Isu le-US rare earth minerals kufanele. . . Ukwakhiwa kwezindawo ezithile ezigciniwe zikazwelonke zezinto ezingavamile zomhlaba, ukucutshungulwa kwezimbiwa zomhlaba eziyivelakancane e-United States kuzophinde kuqalwe kabusha ngokusetshenziswa kwezikhuthazi ezintsha kanye nokuhoxiswa kwezinzuzo, kanye [nocwaningo nokuthuthukiswa] mayelana nokucutshungulwa nezinye izinhlobo zamaminerali amasha ahlanzekile angavamile. Sidinga usizo lwakho.-Isekela likaNobhala Wezokuvikela Nezokuvikela u-Ellen Lord, ubufakazi obuvela eKomidini Elingaphansi Lesenethi Lokulungiselela Nokulawulwa Kwezempi, ngo-Okthoba 1, 2020. Ngosuku olwandulela ubufakazi bukaNks. Lord, uMongameli uDonald Trump usayine i-executive order "ememezela ukuthi imboni yezimayini izongena esimweni esiphuthumayo" okuhloswe ngayo "ukugqugquzela ukukhiqizwa kwezimbiwa zase-United States, ukunciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwezempi yasekhaya." Ukuthembela eChina ”. Ukuvela kungazelelwe kokuphuthuma ezihlokweni okungavamile ukuxoxwa ngazo kuze kube manje kumelwe ukuba kumangaze abantu abaningi.Ngokwezazi zokuma komhlaba, umhlaba ongavamile awuvamile, kodwa uyigugu. Impendulo ebonakala iyimpicabadala ilele ekungenekeni. Izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile (REE) ziqukethe izakhi ze-17 ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ku-electronics abathengi namathuluzi okuvikela, futhi zaqala ukutholwa futhi zasetshenziswa e-United States. Kodwa-ke, ukukhiqizwa kuya ngokuya kushintshela eShayina, lapho izindleko eziphansi zabasebenzi, ukunciphisa ukunaka umthelela wemvelo, kanye noxhaso oluningi oluvela ezweni lwenza i-People's Republic of China (PRC) ibe ngu-97% wokukhiqiza emhlabeni jikelele. Ngo-1997, iMagniquench, okuyinkampani ehamba phambili yomhlaba engavamile e-United States, yathengiswa kunhlangano yokutshala izimali eholwa ngu-Archibald Cox (Jr.), indodana yomshushisi wegama elifanayo, i-Watergate. Umfelandawonye usebenze nezinkampani ezimbili zikahulumeni waseChina. Inkampani Yensimbi, Izinto Ezintsha ze-Sanhuan kanye ne-China Nonferrous Metals Import and Export Corporation. Usihlalo we-Sanhuan, indodana yesifazane yomholi ophezulu u-Deng Xiaoping, ube ngusihlalo wenkampani. IMagniquench yavalwa e-United States, yathuthela e-China, yaphinde yavulwa ngo-2003, okuhambisana “noHlelo Lwe-Super 863” lukaDeng Xiaoping, oluthole ubuchwepheshe obusezingeni eliphezulu bokusetshenziswa kwezempi, okuhlanganisa “izinto zangaphandle.” Lokhu kwenza i-Molycorp yaba umkhiqizi wokugcina womhlaba ongavamile osele e-United States waze wawa ngo-2015. Kusukela ekuqaleni kokuphathwa kwe-Reagan, ezinye ze-metallurgists zaqala ukukhathazeka ngokuthi i-United States yayithembele ezinsizeni zangaphandle ezazingenabo ubungane ngezingxenye ezibalulekile zohlelo lwayo lwezikhali (ikakhulukazi iSoviet Union ngaleso sikhathi), kodwa lolu daba aluzange ludonse ukunaka komphakathi. Ngonyaka ka-2010. Ngo-September walowo nyaka, isikebhe sokudoba saseShayina sashayisa imikhumbi emibili Yamasosha Asogwini Lwasogwini lwase-East China Sea okunengxabano. Uhulumeni waseJapan umemezele inhloso yakhe yokufaka ukaputeni wesikebhe sokudoba enkantolo, futhi uhulumeni waseChina wabe esethatha izinyathelo zokuziphindiselela, okuhlanganisa nokuvinjelwa kokuthengiswa komhlaba ongavamile eJapane. Lokhu kungase kube nomthelela omubi embonini yezimoto yaseJapan, esongelwa ukukhula ngesivinini kwezimoto ezishibhile ezenziwe ngamaShayina. Phakathi kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza, izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile ziyingxenye ebalulekile yeziguquli zenjini. Usongo lwaseChina luthathwe ngokungathi sína kangangokuthi i-United States, i-European Union, i-Japan kanye namanye amazwe amaningana afaka amacala ne-World Trade Organization (WTO) isinqumo sokuthi i-China ayikwazi ukukhawulela ukuthunyelwa kwezakhi zomhlaba eziyivelakancane. Nokho, amasondo endlela yokuxazulula ye-WTO ashintsha kancane: isinqumo asenziwa kuze kube ngemva kweminyaka emine. UMnyango Wezangaphandle WaseShayina kamuva waphika ukuthi wawubeke umthetho, wathi iChina idinga izingxenye zomhlaba ezingavamile ezimbonini zayo ezisathuthuka. Lokhu kungase kube yiqiniso: ngo-2005, i-China yayibeke imingcele yokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, okubangela ukukhathazeka e-Pentagon mayelana nokushoda kwezinto ezine zomhlaba ezingavamile (i-lanthanum, i-cerium, i-euro, kanye ne), okubangele ukubambezeleka kokukhiqizwa kwezikhali ezithile. Ukufa kweMolycorp kukhombisa nokuphatha okukhaliphile kukahulumeni waseChina. I-Molycorp yabikezela ukuthi amanani omhlaba angavamile azokhuphuka kakhulu ngemva kwesigameko phakathi kwezikebhe zokudoba zaseShayina kanye ne-Japanese Coast Guard ngo-2010, ngakho-ke yaqoqa isamba semali ukuze kwakhiwe izindawo zokucubungula eziphambili kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ngenkathi uhulumeni waseShayina exegisa izabelo zokuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe ngo-2015, iMolycorp yasindwa yisikweletu sika-US$1.7 billion kanye nengxenye yezindawo zayo zokucubungula. Ngemva kweminyaka emibili, yavela ezinqubweni zokuqothuka futhi yathengiswa ngamaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-20.5, okuyinani elincane kakhulu uma iqhathaniswa nesikweletu sika-$ 1.7 billion. Le nkampani ihlengwe yinhlangano, kanti i-China Leshan Shenghe Rare Earth Company iphethe u-30% wamalungelo enkampani angavoti. Uma sikhuluma ngobuchwepheshe, ukuba namasheya angavoti kusho ukuthi u-Leshan Shenghe unelungelo lokungadluli ingxenye yenzuzo, futhi inani eliphelele lale nzuzo lingase libe lincane, ngakho abanye abantu bangase bangabaze izisusa zenkampani. Kodwa-ke, uma kubhekwa usayizi we-Leshan Shenghe uma uqhathaniswa nesamba esidingekayo ukuze uthole amasheya angu-30%, inkampani ingase ibe sengozini. Nokho, ithonya lingenziwa ngezinye izindlela ngaphandle kokuvota. Ngokombhalo waseShayina okhiqizwe yiWall Street Journal, uLeshan Shenghe uzoba nelungelo elikhethekile lokudayisa amaminerali eMountain Pass. Kunoma ikuphi, i-Molycorp izothumela i-REE yayo e-China ukuze icutshungulwe.Ngenxa yekhono lokuthembela ezigciniwe, imboni yaseJapane empeleni ayizange ithikamezeke kakhulu ngengxabano ka-2010. Kodwa-ke, amathuba okuthi iShayina asebenzise izikhali zomhlaba ongavamile manje aqashelwe. Phakathi namasonto ambalwa, ochwepheshe baseJapane bavakashela iMongolia, iVietnam, i-Australia nakwamanye amazwe nezinye izinsiza ezibalulekile zomhlaba ezingavamile ukuze benze imibuzo. Kusukela ngoNovemba 2010, iJapan isifinyelele isivumelwano sokuqala sokuhlinzeka ngempahla yesikhathi eside ne-Lynas Group yase-Australia. I-Japan yaqinisekiswa ekuqaleni konyaka ozayo, futhi selokhu yanda, manje isithole ama-30% omhlaba wayo ongavamile ku-Lynas. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi inkampani kahulumeni yaseChina Nonferrous Metals Mining Group yazama ukuthenga ingxenye enkulu e-Lynas ngonyaka owodwa odlule. Uma kubhekwa ukuthi i-China inomnikazi wesibalo esikhulu sezimayini zomhlaba eziyivelakancane, umuntu angase acabange ukuthi i-China ihlela ukuphatha imakethe yomhlaba wonke yokuhlinzeka nokufunwa. Uhulumeni wase-Australia wavimba isivumelwano.E-United States, izingxenye zomhlaba eziyivelakancane seziphinde zavela empini yezohwebo yaseSino-US. NgoMeyi 2019, uNobhala-Jikelele waseShayina u-Xi Jinping wavakashela i-Jiangxi Rare Earth Mine, eyahunyushwa njengokukhombisa ithonya likahulumeni wakhe eWashington. I-People’s Daily, iphephandaba elisemthethweni leKomiti Enkulu Yeqembu LamaKhomanisi LaseChina, labhala: “Kungale ndlela kuphela lapho singaphakamisa khona ukuthi i-US akufanele ilibukele phansi ikhono leChina lokuvikela amalungelo namalungelo ayo okuthuthuka.Ungasho ukuthi asizange sikuxwayise.” Izingqapheli ziveze ukuthi, “Ungasho ukuthi asizange sixwayise.” Igama elithi “wena” livame ukusetshenziswa abezindaba ezisemthethweni kuphela ezimeni ezibucayi kakhulu, njengangaphambi kokuhlasela kweChina eVietnam ngo-1978 kanye nasembangweni womngcele neNdiya ka-2017. Ukuze kwandiswe ukukhathazeka kwe-United States, njengoba kwakhiwa izikhali ezithuthuke kakhulu, kudingeka izibonelo ezingavamile zomhlaba ezingu-92 kuphela, izibonelo ezingavamile zomhlaba ezingu-32 zidingeka. amaphawundi omhlaba angavamile, futhi umkhumbi-ngwenya ngamunye wesigaba saseVirginia udinga inani eliphindwe kashumi. Naphezu kwezixwayiso, imizamo isenziwa ukuze kusungulwe i-REE supply chain engabandakanyi i-China. Izakhi zokuhlanzeka Enqubweni ebizwa ngokuthi i-solvent extraction, “izinto ezincibilikisiwe zidlula emagunjini anguketshezi ahlukanisa izakhi ngazinye noma izinhlanganisela-lezi zinyathelo zingaphindwa izikhathi ezingamakhulu noma izinkulungwane. Uma sezihlanziwe, zingacutshungulwa zibe yi-oxidation Materials, phosphor, izinsimbi, ama-alloys nozibuthe, zisebenzisa izinto eziyingqayizivele kazibuthe, i-luminescent noma i-electrochemical yalezi zakhi, "kusho i-Scientific American. Ezimweni eziningi, ukuba khona kwezakhi zomsakazo kwenza kube nzima inqubo. amadiphozithi atholakala eduze kwaseNanniao Island endaweni yaso yezomnotho kuphela, okulinganiselwa ukuthi izohlangabezana nezidingo zayo amakhulu eminyaka Nokho, kusukela ngo-2020, iphephandaba lansuku zonke lesibili ngobukhulu eJapane, i-Asahi, lachaza iphupho lokuzanelisa ngokuthi “ukuba nodaka. Ngisho nakumaJapane anolwazi lwezobuchwepheshe, ukuthola indlela yokukhipha ekwazi ukuthengisa kuseyinkinga ingozi endaweni ezungezile Ososayensi bakhathazeka ngokuthi “ngenxa yesenzo samanzi ajikelezayo, ulwandle lungabhidlika futhi kuchitheke olwandle umhlaba oyivelakancane nodaka.” Izinto zezentengiselwano nazo kufanele zicatshangelwe: amathani angu-3,500 adinga ukuqoqwa nsuku zonke ukuze enze inkampani ibe nenzuzo okwamanje, amathani angu-350 kuphela angaqoqwa amahora angu-10 ngosuku Okuhlukile kwaba u-Lynas, owathumela i-ore yayo e-Malaysia ukuze icutshungulwe Nakuba umnikelo kaLynas enkingeni yomhlaba ongavamile ubalulekile, akusona isixazululo esiphelele sezinto zomhlaba ezingavamile ezimayini zenkampani ziphansi kunalezo zase-China, okusho ukuthi u-Lynas kumele ambise izinto eziningi ukuze akhiphe futhi ahlukanise izinsimbi zomhlaba ezisindayo (ezifana nezindleko ezingavamile zokugcinwa kwedatha.) izinsimbi ziqhathaniswa nokuthenga inkomo yonke njengenkomo: kusukela ngo-Agasti 2020, intengo yekhilogremu eyodwa ingu-US$344.40, kanti intengo yekhilogremu eyodwa ye-light rare earth neodymium ingama-US$55.20 iminyaka emibili kuya kwemithathu ukuze iphile, okwenza abathengi base-US abangaba sengozini yezinyathelo zokuziphindiselela zaseBeijing Lapho uhulumeni wase-Australia evimba umzamo we-China wokuthola u-Lynas, i-Beijing yaqhubeka nokufuna okunye ukuthengwa kwangaphandle kwe-Vietnam