nonogada wakotshani waseJapan ngo-2010, ngakho-ke kwaphakamisa isamba esikhulu semali yokwakha izikhungo ezithuthukile kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, lapho uhulumeni waseChina evuseleleke izilinganiso zokuthumela ngaphandle ngonyaka ka-2015, i-molycorp yayisindwa yi-US $ 1.7 billion esikweletini nasengxenyeni yezindawo zayo zokucubungula. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, kwaqhamuka ezinqumweni zokuqothuka futhi kuthengiswe ngama- $ 20,5 million, okuyimali engenalutho uma kuqhathaniswa ne- $ 1.7 billion esikweletini. Le nkampani yasindiswa yi-Consortium, futhi inkampani yaseChina Leshan Shenghe Rare Earth Phinke ibambe ama-30% amalungelo angavoti enkampani. Ngokukhuluma ngobuchwepheshe, ukuba namasheya angavoti kusho ukuthi uLeshen Shenggye unelungelo lokungabi ngaphezu kwengxenye yenzuzo, futhi inani eliphelele le nzuzo lingaba lincane, ngakho-ke abanye abantu bangase bangabaze izinhloso zenkampani. Kodwa-ke, unikezwe usayizi weLeshes Shenggyeli ehlobene nesamba esidingekayo ukuze athole ama-30% amasheya, inkampani kungenzeka ukuthi ithambe. Kodwa-ke, ithonya lingahle linikezwe amandla ngaphandle kokuvota. Ngokusho kombhalo waseChina okhiqizwa yiWall Street Journal, uLeshan Shengghe uzoba nelungelo elikhethekile lokuthengisa amaminerali asentabeni. Kunoma ikuphi, i-molycorp izothumela i-ree yayo eChina ukuze icubungulwe.Ngase yokuthi amandla okuthembela ekugcinweni, imboni yaseJapan ayizange ithintwe kakhulu yingxabano ka-2010. Kodwa-ke, amathuba okuba yizikhali zaseChina komhlaba angavamile manje sekuqashelwe. Kungakapheli amasonto ambalwa, ochwepheshe baseJapan bavakashela uMongolia, iVietnam, e-Australia namanye amazwe anezinye izinsiza ezibalulekile zomhlaba ezingavamile ukwenza imibuzo. Kusukela ngoNovemba 2010, iJapan ifinyelele esivumelwaneni sokuhlinzekwa okwesikhashana esihlala isikhathi eside ne-lynas Group. IJapan yaqinisekiswa ekuqaleni konyaka olandelayo, futhi selokhu kwandiswa, manje sekuthole ama-30% omhlaba wawo ongavamile kusuka kuLynas. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi i-China ephethwe yi-China engaphethwe yi-China yazama ukuthenga isigxobo esiningi eLynas ngonyaka owodwa edlule. Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi iChina inenqwaba yezimayini zomhlaba ezingandile, umuntu angaqapha ukuthi iChina ihlela ukunikela ngokuhlinzekwa komhlaba kanye nokufuna imakethe. Uhulumeni wase-Australia wavimba isivumelwano. NgoMeyi 2019, uNobhala Jikelele weChinese Xi Jinping wenza kabanzi ukuvakashela eJaingxi Rare Earth Mina, okwahunyushwa njengombukiso wethonya likahulumeni wakhe eWashington. Abantu nsuku zonke, iphephandaba elisemthethweni leKomidi eliKhomidi lamaKhomiyani yeqembu laseChina, labhala: "Kungale ndlela kuphela esingasikisela ukuthi i-US ngeke ibukele phansi amalungelo namalungelo ayo. Ungasho ukuthi asikuxwayisi. " Ababukeli baveze ukuthi, "Ungasho ukuthi asixwayisi. Igama elithi "You" livame ukusetshenziswa kwabezindaba ezisemthethweni ezimweni ezinzima kakhulu, njengokuhlaselwa kweChina kweVietnam ngo-1978 nakwimpikiswano yomngcele we-2017 neNdiya ne-India. Ukuze kwandise ukukhathazeka kwe-United States, njengoba kwenziwa izikhali ezithuthukile, izinto zomhlaba ezingavamile zidingeka. Ukuphawula izibonelo ezimbili nje, umlobi ngamunye we-F-35 udinga amakhilogremu angama-920 omhlaba ongavamile, futhi i-surmarine ngayinye yaseVirginia-class idinga amahlandla ayishumi lezo zexwayiso zenani. Kodwa-ke, le nqubo inzima ukwedlula ukukhishwa okulula. E-SITU, izinto zomhlaba ezingavamile zixutshwe namanye amaminerali amaningi ekugxileni okuhlukile. Ngemuva kwalokho, i-ore yasekuqaleni kufanele ibhekane nomjikelezo wokuqala wokucubungula ukukhiqiza ukugxila, futhi ukusuka lapho ingena kwesinye isikhungo esihlukanisa izinto zomhlaba ezingandile ezintweni eziphakeme zokuhlanzeka. Enqubweni