I-China yake yafuna ukukhawulelaumhlaba ongavamileukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, kodwa kwadutshwa amazwe ahlukahlukene. Kungani kungenzeki?
Emhlabeni wanamuhla, ngokusheshisa kokuhlanganiswa komhlaba wonke, ukuxhumana phakathi kwamazwe kuya ngokuya kuba seduze. Ngaphansi kwendawo ezolile, ubudlelwano phakathi kwamazwe abulula njengoba bubonakala. Bayasebenzisana futhi bayaqhudelana.
Kulesi simo, impi ayiseyona indlela engcono kakhulu yokuxazulula ukungezwani nezingxabano phakathi kwamazwe. Ezimweni eziningi, amanye amazwe ahileleka ezimpini ezingabonakali namanye amazwe ngokukhawulela ukuthunyelwa kwezinsiza ezithile noma ukusebenzisa izinqubomgomo zezomnotho ngezindlela zomnotho ukuze afeze izinhloso zawo.
Ngakho-ke, ukulawula izinsiza kusho ukulawula izinga elithile lesinyathelo, futhi lapho kubaluleke kakhulu futhi kungenakushintshwa izinsiza ezikhona, kuba mkhulu umkhankaso. Namuhla,umhlaba ongavamileingenye yezinsiza ezibalulekile zamasu emhlabeni, futhi iChina nayo iyizwe elikhulu lomhlaba eliyivelakancane.
Ngenkathi i-United States ifuna ukungenisa umhlaba ongavamile ovela eMongolia, yayifune ukujoyina amabutho ngasese neMongolia ukuze idlule eChina, kodwa iMongolia yafuna ukuthi "kumele ixoxisane neChina". Kwenzekani ngempela?
Njengevithamini yezimboni, okuthiwa "umhlaba ongavamile” akulona igama lemithombo yamaminerali ethize “njengamalahle”, “insimbi”, “ithusi”, kodwa igama elivamile lezakhi zamaminerali ezinezakhiwo ezifanayo. I-yttrium yento yokuqala engavamile yomhlaba ingalandelelwa emuva kuma-1700s. Isici sokugcina, i-promethium, sasikhona isikhathi eside, kodwa kwaze kwafika ngo-1945 ukuthi i-promethium yatholakala ngokusebenzisa i-nuclear fission ye-uranium. Kuze kube ngu-1972, i-promethium yemvelo yatholakala ku-uranium.
Umsuka wegama "umhlaba ongavamile”empeleni ihlobene nokulinganiselwa kwezobuchwepheshe ngaleso sikhathi. Isici somhlaba esingavamile sinokusondelana kwe-oxygen ephezulu, kulula ukusikhipha i-oxidize, futhi asincibiliki lapho singena emanzini, okuthi akufane nezakhiwo zenhlabathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yokulinganiselwa kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe ngaleso sikhathi, kwakunzima ukubona indawo yamaminerali angavamile futhi ahlanze izinto ezingavamile zomhlaba ezatholakala. Ngakho-ke, abacwaningi bachitha iminyaka engaphezu kuka-200 beqoqa izakhi ezingu-17.
Kungenxa yokuthi umhlaba ongavamile unalezi zakhiwo "eziyigugu" kanye "nomhlaba" ezibizwa ngokuthi "umhlaba ongavamile" emazweni angaphandle futhi zihunyushwa ngokuthi "umhlaba ongavamile" eShayina. Eqinisweni, nakuba ukukhiqizwa okuthiwaizakhi zomhlaba ezingavamileilinganiselwe, ithonywa kakhulu ubuchwepheshe bezimayini nokucwengisiswa, futhi ingase ingabi khona nje ngamanani amancane eMhlabeni. Ezinsukwini zanamuhla, lapho kuchazwa ubuningi bezinto zemvelo, umqondo "wokuchichima" uvame ukusetshenziswa.
I-Ceriumyin aisici somhlaba esingavamilelokho kubala u-0.0046% woqweqwe Lomhlaba, ukleliswe endaweni yama-25, kulandele ithusi ku-0.01%. Nakuba lincane, uma kucatshangelwa umhlaba wonke, lokhu kuyinani elikhulu. Igama lomhlaba elingavamile liqukethe izakhi ezingu-17, ezingahlukaniswa zibe izakhi ezikhanyayo, eziphakathi, nezisindayo ngokusekelwe ezinhlotsheni zazo. Izinhlobo ezahlukene zeimihlaba engavamileukusetshenziswa ezahlukene kanye namanani.