futhi ibilokhu ingenisa inani elikhulu lemikhiqizo evela e-Myanmar Ngo-2018, yayiyivelakancane yama-25, ama-51 amathoni omhlaba. Ngo-2019, bekungamathani angu-9,217 okugxilwa kwemvelo nokungqubuzana okubangele ukuvinjelwa kwezenzo ezingalawulwa ngabavukuzi baseChina. Abathengi baseShayina nabo bebelokhu befuna ukuthola iziza zezimayini eGreenland, eziphazamisa i-United States neDenmark, ezinezikhumulo zezindiza eThule, izwe elizimele geqe iShenghe Resources Holdings isibe umnikazi wamasheya omkhulu weGreenland Minerals Co.019 esungulwe yiGreenland Minerals Co. I-Nuclear Corporation (CNNC) ukuthi ihwebe futhi icubungule izimbiwa zomhlaba eziyivelakancane. Yini ehlanganisa ukuphepha kanye nalokho okungahlanganisi udaba lokuphepha kungase kube udaba oluyimpikiswano phakathi kwezinhlangano ezimbili ze-Danish-Greenland Self-Government Act.Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi ukukhathazeka mayelana nokuhlinzekwa komhlaba ongavamile kuye kwaba ihaba Kusukela ngo-2010, amasheya akhuphuka kancane kancane e-China. Umhlaba ongavamile ungaphinda usetshenziswe kabusha, futhi izinqubo zingaklanywa ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokunikezwayo okukhona Imizamo kahulumeni waseJapane yokuthola indlela ephumelelayo yezomnotho yokumba izimbiwa phansi ezicebile endaweni yayo yezomnotho ingase ibe yimpumelelo, futhi ucwaningo mayelana nokudalwa kwezinto ezingavamile emhlabeni ziyaqhubeka abe nomthelela omkhulu ezifundeni zokukhiqiza kanye nokucwengisiswa kwamanzi angcolile anobuthi obuphezulu Amanzi angcolile echibini le-tailings anganciphisa ukungcoliswa kwendawo engavamile yokuvuza, kodwa amanzi angcolile angase avuze noma aphule, okuholela ekungcoleni komfula okungathi sína Izikhukhula zibe nomthelela omubi efekthri yakwaLeshan Shenghe kanye nempahla yayo Inkampani ilinganisele ukulahlekelwa kwayo phakathi kuka-US$35 no-48 wezigidi, okudlula kude inani lomshwalense Njengoba kubhekwa ukuthi izikhukhula ezingase zidalwe ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu ziba kaningi, amathuba okuba nomonakalo kanye nokungcoliswa kwemvelo okudalwe yizikhukhula zesikhathi esizayo kuyanda futhi. umhlaba ongavamile ubulokhu usezingeni eliphansi kangaka isikhathi eside, inzuzo ngokudayisa lezi zinsiza iqhathaniswa nenani elidingekayo ukuze zilungiswe. Alikho inani. Umonakalo.” Noma kunjalo, kuye ngomthombo wombiko, i-China isazohlinzeka ngo-70% kuya ku-77% wezinto zomhlaba eziyivelakancane. Kuphela uma inkinga isiseduze, njengango-2010 no-2019, lapho i-United States ingakwazi ukuqhubeka nokunaka. Endabeni ye-Magniquench ne-Molycorp, i-consortium efanelekile ye-United States ngeke ikwazi ukukholisa i-United States ukuthi i-Investment in the United States ngeke I-CFIUS kufanele ikhulise umsebenzi wayo ukuze ifake ukuphepha kwezomnotho, futhi kufanele iqaphe ngokuphambene nokusabela okufushane kanye nesikhathi esifushane esikhathini esedlule, ukunaka okuqhubekayo kukahulumeni esikhathini esizayo kubalulekile uma sibheka emuva emazwini e-People's Daily ngo-2019, ngeke sisho ukuthi lesi sihloko asizange siveze imibono yethu kuphela. isikhundla se-Foreign Policy Research Institute yinhlangano engakhethi hlangothi ezinikezele ekushicileleni izihloko zenqubomgomo eziyimpikiswano ngenqubomgomo yangaphandle yase-US kanye nokuvikeleka kwezwe. emhlabeni, futhi kwabhubhisa […] izimpiloNgomhla zingama-20 kuNhlaba wezi-2020, uMongameli waseTaiwan u-Tsai Ing-wen waqala ihlandla lakhe lesibili […] i-United States © 2000–2020 wonke amalungelo agodliwe.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jul-04-2022