ebizwa ngokuthi ukukhishwa kwe-solvent, "izinto ezichithiwe zidlula amakhulukhulu amakamelo e-liquid ahlukanise izinto ngazinye noma amakhompiyutha - lezi zinyathelo zingaphindwa amakhulu noma izinkulungwane zezikhathi. Lapho zihlanzwa, zingacutshungulwa zibe yizinto zokwenziwa ze-oxidation, phosphors, izinsimbi, ama-alloys kanye nama-magnets, zisebenzisa izakhiwo eziyingqayizivele, ezi-luminescent noma ze-electrochemical zalezi zinto, "kusho i-Science American. Ezimweni eziningi, ukuba khona kwezinto ezinemisebe kuhlanganisa nenqubo.Iminyaka yango-2012, iJapan yathola imininingwane yesikhashana yango-2018 lapho kutholwa khona ama-Super High-grade epulwa eduze kwamakhulu emicuko emthwalweni. Kodwa-ke, ngo-2020, iphephandaba lansuku zonke laseJapan ngobukhulu, i-Asahi, elichaze iphupho lokuzenzela okubi ngokuthi "ngokuba ngudaka." Ngisho nakumaJapan we-savvy wezobuchwepheshe, ukuthola indlela yokukhishwa esebenza ngokuhweba kuseyinkinga. Idivaysi ebizwa ngokuthi yi-piston core remover iqoqa udaka kusuka ku-stratum ngaphansi kwephansi olwandle ngokujula kwamamitha ayi-6000. Ngoba umshini wamakholi uthatha ngaphezu kwemizuzu engama-200 ukufinyelela olwandle, inqubo ibuhlungu kakhulu. Ukufinyelela nokukhipha udaka kumane nje kuyisiqalo senqubo yokucwengisisa, nezinye izinkinga zilandela. Kunengozi engahle ibe khona emvelweni. Ososayensi bakhathazeka ngokuthi "ngenxa yesenzo sokujikeleza kwamanzi, kwasolwandle kungawa futhi kuchithe umhlaba ovuthiwe nodaka olwandle." Izici zezentengiso kufanele futhi zibhekwe: Amathani angama-3,500 adinga ukuqoqwa nsuku zonke ukwenza inkampani inzuzo. Njengamanje, amathani angama-350 kuphela angaqoqwa amahora angama-10 ngosuku. I-China ilawula cishe zonke izindawo zokucubungula emhlabeni, futhi umhlaba ongavamile okhishwe kwamanye amazwe / izifunda kuthunyelwa lapho ukuze acwengwe. Okuhlukile kwakunguLynas, owathumela i-ore waso eMalaysia ukuze acubungule. Yize umnikelo weLynas 'enkingeni yomhlaba engavamile uyigugu, akusona isixazululo esifanelekile. Okuqukethwe imihlaba engavamile ezimayini enkampanini kuphansi kunalokho eChina, okusho ukuthi uLynas kumele akhiphe izinto ezisindayo zokukhipha futhi ahlukanise nezindleko ezibalulekile zezinhlelo zokusebenza zedatha, ngaleyo ndlela akhuphuke izindleko. Izinsimbi ezisindayo ezingavamile zomhlaba ziqhathaniswa nokuthenga inkomo yonke njengenkomo: kusukela ngo-Agasti 2020, inani lekhilogremu ye-lynas lingu- US $ 344.20.in 2019, ngenkathi intengo yekhilogremu ye-US $ 55.20.in 2019, ngenkathi intengo yekhilogremu ye-US $ 55,40. Kodwa-ke, le phrojekthi kulindeleke ukuthi ithathe iminyaka emibili kuya kwemithathu ukuya ku-Live, yenza abathengi base-US abasengozini yokubuyisela izinyathelo zeBeijing. Lapho uhulumeni wase-Australia evimba imizamo yaseChina yokuthola uLynas, iBeijing yaqhubeka nokufuna okunye ukutholwa kwamanye amazwe. Sekuvele inefektri eVietnam futhi ibilokhu ingenisa inani elikhulu lemikhiqizo evela eMyanmar. Ngo-2018, kwakungamathani angama-25 000 omhlaba ongavamile ukugxila, futhi kusukela ngoJanuwari 1 kuya ku-Meyi 15, 2019, kwakungamathani angama-9,217 omhlaba angavamile. Ukubhujiswa Kwezemvelo Nengxabano Kwabangela Ukuvinjelwa Kwezenzo Ezingalawulwa ngabavukuzi baseChina. Ukuvinjelwa kungahle kuphakanyiswe ngokungenakuphikiswa ngo-2020, futhi kusekhona imisebenzi yezimayini ezingekho emthethweni nhlangothi zombili zomngcele. Abanye ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi izinto zomhlaba ezingandile ziyaqhubeka nokumanziswa eChina ngaphansi koMthetho waseNingizimu Afrika, bese zithumela eMyanmar ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokujikeleza (ezifana ne-United States naseDenmark, ezinezisekelo zomoya eThule, isimo esizimele. Ukuphathwa kwezinsiza ze-Shengghe sekuphenduke amasheya amakhulu kunawo wonke ama-Greenland Minerals Co, Ltd. Ngo-2019, kwasungula