Imihlaba ekhanyayo engavamilekubalwa ingxenye enkulu yengqikithi yomhlaba eyivelakancane futhi asetshenziswa kakhulu ezintweni ezisebenzayo nasezintweni ezisetshenziswayo. Phakathi kwazo, ukutshalwa kwezimali kwentuthuko ezintweni ezisetshenziswa kazibuthe kubalelwa ku-42%, okunomfutho onamandla kakhulu. Intengo yomhlaba ongavamile okhanyayo iphansi.Imihlaba enzima engavamiledlala indima ebalulekile emikhakheni engenakushintshwa njengezempi kanye ne-aerospace. Lokhu kungenza ukukhuphuka kwekhwalithi ekukhiqizeni izikhali nomshini, ngokuzinza okungcono nokuqina. Njengamanje, cishe azikho izinto zokwakha ezingangena esikhundleni salezi zakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile, okuzenza zibize kakhulu. Ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezingavamile emhlabeni ezimotweni zamandla amasha kungathuthukisa izinga lokuguqulwa kwamandla emoto futhi kunciphise ukusetshenziswa kwamandla. Ukusebenzisa izinto ezisetshenziswayo zase-East Rare Earth ukukhiqiza amandla omoya kunganweba isikhathi sokuphila kwamajeneretha, kuthuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa kusuka emandleni omoya kuya kugesi, futhi kunciphise izindleko zokulungisa izinto zokusebenza. Uma izinto zomhlaba ezingavamile zisetshenziswa njengezikhali, uhla lokuhlasela lwesikhali luzokhula futhi ukuzivikela kwaso kuzothuthuka.
I-American m1a1 Ithangi lempi eliyinhloko lengezwe neizakhi zomhlaba ezingavamileingamelana ngaphezu kuka-70% womthelela kunamathangi avamile, futhi ibanga elihlosiwe liphindwe kabili, lithuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kokulwa. Ngakho-ke, imihlaba eyivelakancane iyimithombo yamasu ebaluleke kakhulu kukho kokubili izinjongo zokukhiqiza nezempi.
Ngenxa yazo zonke lezi zici, uma izwe linemithombo yomhlaba eyivelakancane, iba ngcono. Ngakho-ke, ngisho noma i-United States inamathani ayizigidi ezingu-1.8 wemithombo yomhlaba engavamile, isakhetha ukungenisa kwamanye amazwe. Esinye isizathu esibalulekile ukuthi ukumbiwa kwezimbiwa zomhlaba ezingavamile kungabangela ukungcoliswa kwemvelo okukhulu.
Iamaminerali omhlaba angavamileokumbiwayo kuvame ukucwengwa ngokusabela ngezincibilikisi zamakhemikhali aphilayo noma ukuncibilika okunezinga lokushisa eliphezulu. Phakathi nale nqubo, kuzokwenziwa inani elikhulu legesi yokukhipha kanye namanzi angcolile. Uma ingaphathwa kahle, okuqukethwe kwe-fluoride emanzini azungezile kuzodlula izinga, kube usongo olukhulu empilweni nasekufeni kwezakhamuzi.
Kusukelaimihlaba engavamileziyigugu kangaka, kungani ungavimbeli ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe? Empeleni, lona umqondo ongekho ngokoqobo. I-China inothe ngezinsiza zomhlaba ezingavamile, ikleliswe kuqala emhlabeni, kodwa ayilona neze i-monopoly. Ukwenqabela ukuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe akuyixazululi ngokuphelele inkinga.
Amanye amazwe nawo anenani elikhulu lezinqolobane zomhlaba ezingavamile futhi afuna ngenkuthalo ezinye izinsiza ezizothatha indawo yazo, ngakho lesi akusona isixazululo sesikhathi eside. Ukwengeza, isitayela sethu sesenzo besilokhu sizibophezele ekuthuthukisweni okufanayo kwawo wonke amazwe, ukuvimbela ukuthunyelwa kwemithombo yomhlaba engavamile kanye nezinzuzo ezizimele, okungesona isitayela sethu saseShayina.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: May-19-2023