inzuzo ehlanganyelwe enomxhasi weChina National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC) ukuhweba namaminerali omhlaba angavamile. Okuyinkinga yezokuphepha futhi ukuthi yini okungenziwa yinkinga yezokuphepha kungaba yinkinga ephikisanayo phakathi kwalawa maqembu womabili kuMthetho Wokuzenzela WaseDenmark-Greenland. Kusukela ngo-2010, amasheya akhule nakanjani, okungenzeka okungenani uthango ngokumelene ne-embargo evumayo yaseChina ngesikhathi esifushane. Imihlaba engavamile nayo ingaphinde isetshenziswe kabusha, futhi izinqubo zingenzelwe ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokuhlinzekwa okukhona. Imizamo kahulumeni yaseJapan yokuthola indlela esebenzayo yezomnotho eya emalini yokucebile yamaminerali endaweni yayo ekhethekile yezomnotho ingahle iphumelele, futhi ucwaningwe ekwakhiweni komhlaba okungavamile ukubanjwa komhlaba okungavamile kuqhubeke njalo. Ukunaka okwandayo kweChina ezindabeni zezemvelo kuye kwathinta ukukhiqizwa. Yize ukuthengiswa kwezinto zomhlaba ezingavamile ngamanani aphansi kungavala umncintiswano wangaphandle, kuye kwaba nomthelela omkhulu ekukhiqizweni nasezifundeni ezenziwe. I-Wastewater inobuthi kakhulu. Amanzi angcolile echibini lemisipha elingaphezulu linganciphisa ukungcoliswa kwendawo ye-rare ndr Leashing, kepha amanzi okungcola angavuza noma aphule, okuholela ekungcoleni okukhulu komfula. Yize kungekho ntshumayeli yasobala yokungcoliswa komhlaba kusuka ezimayini zomhlaba ezingandile ezibangelwa isikhukhula somfula i-yangtze ngo-2020, ngokuqinisekile kukhona okukhathazayo ngokungcola. Izikhukhula zazinomthelela omuhle kakhulu efektri yaseLeshen Shenghe kanye nohlu lwalo. Inkampani ilinganise ukulahleka kwayo ukuba phakathi kwama-US $ 35 kanye nezigidi ezingama-48, kudlula inani lomshuwalense. Njengoba kunikezwe izikhukhula ezingabangelwa ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu zivame kakhulu, amathuba okulimala nokungcola okubangelwa yizikhukhula ezizayo kuye kwakhula. Akunakubaluleka. Ukulimala. "Noma kunjalo, kuye ngoMthombo wombiko, iChina isazonikeza ama-70% kuya ku-77% wezinto zomhlaba ezingandile zomhlaba. Kuphela lapho ubunzima busondele, njengaku-2010 nango-2019, abantu baseMelika bangaqhubeka nokunaka. Endabeni ye-Magniquench kanye ne-molycorp, i-cortium efanele ingancenga ikomidi ekutshalweni kwemali kwangaphandle e-United States (CFIS) ukuthi ukuthengiswa ngeke kuthinte kabi ukuphepha kwe-US. I-CFIS kufanele inwelele ubukhulu bawo umthwalo wemfanelo ukuze ifake ukuphepha kwezomnotho, futhi kufanele futhi iphapheme. Ngokuphikisana nokusabela okufushane futhi okufushane esikhathini esidlule, ukunakwa okuqhubekayo kukahulumeni ngokuzayo kubalulekile. Uma sibheka emuva emazwini abantu nsuku zonke ngo-2019, ngeke sisho ukuthi asikaze sixwayise. Isikhungo Sokucwaninga Kwenqubomgomo Yezangaphandle yinhlangano engeyona eyayingxenye enikezelwe ukushicilela izindatshana zenqubomgomo ephikisanayo ngenqubomgomo yezangaphandle kanye nokuphepha kwezwe. Izindlela eziza kuqala Emcimbini onokuthula ngokwengeziwe [...] ngokuvamile, umhlangano waminyaka yonke weNational People's Congress (NPC) yeChina yinto eyisibi. Emcabangweni, i-People's Republic of China [...] Isikhungo socwaningo lwenqubomgomo yakwamanye amazwe sizibophezele ekuhlinzekeni izifundo ezisezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu kanye nokuhlaziywa kwenqubomgomo okungeyona eyezinqubomgomo ezinkulu zakwamanye amazwe kanye nezinselelo zezwe lezokuphepha ezibheke e-United States. Sifundisa abantu abakwenzayo futhi bathonye izinqubomgomo kanye nomphakathi jikelele ngemibono yezomlando, kwezokuma komhlaba kanye namasiko. Funda kabanzi ngeFpri »Inhlangano Yezinqubomgomo Zenqubomgomo Yangaphandle · 1528 Walnut St., SHE. I-60 · Philadelphia, ePennsylvania ngo-19102 · I-TEL: 1.215.732.3774 wonke Amalungelo Agodliwe.
Isikhathi sePosi: Jul-04-2022